GSET 2024 Exam - Dates, Application Form, Admit Card, Syllabus, Eligibility, Preparation Tips, Result

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 01

• Dimensional analysis
• Vector algebra and vector calculus
• Linear algebra, matrices, Cayley-Hamilton theorem
• Eigen values and Eigen vectors
• Linear ordinary differential equations of first and second order, special functions (Hermite, Bessel, Laguerre, and Legendre functions)
• Fourier series, Fourier and Laplace transforms
• Elements of complex analysis, analytic functions; Taylor and Laurent series; poles, residues and evaluation of integrals
• Elementary probability theory, random variables, binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions
• Central limit theorem

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 02

• Newton’s laws
• Dynamical systems, phase space dynamics, stability analysis
• Central force motions
• Two body collisions-scattering in laboratory and centre of mass frames
• Rigid body dynamics moment of inertia tensor
• Non-inertial frames and pseudo forces
• Variational principle
• Generalized coordinates
• Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism, and equations of motion
• Conservation laws and cyclic coordinates
• Periodic motion: small oscillations, normal modes
• Special theory of relativity Lorentz transformations, relativistic kinematics and mass-energy equivalence

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 03

• Electrostatics: Gauss’s law and its applications, Laplace and Poisson equations, boundary value problems
• Magneto statics: Biot-Savart law, Ampere's theorem
• Electromagnetic induction
• Maxwell's equations in free space and linear isotropic media; boundary conditions on the fields at interfaces
• Scalar and vector potentials, gauge invariance
• Electromagnetic waves in free space
• Dielectrics and conductors
• Reflection and refraction, polarization, Fresnel’s law, interference, coherence, and diffraction
• Dynamics of charged particles in static and uniform electromagnetic fields

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 04

• Wave-particle duality
• Schrödinger equation (time-dependent and time-independent)
• Eigen value problems (particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, etc)
• Tunneling through a barrier
• Wave-function in coordinate and momentum representations
• Commutators and heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Dirac notation for state vectors
• Motion in a central potential: Orbital angular momentum, angular momentum algebra, spin, addition of angular momenta; hydrogen atom
• Stern-gerlach experiment
• Time independent perturbation theory and applications
• Variational method
• Time dependent perturbation theory and Fermi's golden rule, selection rules
• Identical particles, Pauli exclusion principle, spin-statistics connection

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 05

• Laws of thermodynamics and their consequences
• Thermodynamic potentials, Maxwell relations, chemical potential, phase equilibrium
• Phase space, micro-, and macro-states
• Micro-canonical, canonical and grand-canonical ensembles, and partition functions
• Free energy and its connection with thermodynamic quantities
• Classical and quantum statistics
• Ideal bose and fermi gases
• Principle of detailed balance
• Blackbody radiation and planck's distribution law

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 06

• Semiconductor devices (diodes, junctions, transistors, field effect devices, homo-and hetero-junction devices), device structure, device characteristics, frequency dependence and applications
• Opto-electronic devices (solar cells, photo-detectors, LEDs)
• Operational amplifiers and their applications
• Digital techniques and applications (registers, counters, comparators, and similar circuits)
• A/D and D/A converters
• Microprocessor and microcontroller basics
• Data interpretation and analysis
• Precision and accuracy
• Error analysis, propagation of errors
• Least squares fitting

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 01

• Green’s function
• Partial differential equations (Laplace, wave and heat equations in two and three dimensions)
• Elements of computational techniques: Root of functions, interpolation, extrapolation, integration by trapezoid and Simpson’s rule, solution of first order differential equation using Runge-Kutta method
• Finite difference methods
• Tensors
• Introductory group theory: SU(2), O(3)

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 02

• Dynamical systems, phase space dynamics, stability analysis
• Poisson brackets and canonical transformations
• Symmetry, invariance and noether’s theorem
• Hamilton-jacobi theory

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 03

• Dispersion relations in plasma
• Lorentz invariance of maxwell’s equation
• Transmission lines and wave guides
• Radiation from moving charges and dipoles and retarded potentials

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 04

• Spin-orbit coupling, fine structure
• Wkb approximation
• Elementary theory of scattering: phase shifts, partial waves, Born approximation
• Relativistic quantum mechanics: Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations
• Semi-classical theory of radiation

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 05

• First-and second-order phase transitions
• Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism
• Ising model
• Bose-einstein condensation
• Diffusion equation
• Random walk and brownian motion
• Introduction to non-equilibrium processes

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 06

• Linear and nonlinear curve fitting, chi-square test
• Transducers (temperature, pressure/ vacuum, magnetic fields, vibration, optical, and particle detectors)
• Measurement and control
• Signal conditioning and recovery
• Impedance matching, amplification (Op-amp based, instrumentation amp, feedback), filtering and noise reduction, shielding and grounding
• Fourier transforms, lock-in detector, box-car integrator, modulation techniques
• High frequency devices (including generators and detectors)

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 07

• Quantum states of an electron in an atom
• Electron spin
• Spectrum of helium and alkali atom
• Relativistic corrections for energy levels of hydrogen atom, hyperfine structure and isotopic shift, width of spectrum lines, LS and JJ couplings
• Zeeman, Paschen- Back, and Stark effects
• Electron spin resonance
• Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical shift
• Frank-condon principle
• Born-oppenheimer approximation
• Electronic, rotational, vibrational, and Raman spectra of diatomic molecules, selection rules
• Lasers: Spontaneous and stimulated emission, Einstein A and B coefficients
• Optical pumping, population inversion, rate equation
• Modes of resonators and coherence length

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 08

• Bravais lattices
• Reciprocal lattice
• Diffraction and the structure factor
• Bonding of solids
• Elastic properties, phonons, lattice specific heat
• Free electron theory and electronic specific heat
• Response and relaxation phenomena
• Drude model of electrical and thermal conductivity
• Hall effect and thermoelectric power
• Electron motion in a periodic potential, band theory of solids: Metals, insulators, and semiconductors
• Superconductivity: type-I and type-II superconductors
• Josephson junctions
• Super fluidity
• Defects and dislocations
• Ordered phases of matter: translational and orientational order, kinds of liquid crystalline order
• Quasi crystals

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 09

• Basic nuclear properties: Size, shape, and charge distribution, spin and parity
• Binding energy, semi empirical mass formula, liquid drop model
• Nature of the nuclear force, form of nucleon-nucleon potential, charge-independence and charge-symmetry of nuclear forces
• Deuteron problem
• Evidence of shell structure, single-particle shell model, its validity, and limitations
• Rotational spectra
• Elementary ideas of alpha, beta and gamma decays, and their selection rules
• Fission and fusion
• Nuclear reactions, reaction mechanism, compound nuclei and direct reactions
• Classification of fundamental forces
• Elementary particles and their quantum numbers (charge, spin, parity, isospin, strangeness, etc)
• Gell-mann-Nishijima formula
• Quark model, baryons, and mesons
• C, p, and t invariance
• Application of symmetry arguments to particle reactions
• Parity non-conservation in weak interaction
• Relativistic kinematics

Chemical sciences: Unit 01

• Chemical periodicity
• Structure and bonding in homo-and heteronuclear molecules, including shapes of molecules (VSEPR theory)
• Concepts of acids and bases, hard-soft acid base concept, non-aqueous solvents
• Main group elements and their compounds: allotropy, synthesis, structure and bonding, industrial importance of the compounds
• Transition elements and coordination compounds: structure, bonding theories, spectral and magnetic properties, reaction mechanisms
• Inner transition elements: spectral and magnetic properties, redox chemistry, analytical applications
• Organometallic compounds: synthesis, bonding and structure, and reactivity
• Organometallics in homogeneous catalysis
• Cages and metal clusters
• Analytical chemistry-separation, spectroscopic, electro-and thermoanalytical methods
• Bioinorganic chemistry: Photosystems, porphyrins, metalloenzymes, oxygen transport, electron-transfer reactions; nitrogen fixation, metal complexes in medicine
• Characterization of inorganic compounds by IR, Raman, NMR, EPR, Mössbauer, UV-Vis, NQR, MS, electron spectroscopy and microscopic techniques
• Nuclear chemistry: nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio-analytical techniques and activation analysis

Chemical sciences: Unit 02

• Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Postulates; operator algebra; exactly solvable systems: Particle-in-a-box, harmonic oscillator and the hydrogen atom, including shapes of atomic orbitals; orbital and spin angular momenta; tunneling
• Approximate methods of quantum mechanics: Variational principle; perturbation theory up to second order in energy; applications
• Atomic structure and spectroscopy; term symbols; many-electron systems and antisymmetry principle
• Chemical bonding in diatomics; elementary concepts of MO and VB theories; Huckel theory for conjugated π-electron systems
• Chemical applications of group theory; symmetry elements; point groups; character tables; selection rules
• Molecular spectroscopy: Rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules; electronic spectra; IR and Raman activities-selection rules; basic principles of magnetic resonance
• Chemical thermodynamics: Laws, state and path functions, and their applications; thermodynamic description of various types of processes; Maxwell’s relations; spontaneity and equilibrium; temperature and pressure dependence of thermodynamic quantities
• Chemical thermodynamics: Le-Chatelier principle; elementary description of phase transitions; phase equilibrium and phase rule; thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal gases, and solutions
• Statistical thermodynamics: Boltzmann distribution; kinetic theory of gases; partition functions and their relation to thermodynamic quantities-calculations for model systems
• Electrochemistry: Nernst equation, redox systems, electrochemical cells; Debye-Hückel theory; electrolytic conductance-Kohlrausch’s law and its applications; ionic equilibrium; conductometric and potentiometric titrations
• Chemical kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence; complex reactions; steady state approximation; determination of reaction mechanisms; collision and transition state theories of rate constants; unimolecular reactions; enzyme kinetics
• Chemical kinetics: Salt effects; homogeneous catalysis; photochemical reactions
• Colloids and surfaces: Stability and properties of colloids; isotherms and surface area; heterogeneous catalysis
• Solid state: Crystal structures; Bragg’s law and applications; band structure of solids
• Polymer chemistry: Molar masses; kinetics of polymerization
• Data analysis: Mean and standard deviation; absolute and relative errors; linear regression; covariance and correlation coefficient

Chemical sciences: Unit 03

• IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules including regio-and stereoisomers
• Principles of stereochemistry: Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds; stereogenicity, stereoselectivity, enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity, and asymmetric induction
• Aromaticity: Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds-generation and reactions
• Organic reactive intermediates: Generation, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes, and nitrenes
• Organic reaction mechanisms involving addition, elimination, and substitution reactions with electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical species
• Determination of reaction pathways
• Common named reactions and rearrangements-applications in organic synthesis
• Organic transformations and reagents: Functional group interconversion including oxidations and reductions; common catalysts and reagents (organic, inorganic, organometallic, and enzymatic)
• Organic transformations and reagents: Chemo, regio, and stereoselective transformations
• Concepts in organic synthesis: retrosynthesis, disconnection, synthons, linear and convergent synthesis, umpolung of reactivity and protecting groups
• Asymmetric synthesis: Chiral auxiliaries, methods of asymmetric induction-substrate, reagent, and catalyst controlled reactions; determination of enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess; enantio discrimination
• Asymmetric synthesis: Resolution-optical and kinetic
• Pericyclic reactions-electrocyclisation, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements and other related concerted reactions
• Principles and applications of photochemical reactions in organic chemistry
• Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two heteroatoms (o, n, s)
• Chemistry of natural products: carbohydrates, proteins, and peptides, fatty acids, nucleic acids, terpenes, steroids and alkaloids
• Biogenesis of terpenoids and alkaloids
• Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-Vis, ¹H and ¹³C NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques

Chemical sciences: Unit 04

• Chemistry in Nanoscience and Technology
• Catalysis and Green Chemistry
• Medicinal chemistry
• Supramolecular Chemistry
• Environmental chemistry

Life sciences: Unit 01

• Structure of atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds
• Composition, structure, and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins)
• Stabilizing interactions (Van Der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, etc)
• Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative properties)
• Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer, biological energy transducers
• Principles of catalysis, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of enzyme catalysis, isozymes
• Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary structure, domains, motif, and folds)
• Conformation of nucleic acids (helix (A, B, Z), t-RNA, micro-RNA)
• Stability of proteins and nucleic acids
• Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids nucleotides, and vitamins

Life sciences: Unit 02

• Membrane structure and function: Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer, and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, membrane pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport
• Membrane structure and function: Electrical properties of membranes
• Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles: Cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast
• Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles: Structure and function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility
• Organization of genes and chromosomes: Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons
• Cell division and cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, regulation and control of cell cycle
• Microbial physiology: Growth yield and characteristics, strategies of cell division, stress response

Life sciences: Unit 03

• DNA replication, repair and recombination: Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extra chromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination
• RNA synthesis and processing: Transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation, and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, and polyadenylation
• RNA synthesis and processing: Structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport
• Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity
• Protein synthesis and processing: Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, post-translational modification of proteins
• Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulating the expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, role of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing

Life sciences: Unit 04

• Host parasite interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behaviour by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation
• Host parasite interaction: Pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells
• Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two component systems
• Cell signaling: Light signaling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis, and quorum sensing
• Cellular communication: Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation
• Cancer: Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis
• Cancer: Therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth
• Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes, structure and function of antibody molecules. Generation of antibody diversity
• Innate and adaptive immune system: Monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors
• Innate and adaptive immune system: Humoral and cellmediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cell-mediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity, and autoimmunity
• Innate and adaptive immune system: Immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections, congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines

Life sciences: Unit 05

• Basic concepts of development: Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence, determination and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting
• Basic concepts of development: Mutants and transgenics in analysis of development
• Gametogenesis, fertilization, and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals; embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants; zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation
• Gametogenesis, fertilization, and early development: Embryonic fields, gastrulation, and formation of germ layers in animals; embryogenesis, establishment of symmetry in plants; seed formation and germination
• Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals: Cell aggregation and differentiation in dictyostelium; axes and pattern formation in drosophila, amphibia and chick; organogenesis-vulva formation in caenorhabditis elegans, eye lens induction
• Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals: Limb development and regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of neurons, post embryonic development-larval formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal development; sex determination
• Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot and root apical meristem; shoot and root development; leaf development and phyllotaxy; transition to flowering, floral meristems and floral development in arabidopsis and antirrhinum
• Programmed cell death, aging, and senescence

Life sciences: Unit 06

• Photosynthesis: Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport; photoprotective mechanisms; CO fixation-C, C, and CAM pathways
• Respiration and photorespiration: Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiratory pathway
• Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis
• Plant hormones: Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport; physiological effects and mechanisms of action
• Sensory photobiology: Structure, function, and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism and biological clocks
• Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation: Uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil, through cells, across membranes, through xylem and phloem; transpiration
• Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation: Mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates
• Secondary metabolites: Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols, and nitrogenous compounds and their roles
• Stress physiology: Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water, temperature, and salt) stresses

Life sciences: Unit 07

• Blood and circulation: Blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis and formed elements, plasma function, blood volume, blood volume regulation, blood groups, haemoglobin, immunity, haemostasis
• Cardiovascular system: Comparative anatomy of heart structure, myogenic heart, specialized tissue, ECG-its principle and significance, cardiac cycle, heart as a pump, blood pressure, neural and chemical regulation of all above
• Respiratory system: Comparison of respiration in different species, anatomical considerations, transport of gases, exchange of gases, waste elimination, neural and chemical regulation of respiration
• Nervous system: Neurons, action potential, gross neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal cord, central and peripheral nervous system, neural control of muscle tone and posture
• Sense organs: Vision, hearing, and tactile response
• Excretory system: Comparative physiology of excretion, kidney, urine formation, urine concentration, waste elimination, micturition, regulation of water balance, blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
• Thermoregulation: Comfort zone, body temperature-physical, chemical, neural regulation, acclimatization
• Stress and adaptation
• Digestive system: Digestion, absorption, energy balance, BMR
• Endocrinology and reproduction: Endocrine glands, basic mechanism of hormone action, hormones and diseases; reproductive processes, gametogenesis, ovulation, neuroendocrine regulation

Life sciences: Unit 08

• Mendelian principles: Dominance, segregation, independent assortment
• Concept of gene: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudo allele, complementation tests
• Extensions of Mendelian principles: Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy, linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited, and sex influenced characters
• Gene mapping methods: Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers, mapping by using somatic cell hybrids, development of mapping population in plants
• Extra chromosomal inheritance: Inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes, maternal inheritance
• Microbial genetics: Methods of genetic transfers-transformation, conjugation, transduction and sex-duction, mapping genes by interrupted mating, fine structure analysis of genes
• Human genetics: Pedigree analysis, LOD score for linkage testing, karyotypes, genetic disorders
• Quantitative genetics: Polygenic inheritance, heritability, and its measurements, QTL mapping
• Mutation: Types, causes, and detection, mutant types-lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis
• Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes: Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications
• Recombination: Homologous and non-homologous recombination including transposition

Life sciences: Unit 09

• Principles and methods of taxonomy: Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature, classical and quantititative methods of taxonomy of plants, animals and microorganisms
• Levels of structural organization: Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms. Levels of organization of tissues, organs and systems. Comparative anatomy, adaptive radiation, adaptive modifications
• Outline classification of plants, animals and microorganisms: Important criteria used for classification in each taxon. Classification of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Evolutionary relationships among taxa
• Natural history of Indian subcontinent: Major habitat types of the subcontinent, geographic origins, and migrations of species. Comman Indian mammals, birds. Seasonality and phenology of the subcontinent
• Organisms of health and agricultural importance: Common parasites and pathogens of humans, domestic animals, and crops
• Organisms of conservation concern: Rare, endangered species. Conservation strategies

Life sciences: Unit 10

• The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic interactions
• Habitat and niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement
• Population ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population regulation; life history strategies (R and K selection); concept of metapopulation-demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations
• Species interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis
• Community ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones
• Ecological succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax
• Ecosystem ecology: Ecosystem structure; ecosystem function; energy flow and mineral cycling (C, N, P); primary production and decomposition
• Ecosystem ecology: Structure and function of some Indian ecosystems-terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, estuarine)
• Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical zones of India
• Applied ecology: Environmental pollution; global environmental change; biodiversity: Status, monitoring and documentation; major drivers of biodiversity change; biodiversity management approaches
• Conservation biology: Principles of conservation, major approaches to management, Indian case studies on conservation/ management strategy (project tiger, biosphere reserves)

Life sciences: Unit 11

• Emergence of evolutionary thoughts: Lamarck; Darwin-concepts of variation, adaptation, struggle, fitness and natural selection; Mendelism; spontaneity of mutations; the evolutionary synthesis
• Origin of cells and unicellular evolution: Origin of basic biological molecules; abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and polymers; concept of oparin and Haldane; experiement of Miller (1953); the first cell; evolution of prokaryotes
• Origin of cells and unicellular evolution: Origin of eukaryotic cells; evolution of unicellular eukaryotes; anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis, and aerobic metabolism
• Paleontology and evolutionary history: The evolutionary time scale; era’s, periods and epoch; major events in the evolutionary time scale; origins of unicellular and multi cellular organisms; major groups of plants and animals
• Paleontology and evolutionary history: Stages in primate evolution including homo
• Molecular evolution: Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence, and molecular clocks; Molecular tools in phylogeny, classification and identification; protein and nucleotide sequence analysis; origin of new genes and proteins
• Molecular evolution: Gene duplication and divergence
• The mechanisms: Population genetics-populations, gene pool, gene frequency; Hardy-Weinberg law; concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through natural selection, migration and random genetic drift; adaptive radiation; isolating mechanisms
• The mechanisms: Speciation; allopatricity and sympatricity; convergent evolution; sexual selection; coevolution
• Brain, behaviour, and evolution: Approaches and methods in study of behaviour; proximate and ultimate causation; altruism and evolution-group selection, kin selection, reciprocal altruism; neural basis of learning, memory, cognition, sleep and arousal
• Brain, behaviour, and evolution: Biological clocks; development of behaviour; social communication; social dominance; use of space and territoriality; mating systems, parental investment and reproductive success; parental care; aggressive behaviour
• Brain, behaviour, and evolution: Habitat selection and optimality in foraging; migration, orientation and navigation; domestication and behavioural changes

Life sciences: Unit 12

• Microbial fermentation and production of small and macro molecules
• Application of immunological principles, vaccines, diagnostics
• Tissue and cell culture methods for plants and animals
• Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and strain identification
• Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy
• Bioresource and uses of biodiversity
• Breeding in plants and animals, including marker-assisted selection
• Bioremediation and phytoremediation
• Biosensors

Life sciences: Unit 13

• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Isolation and purification of RNA, DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins, different separation methods. Analysis of RNA, DNA and proteins by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis
• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Isoelectric focusing gels. Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors
• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC vectors. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques
• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Gene knock out in bacterial and eukaryotic organisms. Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation modification of proteins. DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing
• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, such as micro array based techniques Isolation
• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP techniques
• Histochemical and Immunotechniques: Antibody generation, detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, fluocytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells
• Histochemical and immuno-techniques: In-situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH
• Biophysical method: Molecular analysis using UV/ visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction and NMR, molecular analysis using light scattering
• Biophysical method: Different types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma resonance methods
• Statistical methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions (binomial, Poisson, and normal); sampling distribution; difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics; confidence interval; errors
• Statistical methods: Levels of significance; regression and correlation; t-test; analysis of variance; X2 test; basic introduction to muetrovariate statistics, etc
• Radio labeling techniques: Detection and measurement of different types of radioisotopes normally used in biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines
• Microscopic techniques: Visualization of cells and sub cellular components by light microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for EM
• Microscopic techniques: Freeze-etch and freeze-fracture methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy
• Electrophysiological methods: Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG, Brain activity recording, lesion, and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI, fMRI, CAT
• Methods in field biology: Methods of estimating population density of animals and plants, ranging patterns through direct, indirect, and remote observations, sampling methods in the study of behaviour
• Methods in field biology: Habitat characterization-ground and remote sensing methods

Hindi: Unit 01

Hindi: Unit 02

Hindi: Unit 03

Hindi: Unit 04

Hindi: Unit 05

Hindi: Unit 06

Hindi: Unit 07

Hindi: Unit 08

Hindi: Unit 09

Hindi: Unit 10

Hindi: Unit 11

History: Unit 01

• Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, and numismatics
• Dating of archaeological sites
• Literary sources: Indigenous literature-primary and secondary, problem of dating religious and secular literature, myths, legends, etc
• Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese, and Arabic
• Pastoralism and food production: Neolithic and chalcolithic phase: Settlement, distribution, tools, and patterns of exchange
• Indus/ Harappa civilization: Origin, extent, major sites, settlement pattern, craft specialization, religion, society and polity, decline of Indus civilization, internal and external trade, first urbanization in India
• Vedic and later Vedic periods: Aryan debates, political and social institutions, state structure and theories of state; emergence of varnas and social stratification, religious and philosophical ideas. Introduction of iron technology
• Vedic and later Vedic periods: Megaliths of south India
• Expansion of state system: Mahajanapadas, monarchical and republican states, economic and social developments and emergence of second urbanization in 6th century BCE; emergence of heterodox sects-Jainism, Buddhism, and Ajivikas

History: Unit 02

• Rise of Magadha, Greek invasion under Alexander and its effects, Mauryan expansion, Mauryan polity, society, economy, Ahsoka’s Dhamma and its nature, decline, and disintegration of the Mauryan empire, Mauyan art and architecture
• Ashokan edicts: Language and script
• Dissolution of empire and emergence of regional powers: Indo-Greeks, Sungas, Satavahanas, Kushanas and Saka-Ksatrapas, Sangam literature, polity and society in south India as reflected in Sangam literature
• Dissolution of empire and emergence of regional powers: Trade and commerce from 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE, trade with the roman world, emergence of Mahayana Buddhism, Kharavela, and Jainism, post-Mauryan art and architecture
• Dissolution of empire and emergence of regional powers: Gandhara, Mathura, and Amravati schools
• Gupta Vakataka age: Polity and Society, Agrarian Economy, Land Grants, Land Revenue and Land Rights, Gupta Coins, Beginning of Temple Architecture, Emergence of Puranic Hinduism, Development of Sanskrit Language and Literature
• Gupta Vakataka age: Developments in science technology, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine
• Harsha and his times: Administration and religion
• Salankayanas and Visnukundins in Andhradesa

History: Unit 03

• Kingdoms in Deccan: Gangas, Kadmabas, western and eastern Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Hoysalas, and Yadavas
• Kingdoms in south India: Pallavas, Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas
• Kingdoms in eastern India: Palas and senas of Bengal, Varmans of Kamarupa, Bhaumakaras, and Somavamsis of Odisha
• Kingdoms in western India: Maitrakas of Vallabhi and Chalukyas of Gujarat
• Kingdoms in north India: Gurjara-pratiharas, Kalacuri-Chedis, Gahadavalas, and Paramaras
• Characteristics of early medieval India: Administration and political structure legitimation of kingship
• Agrarian economy; land grants, changing production relations; graded land rights and peasantry, water resources, taxation system, coins, and currency system
• Trade and urbanization: Patterns of trade, and urban settlements, ports and trade routes, merchandise and exchange, trade guilds; trade and colonization in southeast Asia
• Growth of Brahminical religions; Vaisnavism and Saivism; temples; patronage and regional ramification; temple architecture and regional styles. Dana, tirtha and bhakti, tamil bhakti movement-Shankara, Madhava, and Ramanujacharya
• Society: Varna, jati and proliferation of castes, position of women; gender, marriage, and property relations; women in public life. Tribes as peasants and their place in Varna order. Untouchability
• Education and educational institutions: Agraharas, Mathas, and Mahaviharas as centers of education. Growth of regional languages
• Debates of state formation in early medieval India: Feudal model; segmentary model; integrative model
• Arab contracts: Suleiman Ghaznavid conquests. Alberuni’s accounts

History: Unit 04

• Archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic sources, material evidences and monuments; chronicles; literary sources-Persian, Sanskrit and regional languages; daftar khannas: Firmans, Bahis/ Pothis/ Akhbarat; foreign travellers’ accounts-Persian and Arabic
• Political developments: The Delhi Sultanate-the Ghorids, the Turks, the Khaljis, the Tughlaqs, the Sayyids, and the Lodis. Decline of Delhi sultanate
• Foundation of the Mughal empire: Babur, Humayun, and the Suris; expansion and consolidation from Akbar to Aurangzeb. Decline of the Mughal empire
• Later mughals and disintegration of the mughal empire
• The Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis-Deccan sultanate; Bijapur, Golkonda, Bidar, Berar, and Ahmadnagar-rise, expansion, and disintegration; eastern Gangas and Suryavamshi Gajapatis
• Rise of the Marathas and the foundation of swaraj by Shivaji; its expansion under the Peshwas ; Mughal-Maratha relations, Maratha confederacy, causes of decline

History: Unit 05

• Administration under the sultanate, nature of state-theocratic and the centric, central, provincial and local administration, law of succession
• Sher Shah’s administrative reforms; Mughal administration-central, provincial, and local: Mansabdari and Jagirdari systems
• Administrative system in the Deccan-The Vijayanagara state and polity, Bahamani administrative system; Maratha administration-asta pradhan
• Frontier policies under Delhi sultanate and Mughals
• Inter-state relations during the sultanate and the Mughals
• Agricultural production and irrigation system, village economy, peasantry, grants, and agricultural loans, urbanization, and demographic structure
• Industries-Cotton textiles, handicrafts, agro-based industries, organization, factories, and technology
• Trade and commerce-state policies, internal and external trade: European trade, trade centers, and ports, transport and communication
• Hundi (bills of exchange) and insurance, state income and expenditure, currency, mint system; famines and peasant revolts

History: Unit 06

• Social organization and social structure
• The Sufis-their orders, beliefs, and practices, the leading Sufi saints, social synchronization
• Bhakti movement-Shaivism; Vaishnavism, Shaktism
• The saints of the medieval period-north and south-their impact on sociopolitical and religious life-women saints of medieval India
• The Sikh movement-Guru Nanak Dev: His teachings and practices, Adi Granth; the Khalsa
• Social classification: Ruling class, major religious groups, the ulemas, the mercantile, and professional classes-rajput society
• Rural society-Petty chieftains, village officials, cultivators, and non-cultivating classes, artisans
• Position of women-Zanana system, Devadasi system
• Development of education centers of education and curriculum, Madarasa education
• Fine arts-major schools of painting-Mughal, Rajasthani, Pahari, Garhwali; development of music
• Art and architecture, Indo-Islamic architecture, Mughal architecture, regional styles
• Indo-Arabic architecture, Mughal gardens, Maratha forts, shrines, and temples

History: Unit 07

• Archival materials, biographies, and memoirs, newspapers, oral evidence, creative literature, and painting, monuments, coins
• Rise of British power: European traders in India in the 16th to 18th centuries-Portuguese, Dutch, French, and the British
• Establishment and expansion of British dominion in India
• British relations with principal Indian states-Bengal, Oudh, Hyderabad, Mysore, Carnatic, and Punjab
• Revolt of 1857, causes, nature, and impact
• Administration of the company and the crown; evolution of central and provincial structure under east India company
• Paramountcy, civil service, judiciary, police and the army under the company; British policy and paramountcy in the princely states under the crown
• Local self-government
• Constitutional changes, 1909-1935

History: Unit 08

• Changing composition, volume, and direction of trade
• Expansion and commercialization of agriculture, land rights, land settlements, rural indebtedness, landless labour, irrigation, and canal system
• Decline of industries-changing socioeconomic conditions of artisans; DE-urbanization; economic drain; world wars and economy
• British industrial policy; major modern industries; nature of factory legislation; labour and trade union movements
• Monetary policy, banking, currency, and exchange, railways and road transport, communications-post and telegraph
• Growth of new urban centers; new features of town planning and architecture, urban society and urban problems
• Famines, epidemics, and the government policy
• Tribal and peasant movements
• Indian society in transition: Contact with Christianity-the missions and missionaries; critique of Indian social and economic practices and religious beliefs; educational and other activities
• The new education-government policy; levels and contents; English language; development of science, technology, public health and medicine-towards modernism
• Indian renaissance-socio-religious reforms; emergence of middle class; caste associations and caste mobility
• Women’s question-nationalist discourse; women’s organizations; British legislation concerning women, gender identity and constitutional position
• The printing press-journalistic activity and the public opinion
• Modernization of Indian languages and literary forms-reorientation in painting, music and performing arts

History: Unit 09

• Social and economic basis of nationalism
• Birth of Indian national congress: Ideologies and programmes of the Indian national congress, 1885-1920: early nationalists, assertive nationalists and revolutionaries
• Swadeshi and Swaraj
• Gandhian mass movements; Subas Chandra Bose and INA; role of middle class in national movement; women participation in national movement
• Left wing politics
• Depressed class movement
• Communal politics; muslim league and genesis of Pakistan
• Towards independence and partition
• India after independence: Challenges of partition; integration of the Indian princely states; Kashmir, Hyderabad, and Junagadh
• B.R. Ambedkar-The making of the Indian constitution, its features
• The structure of bureaucracy
• New education policy
• Economic policies and the planning process; development, displacement, and tribal issues
• Linguistic reorganization of states; centre-state relations
• Foreign policy initiatives-Panchsheel; dynamics of Indian politics-emergency; liberalization, privatization, and globalization of Indian economy

History: Unit 10

• Scope and importance of history, objectivity, and bias in history, heuristics operation, criticism in history, synthesis and presentation, history and its auxiliary sciences, history a science, arts or a social science
• Causation and imagination in history, significance of regional history, recent trends of Indian history, research methodology, hypothesis in history, area of proposed research sources-data collection, primary/ secondary, original and transit sources
• Trends in historical research, recent Indian historiography, selection of topic in history, notes taking, references, footnotes and bibliography thesis and assignment writing, plagiarism, intellectual dishonesty, and history writing
• Beginnings of historical writings-Greek, Roman, and Church historiography, renaissance, and its impact on history writing, negative and positive schools of historical writing, Berlin revolution in history writing-Von Ranke
• Marxist philosophy of history-scientific materialism, cyclical theory of history-Oswald Spengler, challenge and response theory-Arnold Joseph Toynbee, post-modernism in history

Sociology: Unit 01

• Classical sociological traditions: Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Karl Marx
• Structure-functionalism and structuralism: Bronisław Malinowski, A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, Claude Lévi-Strauss
• Hermeneutic and interpretative traditions: G.H. Mead, Karl Manheim, Alfred Schutz, Harold Garfinkel, Erving Goffman, Clifford Geertz
• Post modernism, post structuralism, and post colonialism: Edward Said, Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Foucault, Jurgen Habermas, Anthony Giddens, Manuel Castells
• Indian thinkers: M.K. Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar, Radha Kamal Mukherjee, G.S. Ghurye, M.N. Srinivas, Irawati Karve

Sociology: Unit 02

• Conceptualizing social reality: Philosophy of science, scientific method, and epistemology in social science, hermeneutic traditions, objectivity and reflexivity in social science, ethics, and politics
• Formulating research design: Reading social science research, data and documents, induction and deduction, fact, concept and theory, hypotheses, research questions, objectives
• Quantitative and qualitative methods: Ethnography, survey method, historical method, comparative method
• Techniques: Sampling, questionnaire, and schedule, statistical analysis, observation, interview and case study, interpretation, data analysis and report writing

Sociology: Unit 03

• Sociological concepts: Social structure, culture, network, status and role, identity, community, diaspora, values, norms and rules, personhood, habitus and agency, bureaucracy, power and authority
• Social institutions: Marriage, family, and kinship, economy, polity, religion, education, law and customs
• Social stratification: Social difference, hierarchy, inequality and marginalization, caste and class, gender, sexuality and disability, race, tribe, and ethnicity
• Social change and processes: Evolution and diffusion, modernization and development, social transformations and globalization, social mobility

Sociology: Unit 04

• Rural and peasant society: Caste-tribe settlements, agrarian social structure and emergent class relations, land ownership and agrarian relations, decline of agrarian economy, depeasantization and migration, agrarian unrest and peasant movements
• Rural and peasant society: Changing inter-community relations and violence
• Urban society: Urbanism, urbanity, and urbanization, towns, cities and mega-cities, industry, service, and business, neighbourhood, slums and ethnic enclaves, middle class and gated communities, urban movements and violence

Sociology: Unit 05

• Political processes in India: Tribe, nation state and border, bureaucracy, governance and development, public policy: Health, education and livelihoods, political culture, grass-root democracy, law and society, gender and development, corruption
• Political processes in India: Role of international development organizations
• Social movements and protests: Political factions, pressure groups, movements based on caste, ethnicity, ideology, gender, disability, religion and region, civil society and citizenship, NGOs, activism and leadership, reservations, and politics

Sociology: Unit 06

• Exchange, gift, capital, labour, and market, mode of production debates, property and property relations, state and market: Welfarism and neoliberalism, models of economic development, poverty and exclusion, factory and industry systems
• Changing nature of labour relations, gender and labour process, business and family, digital economy, e-commerce, global business and corporates, tourism, consumption

Sociology: Unit 07

• Social and cultural ecology: Diverse forms, technological change, agriculture, and biodiversity, indigenous knowledge systems and ethno-medicine, gender and environment, forest policies, adivasis, and exclusion, ecological degradation and migration
• Development, displacement, and rehabilitation, water and social exclusion, disasters and community responses, environmental pollution, public health, and disability, climate change and international policies, environmental movements

Sociology: Unit 08

• Theoretical approaches: Structure-functionalist, alliance, and cultural, gender relations and power dynamics, inheritance, succession, and authority, gender, sexuality, and reproduction, children, youth, and elderly, emotions and family
• Emergent forms of family, changing marriage practices, changing care and support systems, family laws, domestic violence and crime against women, honor killing

Sociology: Unit 09

• History of Technological Development, Changing notions of Time and Space, Flows and Boundaries, Virtual Community, Media: Print and Electronic, Visual and Social Media, E-Governance and Surveillance Society, Technology and Emerging Political Processes
• State policy, digital divide, and inclusion, technology and changing family relations, technology and changing health systems, food and technology, cyber crime

Sociology: Unit 10

• Signs and symbols, rituals, beliefs, and practices, changing material culture, moral economy, education: Formal and informal, religious organizations, piety, and spirituality, commodification of rituals, communalism and secularism
• Cultural identity and mobilization, culture and politics, gender, body, and culture, art and aesthetics, ethics and morality, sports and culture, pilgrimage and religious tourism, religion and economy, culture and environment, new religious movements

Economics: Unit 01

• Theory of consumer behaviour, theory of production and costs, decision making under uncertainty attitude towards risk, game theory-non cooperative games, market structures, competitive and non-competitive equilibrium, and their efficiency properties
• Factor pricing, general equilibrium analysis, efficiency criteria: Pareto-optimality, Kaldor-Hicks, and wealth maximization, welfare economics: Fundamental theorems, social welfare function, asymmetric information: Adverse selection and moral hazard

Economics: Unit 02

• National income: Concepts and measurement, determination of output and employment: Classical and Keynesian approach, consumption function, investment function, multiplier and accelerator, demand for money, supply of money, IS-LM model approach
• Inflation and Phillips curve analysis, business cycles, monetary and fiscal policy, rational expectation hypothesis and its critique

Economics: Unit 03

• Probability theory: Concepts of probability, distributions, moments, central limit theorem, descriptive statistics-measures of central tendency and dispersions, correlation, index numbers, sampling methods and sampling distribution
• Statistical inferences, hypothesis testing, linear regression models and their properties-blue, identification problem, simultaneous equation models-recursive and non-recursive, discrete choice models, time series analysis

Economics: Unit 04

• Sets, functions, and continuity, sequence, series, differential calculus and its applications, linear algebra-matrices, vector spaces, static optimization problems, and their applications, input-output model, linear programming
• Difference and differential equations with applications

Economics: Unit 05

• International trade: Basic concepts and analytical tools, theories of international trade, international trade under imperfect competition, balance of payments: Composition, equilibrium and disequilibrium, and adjustment mechanisms
• Exchange rate: Concepts and theories, foreign exchange market and arbitrage, gains from trade, terms of trade, trade multiplier, tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade; dumping, GATT, WTO, and regional trade blocks; trade policy issues
• IMF and world bank

Economics: Unit 06

• Market failure and remedial measures: Asymmetric information, public goods, externality, regulation of market-collusion and consumers’ welfare, Public revenue: Tax and non-tax revenue, direct and indirect taxes
• Public revenue: Progressive and non-progressive taxation, incidence, and effects of taxation, public expenditure, public debt and its management, public budget and budget multiplier, fiscal policy and its implications

Economics: Unit 07

• Components of Money Supply, Central Bank, Commercial Banking, Instruments and Working of Monetary Policy, Non-banking Financial Institutions, Capital Market and its Regulation

Economics: Unit 08

• Economic growth and economic development, theories of economic development: Adam Smith, Ricardo, Marx, Schumpeter, Rostow, balanced and unbalanced growth, big push approach, models of economic growth: Harrod-Domar, Solow, Robinson, Kaldor
• Technical progress-disembodied and embodied; endogenous growth, indicators of economic development: PQLI, HDI, SDGS, poverty and inequalities-concepts and measurement, social sector development: Health, education, gender

Economics: Unit 09

• Environment as a public good, market failure, Coase theorem, cost-benefit analysis and compensation criteria, valuation of environmental goods, theories of population, concepts and measures: Fertility, morbidity, mortality
• Age structure, demographic dividend, life table, migration

Economics: Unit 10

• Economic growth in India: Pattern and structure, agriculture: Pattern and structure of growth, major challenges, policy responses, industry: Pattern and structure of growth, major challenges, policy responses
• Services: Pattern and structure of growth, major challenges, policy responses, rural development-issues, challenges, and policy responses, urban development-issues, challenges, and policy responses
• Foreign trade: Structure and direction, bop, flow of foreign capital, trade policies, infrastructure development: Physical and social; public-private partnerships, reforms in land, labour, and capital markets
• Centre-state financial relations and finance commissions of India; FRBM, Poverty, inequality, and unemployment

Political science: Unit 01

• Concepts: Liberty, equality, justice, rights, democracy, power, citizenship, political traditions: Liberalism conservatism socialism Marxism feminism ecologism multiculturalism postmodernism

Political science: Unit 02

• Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt, Frantz Fanon, Mao Zedong, John Rawls

Political science: Unit 03

• Dharamshastra, Kautilya, Aggañña Sutta, Barani, Kabir, Pandita Ramabai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, M.K Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, Muhammad Iqbal, M.N.Roy, V D Savarkar, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, J L Nehru
• Ram Manohar Lohia, Jaya Prakash Narayan, Deendayal Upadhyaya

Political science: Unit 04

• Approaches: Institutional, political culture, political economy, and new institutionalism; comparative methods, colonialism, and decolonization: Forms of colonialism, anti-colonial struggles and decolonization, nationalism: European and non-European
• State theory: Debate over the nature of state in capitalist and socialist societies; post-colonial state; welfare state; globalization and nations-states
• Political regimes: Democratic (electoral, liberal, majoritarian, and participatory) and non-democratic regimes (patrimonialism, bureaucratic authoritarianism, military dictatorship, totalitarianism, and fascist)
• Constitutions and Constitutionalism: forms of constitutions, rule of law, judicial independence and liberal constitutionalism; emergency powers and crisis of constitutionalism
• Democratization: Democratic transition and consolidation
• Development: Underdevelopment, dependency, modernization, world systems theory, development and democracy
• Structures of power: Ruling class, power elites, democratic elitism, actor and processes: Electoral systems, political parties and party system, interest groups, social movements, new social movements
• Actor and processes: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society campaigns; revolutions

Political science: Unit 05

• Approaches to the study of international relations: idealism, realism, structural Marxism, neoliberalism, neorealism, social constructivism, critical international theory, feminism, postmodernism
• Concepts: State, state system, and non-state actors, power, sovereignty, security: Traditional and non- traditional
• Conflict and peace: Changing nature of warfare; weapons of mass destruction; deterrence; conflict resolution, conflict transformation
• United nations: Aims, objectives, structure, and evaluation of the working of UN; peace and development perspectives; humanitarian intervention. International law; international criminal court, political economy of IR; globalization
• United nations: Global governance and Bretton Woods system, north-south dialogue, WTO, G-20, BRICS
• Regional organizations: European union, African union, Shanghai cooperation organization, ASEAN
• Contemporary challenges: International terrorism, climate change, and environmental concerns, human rights, migration, and refugees; poverty and development; role of religion, culture, and identity politics

Political science: Unit 06

• Perspectives on India’s Foreign Policy: India’s Identity as postcolonial, development, rising power and as emerging political economy, Continuity and change in India’s Foreign Policy: Principles and determinants
• Non-Alignment movement: Historical background and relevance of non Aligned movement; India’s nuclear policy, India’s relations with major powers: USA, USSR/ Russia, People’s Republic of China
• India’s Engagement with multipolar world: India’s relations with European Union, BRICS, ASEAN, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Gulf Cooperation Council
• India’s relations with neighborhood: SAARC, Gujaral doctrine, look east/ act east, look west
• India’s negotiation strategies in international regimes: The united nations, world trade organization, international monetary fund, intergovernmental panel on climate change, contemporary challenges: Maritime security, energy security
• Contemporary challenges: Environmental security, migrants, and refugees, water resources, international terrorism, cyber security

Political science: Unit 07

• Making of the Indian constitution: Colonialism heritage and the contribution Indian national movement to the making of the Indian constitution, constituent assembly: Composition, ideological moorings, constitutional debates
• Philosophy of the constitution: Preamble, fundamental rights, directive principles, constitutionalism in India: Democracy, social change, national unity, checks and balances, basic structure debate, constitutional amendments
• Union executive: President, prime minister, and council of ministers, union parliament: Structure, role and functioning, parliamentary committees, judiciary: Supreme court, high court, judicial review, judicial activism, judicial reform
• Executive and legislature in the states: Governor, chief minister, state legislature, federalism in India: Strong centre framework, asymmetrical federal provisions and adaption, role of intergovernmental coordination mechanisms, inter-state council
• Federalism in India: Emerging trends
• Electoral process and election commission of India: Conduct of elections, rules, electoral reforms
• Local government institutions: Functioning and reforms
• Constitutional and statutory bodies: Comptroller and auditor general, national commission for scheduled castes, national commission for scheduled tribes, national commission for human rights, national commission for women
• Constitutional and statutory bodies: National commission for minorities

Political science: Unit 08

• State, economy, and development: Nature of Indian state, development planning model, new economic policy, growth and human development
• Process of globalization: Social and economic implications
• Identity politics: religion, tribe, caste, region, language
• Social movements: Dalit, tribal, women, farmers, labour, civil society groups: Non-party social formations, non-governmental organizations, social action groups
• Regionalization of Indian politics: Reorganization of Indian states, states as political and economic units, sub-state regions, regional disparities, demand for new states, gender and politics in India: Issues of equality and representation
• Ideology and social basis of political parties: National parties, state parties
• Electoral politics: Participation, contestation, representation, emerging trends

Political science: Unit 09

• Public administration: Meaning and evolution; public and private administration approaches: System theory, decision making, ecological approach, public administration theories and concepts: Scientific management theory, rational choice theory
• Public administration theories and concepts: New public administration, development administration, comparative public administration, new public management, changing nature of public administration in the era of liberalization and globalization
• Theories and principles of organization: Scientific management theory, bureaucratic theory, human relations theory, managing the organization: Theories of leadership and motivation
• Organizational communication: Theories and principles, Chester Bernard principles of communication, information management in the organization, managing conflict in the organization: Mary Parker Follett, management by objectives-Peter Drucker

Political science: Unit 10

• Governance, good governance and democratic governance, role of state, civil society, and individuals
• Accountability and control: Institutional mechanism for checks and balances, legislative control over executive, administrative, and budgetary control, control through parliamentary committees, judicial control over legislature and executive
• Accountability and control: Administrative culture, corruption and administrative reforms, institutional mechanisms for good governance: Right to information, consumer protection act, citizen charter; grievance redress system: Ombudsman, Lokpal, Lokayukta
• Grassroots governance: Panchayati Raj institutions and their functioning, planning and development: Decentralized planning, planning for development, sustainable development, participatory development, e-governance; NITI aayog
• Public policy as an instrument of socio-economic development: Public policies with special reference to housing, health, drinking water, food security, MNREGA, NHRM, RTE, monitoring and evaluation of public policy
• Mechanisms of making governance process accountable: Jansunwai, social audit

English: Unit 01

English: Unit 02

English: Unit 03

English: Unit 04

English: Unit 05

• Basic concepts, theories, and pedagogy
• English in use

English: Unit 06

English: Unit 07

English: Unit 08

English: Unit 09

English: Unit 10

Education: Unit 01

• Contribution of Indian Schools of philosophy (Sankhya Yoga, Vedanta, Buddhism, Jainism) with special reference to Vidya, Dayanand Darshan; and Islamic traditions towards educational aims and methods of acquiring valid knowledge
• Contribution of Western schools of thoughts (Idealism, Realism, Naturalism, Pragmatism, Marxism, Existentialism) and their contribution to education with special reference to information, knowledge and wisdom
• Approaches to sociology of education (symbolic interaction, structural functionalism, and conflict theory)
• Concept and types of social institutions and their functions (family, school and society), concept of social movements, theories of social movements (relative deprivation, resource mobilization, political process theory and new social movement theory)
• Socialization and education-education and culture; contribution of thinkers-swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, Aurobindo, J.Krishnamurthy, Paulo Freire, Wollstonecraft
• Contribution of thinkers-Nel Noddings and Savitribai Phule to the development of educational thought for social change, national values as enshrined in the Indian constitution-socialism, secularism, justice, liberty, democracy, equality
• Freedom with special reference to education

Education: Unit 02

• Committees and Commissions’ Contribution to Teacher Education Secondary Education Commission (1953), Kothari Education Commission (1964-66), National Policy of Education (1986,1992), National Commission on Teachers (1999)
• National curriculum framework 2005, national knowledge commission (2007), Yashpal committee report (2009), national curriculum framework for teacher education (2009), justice Verma committee report (2012)
• Relationship between policies and education, linkage between educational policy and national development, determinants of educational policy and process of policy formulation: Analysis of the existing situation, generation of policy options
• Determinants of educational policy and process of policy formulation: Evaluation of policy options, making the policy decision, planning of policy implementation, policy impact assessment and subsequent policy cycles
• Concept of economics of education: Cost benefit analysis vs cost effective analysis in education, economic returns to higher education signaling theory vs. human capital theory, concept of educational finance, educational finance at micro and macro levels
• Concept of economics of education: Concept of budgeting
• Relationship between politics and education, perspectives of politics of education liberal, conservative and critical, approaches to understanding politics (behaviouralism, theory of systems analysis and theory of rational choice)
• Education for Political Development and Political Socialization

Education: Unit 03

• Growth and development: Concept and principles, cognitive processes, and stages of cognitive development, personality: Definitions and theories (Freud, Carl Rogers, Gordon Allport, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka), mental health and mental hygiene
• Approaches to intelligence from unitary to multiple: Concepts of social intelligence, multiple intelligence, emotional intelligence theories of intelligence by Sternberg, Gardner, assessment of intelligence, concepts of problem solving, critical thinking
• Approaches to intelligence from unitary to multiple: Metacognition and creativity
• Principles and theories of learning: Behaviouristic, cognitive, and social theories of learning, factors affecting social learning, social competence, concept of social cognition, understanding social relationship and socialization goals
• Guidance and counselling: Nature, principles, and need, types of guidance (educational, vocational, personal, health and social and directive, non-directive and eclectic), approaches to counselling-cognitive-behavioural (Albert Ellis-REBT) and humanistic
• Guidance and counselling: Personcentred counselling (Carl Rogers)-theories of counselling (behaviouristic, rational, emotive and reality)

Education: Unit 04

• Meaning, nature, and scope of teacher education; types of teacher education programs, the structure of teacher education curriculum and its vision in curriculum documents of NCERT and NCTE at elementary, secondary and higher secondary levels
• Organization of components of pre-service teacher education transactional approaches (for foundation courses) expository, collaborative and experiential learning
• Understanding knowledge base of teacher education from the view point of Schulman, Deng and Luke and Habermas, meaning of reflective teaching and strategies for promoting reflective teaching, models of teacher education-behaviouristic
• Competency-based and inquiry oriented teacher education models
• Concept, need, purpose and scope of in-service teacher education, organization and modes of in-service teacher education, agencies and institutions of in-service teacher education at district
• State and national levels (SSA, RMSA, SCERT, NCERT, NCTE and UGC), preliminary consideration in planning in-service teacher education programme (purpose, duration, resources, and budget)
• Concept of profession and professionalism, teaching as a profession, professional ethics of teachers, personal and contextual factors affecting teacher development, ICT integration, quality enhancement for professionalization of teacher education
• Innovation in teacher education

Education: Unit 05

• Concept and principles of curriculum, strategies of curriculum development, stages in the process of curriculum development, foundations of curriculum planning-philosophical bases (national, democratic), sociological basis (socio cultural reconstruction)
• Psychological bases (learner’s needs and interests), bench marking and role of national level statutory bodies-UGC, NCTE and university in curriculum development
• Models of curriculum design: Traditional and contemporary models (academic/ discipline based model, competency based model, social functions/ activities model [social reconstruction], individual needs and interests model, outcome based integrative model
• Models of curriculum design: Intervention model, CIPP model (context, input, process, product model)
• Instructional system, instructional media, instructional techniques and material in enhancing curriculum transaction, approaches to evaluation of curriculum: Approaches to curriculum and instruction (academic and competency based approaches)
• Models of curriculum evaluation: Tyler’s Model, Stakes’ Model, Scriven’s Model, Kirkpatrick’s model
• Meaning and types of curriculum change, factors affecting curriculum change, approaches to curriculum change, role of students, teachers and educational administrators in curriculum change and improvement
• Scope of curriculum research and types of research in curriculum studies

Education: Unit 06

• Meaning and scope of educational research, meaning and steps of scientific method, characteristics of scientific method (replicability, precision, falsifiability and parsimony), types of scientific method (exploratory, explanatory and descriptive)
• Aims of research as a scientific activity: Problem-solving, Theory Building and Prediction, Types of research (Fundamental, Applied and Action), Approaches to educational research (Quantitative and Qualitative)
• Aims of research as a scientific activity: Designs in educational research (descriptive, experimental and historical)
• Variables: Meaning of concepts, constructs, and variables, types of variables (independent, dependent, extraneous, intervening and moderator), hypotheses-concept, sources, types (research, directional, non-directional, null), formulating hypothesis
• Variables: Characteristics of a good hypothesis, steps of writing a research proposal, concept of universe and sample, characteristics of a good sample, techniques of sampling (probability and non-probability sampling), tools of research-validity
• Variables: Reliability and standardization of a tool, types of tools (rating scale, attitude scale, questionnaire, aptitude test and achievement test, inventory), techniques of research (observation, interview and projective techniques)
• Types of measurement scale (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio), quantitative data analysis-descriptive data analysis (measures of central tendency, variability, fiduciary limits and graphical presentation of data)
• Testing of hypothesis (type I and type II errors), levels of significance, power of a statistical test and effect size, parametric techniques, non-parametric techniques, conditions to be satisfied for using parametric techniques, inferential data analysis
• Use and interpretation of statistical techniques: correlation, t-test, z-test, ANOVA, chi-square (equal probability and normal probability hypothesis)
• Qualitative data analysis-data reduction and classification, analytical induction and constant comparison, concept of triangulation
• Qualitative research designs: Grounded theory designs (types, characteristics, designs, steps in conducting a GT research, strengths, and weakness of GT)-narrative research designs (meaning and key characteristics, steps in conducting NR design)
• Qualitative research designs: Case study (meaning, characteristics, components of a CS design, types of CS design, steps of conducting a CS research, strengths and weaknesses)
• Qualitative research designs: Ethnography (meaning, characteristics, underlying assumptions, steps of conducting ethnographic research, writing ethnographic account, strengths and weaknesses), mixed method designs: characteristics
• Mixed method designs: Types of mm designs (triangulation, explanatory and exploratory designs), steps in conducting a mm designs, strengths and weakness of mm research

Education: Unit 07

• Pedagogy, pedagogical analysis-concept and stages, critical pedagogy-meaning, need and its implications in teacher education, organizing teaching: Memory level (Herbartian model), understanding level (Morrison teaching model)
• Organizing teaching: Reflective level (Bigge and Hunt teaching model), concept of andragogy in education: Meaning, principles, competencies of self-directed learning, theory of andragogy (Malcolm Knowles), the dynamic model of learner autonomy
• Assessment-meaning, nature, perspectives (assessment for learning, assessment of learning and assessment of learning)-types of assessment (placement, formative, diagnostic, summative) relations between objectives and outcomes
• Assessment of cognitive (Anderson and Krathwohl), affective (Krathwohl) and psychomotor domains (R.H. Dave) of learning
• Assessment in pedagogy of education: Feedback devices-meaning, types, criteria, guidance as a feedback devices: Assessment of portfolios, reflective journal, field engagement using rubrics, competency based evaluation
• Guidance as a feedback devices: Assessment of teacher prepared ICT resources
• Assessment in andragogy of education-interaction analysis: Flanders’ interaction analysis, Galloway’s system of interaction analysis (recording of classroom events, construction and interpretation of interaction matrix)
• Criteria for teacher evaluation (product, process and presage criteria, rubrics for self and peer evaluation (meaning, steps of construction)

Education: Unit 08

• Concept of educational technology (ET) as a discipline: (Information technology, communication technology and information and communication technology (ICT) and instructional technology
• Concept of educational technology (ET) as a discipline: Applications of educational technology in formal, non formal (open and distance learning), informal and inclusive education systems, overview of behaviorist
• Concept of educational technology (ET) as a discipline: Cognitive and constructivist theories and their implications to instructional design (Skinner, Piaget, Ausubel, Bruner, Vygotsky)
• Concept of educational technology (ET) as a discipline: Relationship between learning theories and instructional strategies (for large and small groups, formal and non formal groups )
• Systems approach to instructional design, models of development of instructional design (Addie, assure, Dick and Carey model mason’s), Gagne’s nine events of instruction and five E’s of constructivism, nine elements of constructivist instructional design
• Application of computers in education: CAI, CAL, CBT, CML, concept, process of preparing ODLM, concept of e learning, approaches to e-learning (offline, online, synchronous, asynchronous, blended learning, mobile learning)
• Emerging trends in e-learning: Social learning (concept , use of web 2.0 tools for learning, social networking sites, blogs, chats, video conferencing, discussion forum)
• Emerging trends in e-learning: Open education resources (creative common, massive open online courses, concept and application), e-inclusion-concept of e-inclusion, application of assistive technology in e-learning
• Emerging trends in e-learning: Quality of e-learning-measuring quality of system: Information, system, service, user satisfaction and net benefits (D & MIS success model, 2003), ethical issues for e-learner and e-teacher-teaching, learning and research
• Use of ICT in evaluation, administration and research: E-portfolios, ICT for research-online repositories and online libraries, online and offline assessment tools (online survey tools or test generators)-concept and development

Education: Unit 09

• Educational management and administration: Meaning, principles, functions and importance, institutional building, POSDCORB, CPM, PERT, management as a system, SWOT analysis, taylorism, administration as a process, administration as a bureaucracy
• Educational management and administration: Human relations approach to administration, organizational compliance, organinsational development, organizational climate
• Leadership in educational administration: Meaning and nature, approaches to leadership: Trait, transformational, transactional, value based, cultural, psychodynamic and charismatic
• Leadership in educational administration: Models of leadership (blake and mouton’s managerial Grid Fiedler’s contingency model, tri-dimensional model, Hersey and Blanchard’s model, leader-member exchange theory)
• Concept of quality and quality in education: Indian and international perspective, evolution of quality: Inspection, quality control, quality assurance, total quality management (TQM), six sigma, quality gurus: Walter Shewart, Edward Deming, C.K Pralhad
• Change management: Meaning, need for planned change, three step-model of change (unfreezing, moving, refreezing), the Japanese models of change: just-in-time, poka yoke, cost of quality: Appraisal costs, failure costs and preventable costs
• Change management: Cost of quality-cost benefit analysis, cost effective analysis, Indian and international quality assurance agencies: Objectives, functions, roles, and initiatives (national assessment accreditation council [NAAC], performance indicators
• Change management: Indian and international quality assurance agencies-quality council of India [QCI], international network for quality assurance agencies in higher education [INQAAHE]

Education: Unit 10

• Inclusive Education: Concept, Principles, Scope and Target Groups (Diverse learners; Including Marginalized group and Learners with Disabilities), Evolution of the Philosophy of Inclusive Education: Special, Integrated, Inclusive Education
• Inclusive education: Legal provisions-policies and legislations (national policy of education (1986), programme of action of action (1992), persons with disabilities act (1995), national policy of disabilities (2006), national curriculum framework (2005)
• Inclusive education: Legal provisions-concession and facilities to diverse learners (academic and financial), rehabilitation council of India act (1992), inclusive education under sarva shiksha abhiyan (SSA)
• Inclusive education: Legal provisions-features of UNCRPD (united nations convention on the rights of persons with disabilities) and its implication
• Concept of impairment, disability and handicap, classification of disabilities based on ICF model, readiness of school and models of inclusion, prevalence, types, characteristics and educational needs of diverse learners’ intellectual
• Physical and multiple disabilities, causes and prevention of disabilities, identification of diverse learners for inclusion, educational evaluation methods, techniques and tools
• Planning and management of inclusive classrooms: infrastructure, human resource and instructional practices, curriculum and curricular adaptations for diverse learners
• Planning and management of inclusive classrooms: Assistive and adaptive technology for diverse learners-product (aids and appliances) and process (individualized education plan, remedial teaching), parent professional partnership: Role of parents, peers
• Planning and management of inclusive classrooms: Parent professional partnership-professionals, teachers, school
• Barriers and facilitators in inclusive education: attitude, social and educational, current status and ethical issues of inclusive education in India, research trends of inclusive education in India

Psychology: Unit 01

• Psychological thought in some major eastern systems: Bhagavad Gita, Buddhism, Sufism, and integral yoga
• Academic psychology in India: Pre-independence era; post-independence era; 1970s: The move to addressing social issues; 1980s: Indigenization; 1990s: Paradigmatic concerns, disciplinary identity crisis; 2000s: Emergence of Indian psychology in academia
• Issues: The colonial encounter; post colonialism and psychology; lack of distinct disciplinary identity
• Western: Greek heritage, medieval period and modern period
• Structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalytical, Gestalt, behaviorism, humanistic existential, transpersonal, cognitive revolution, multiculturalism
• Four founding paths of academic psychology-Wundt, Freud, James, Dilthey
• Issues: Crisis in psychology due to strict adherence to experimental analytical paradigm (logical empiricism)
• Indic influences on modern psychology
• Essential aspects of knowledge paradigms: ontology, epistemology, and methodology
• Paradigms of western psychology: Positivism, post-positivism, critical perspective, social constructionism, existential phenomenology, and cooperative enquiry
• Paradigmatic controversies
• Significant Indian paradigms on psychological knowledge: Yoga, Bhagavad Gita, Buddhism, Sufism, and Integral Yoga
• Science and spirituality (Avidya and Vidya)
• The primacy of self-knowledge in Indian psychology

Psychology: Unit 02

• Research: Meaning, purpose, and dimensions. Research problems, variables, and operational definitions, hypothesis, sampling. Ethics in conducting and reporting research
• Paradigms of research: Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods approach, methods of research: Observation, survey (interview, questionnaires), experimental, quasi-experimental, field studies
• Methods of research: Cross-cultural studies, phenomenology, grounded theory, focus groups, narratives, case studies, ethnography
• Statistics in psychology: Measures of central tendency and dispersion. Normal probability curve. Parametric (t-test) and non-parametric tests (sign test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Friedman). Power analysis
• Statistics in psychology: Effect size
• Correlational analysis: Correlation (product moment, rank order), partial correlation, multiple correlation
• Special correlation methods: biserial, point biserial, tetrachoric, phi coefficient
• Regression: simple linear regression, multiple regression
• Factor analysis: assumptions, methods, rotation and interpretation
• Experimental designs: ANOVA (one-way, factorial), randomized block designs, repeated measures design, Latin square, cohort studies, time series, MANOVA, ANCOVA. Single-subject designs

Psychology: Unit 03

• Types of tests, test construction: Item writing, item analysis, test standardization: Reliability, validity, and norms, areas of testing: Intelligence, creativity, neuropsychological tests, aptitude, personality assessment, interest inventories
• Areas of testing: Attitude scales-semantic differential, staples, Likert scale
• Computer-based psychological testing, applications of psychological testing in various settings: Clinical, organizational and business, education, counseling, military. Career guidance

Psychology: Unit 04

• Sensory systems: General and specific sensations, receptors and processes, neurons: Structure, functions, types, neural impulse, synaptic transmission. Neurotransmitters
• The central and peripheral nervous systems: Structure and functions. Neuroplasticity
• Methods of physiological psychology: Invasive methods-anatomical methods, degeneration techniques, lesion techniques, chemical methods, microelectrode studies. Non-invasive methods-EEG, scanning methods
• Muscular and glandular system: Types and functions, biological basis of motivation: Hunger, thirst, sleep, and sex
• Biological basis of emotion: The limbic system, hormonal regulation of behaviour
• Genetics and behaviour: Chromosomal anomalies; nature-nurture controversy (twin studies and adoption studies)

Psychology: Unit 05

• Attention: Forms of attention, models of attention, perception: Approaches to the study of perception-Gestalt and physiological approaches, perceptual organization: Gestalt, figure, and ground, law of organization
• Perceptual constancy: Size, shape, and color; illusions, perception of form, depth, and movement, role of motivation and learning in perception
• Signal detection theory: Assumptions and applications, subliminal perception and related factors, information processing approach to perception, culture, and perception, perceptual styles, pattern recognition, ecological perspective on perception
• Learning process: Fundamental theories-Thorndike, Guthrie, hull, classical conditioning: Procedure, phenomena, and related issues, instrumental learning: Phenomena, paradigms, and theoretical issues; reinforcement: Basic variables and schedules
• Learning process: Reinforcement-behaviour modification and its applications, cognitive approaches in learning: Latent learning, observational learning. Verbal learning and discrimination learning, recent trends in learning: Neurophysiology of learning
• Memory and forgetting: Memory processes-encoding, storage, retrieval, stages of memory: Sensory memory, short-term memory (working memory), long-term memory (declarative-episodic and semantic; procedural)
• Theories of forgetting: interference, retrieval failure, decay, motivated forgetting

Psychology: Unit 06

• Theoretical perspectives on thought processes: Associationism, gestalt, information processing, feature integration model, concept formation: Rules, types, and strategies; role of concepts in thinking types of reasoning, language and thought
• Problem solving: Type, strategies, and obstacles, decision-making: Types and models, metacognition: Metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation, intelligence: Spearman; Thurstone; Jensen; Cattell; Gardner; Stenberg; Goleman; Das, Kar and Parrila
• Creativity: Torrance, Getzels, and Jackson, Guilford, Wallach and Kogan relationship between intelligence and creativity

Psychology: Unit 07

• Determinants of personality: Biological and socio-cultural Approaches to the study of personality: Psychoanalytical, Neo-Freudian, Social learning, Trait and Type, Cognitive, Humanistic, Existential, Transpersonal psychology
• Other theories: Rotter's locus of control, Seligman's explanatory styles, Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
• Basic motivational concepts: instincts, needs, drives, arousal, incentives, motivational cycle
• Approaches to the study of motivation: Psychoanalytical, ethological, S-R cognitive, humanistic, exploratory behaviour and curiosity, Zuckerman’s sensation seeking, achievement, affiliation, and power motivational competence self-regulation flow
• Emotions: Physiological correlates, theories of emotions: James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter, and Singer, Lazarus, Lindsley. Emotion regulation
• Conflicts: Sources and types, stress, and coping: Concept, models, type A, B, C, D behaviours
• Conflicts: Stress management strategies (biofeedback, music therapy, breathing exercises, progressive muscular relaxation, guided imagery, mindfulness meditation, yogasana, stress inoculation training)

Psychology: Unit 08

• Nature, scope and history of social psychology, traditional theoretical perspectives: Field theory, cognitive dissonance, sociobiology, psychodynamic approaches, social cognition
• Social perception (communication, attributions); attitude and its change within cultural context; prosocial behaviour, group and social influence (social facilitation; social loafing)
• Social influence (conformity, peer pressure, persuasion, compliance, obedience, social power, reactance)
• Aggression
• Group dynamics, leadership style, and effectiveness
• Theories of intergroup relations (minimal group experiment and social identity theory, relative deprivation theory, realistic conflict theory, balance theories, equity theory, social exchange theory)
• Applied social psychology: Health, environment, and law; personal space, crowding, and territoriality

Psychology: Unit 09

• Developmental processes: Nature, principles, factors in development, stages of development. Successful aging
• Theories of development: Psychoanalytical, behavioristic, and cognitive, various aspects of development: Sensory-motor, cognitive, language, emotional, social, and moral
• Psychopathology: Concept, mental status examination, classification, causes, psychotherapies: Psychoanalysis, person-centered, gestalt, existential, acceptance commitment therapy, behavior therapy, REBT, CBT, MBCT, play therapy, positive psychotherapy
• Psychotherapies: Transactional analysis, dialectic behaviour therapy, art therapy, performing art therapy, family therapy
• Applications of theories of motivation and learning in school factors in educational achievement, teacher effectiveness, guidance in schools: Needs, organizational set up and techniques, counselling: Process, skills, and techniques

Psychology: Unit 10

• Issues of Gender, Poverty, Disability, and Migration: Cultural bias and discrimination. Stigma, Marginalization, and Social Suffering; Child Abuse and Domestic violence
• Peace psychology: violence, non-violence, conflict resolution at macro level, role of media in conflict resolution
• Wellbeing and self-growth: Types of wellbeing (hedonic and eudemonic), character strengths, resilience and post-traumatic growth
• Health: Health promoting and health compromising behaviours, life style and chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease), psychoneuroimmunology (cancer, HIV/ AIDS),
• Psychology and technology interface: Digital learning; Digital etiquette: Cyber bullying; Cyber pornography: Consumption, implications; Parental mediation of Digital Usage

Library and information science: Unit 01

• Information life cycle-generation, collection, storage, and dissemination
• Role of information in planning, management, socioeconomic, cultural, educational, and technological development
• Information science-relationship with other subjects, information society, and knowledge society
• Communication-concept, types, theories, models, channels, and barriers; trends in scholarly communication
• Information industry-generators, providers, and intermediaries
• IPR and legal issues-categories, conventions, treaties, laws
• Plagiarism-concept and types
• Right to information act (RTI); information technology act
• National knowledge commission; national mission on libraries

Library and information science: Unit 02

• Committees and Commissions on Libraries in India
• Types of libraries-academic, public, special and national
• Library legislation and library acts in Indian states; the press and registration of books act; the delivery of books and newspapers (public libraries) act
• Laws of library science
• Library and information science profession-librarianship as a profession, professional skills, and competences; professional ethics
• Professional associations-national-ILA, IASLIC, IATLIS; international-IFLA, ALA, CILIP, ASLIB, SLA; ROLE of UGC, RRRLF and UNESCO in promotion and development of libraries
• Library and information science education in india
• Library public relations and extension activities
• Type of users-user studies, user education
• Information literacy-areas, standards, types, and models; trends in information literacy

Library and information science: Unit 03

• Sources of information-primary, secondary and tertiary; documentary and non-documentary
• Primary information sources (print and electronic)-journals, conference proceedings, patents, standards, theses and dissertations, trade literature
• Secondary information sources (print and electronic)-dictionaries, encyclopedias, bibliographies, indexing and abstracting, statistical sources, handbooks and manuals
• Tertiary information sources (print and electronic)-directories, yearbooks, almanacs
• Reference sources-bibliographical, biographical, educational, language and geographical
• Electronic information resources-subject gateways, web portals, bulletin boards, discussion forums/ groups
• Databases: Bibliographic, numeric, full text, multimedia; open access databases
• Institutional and human resources
• Evaluation of reference sources and web resources

Library and information science: Unit 04

• Reference service-concept and types; referral services
• Alerting services-CAS, SDI, inter library loan and document delivery
• Mobile based library services and tools-mobile OPAC, mobile databases, mobile library website, library apps, mobile library instructions, augmented reality, SMS alerts, geolocation, reference enquiry
• Web 2.0 and 3.0-library 2.0-concept, characteristics, components; instant messaging, RSS feeds, podcasts, vodcasts, ask a librarian
• Collaborative services-social networks, academics social networks, social tagging, social bookmarking
• Web-scale discovery services
• National information systems and networks: NISCAIR, DESIDOC, SENDOC, ENVIS, INFLIBNET, DELNET, NICNET, ERNET, national knowledge network (NKN), biotechnology information system network
• International information systems and networks: INIS, AGRIS, INSPEC, MEDLARS, BIOSIS, ERIC, patent information system (PIS), biotechnology information system (BIS)
• Library resource sharing and library consortia-national and international

Library and information science: Unit 05

• Modes of formation of subjects
• Knowledge organization-classification, theories, Cannons, and principles; simple knowledge organization system (SKOS), taxonomies, folksonomy, trends in classification
• Mapping of subjects in library classification schemes-DDC, UDC and CC
• Knowledge organization: Cataloguing-cannons and principles; centralized and cooperative catalogue; library cataloguing codes: CCC and AACR-II
• Standards of bibliographic record formats and description-ISBD, MARC 21, CCF, RDA, FRBR, BIBFRAME
• Standards for bibliographic information interchange and communication-ISO 2709, Z39.50, Z39.71
• Metadata standards: Dublin Core; MARC21, METS, MODES, EAD
• Indexing systems and techniques: Assigned-pre-coordinate; post-coordinate; derived- title-based; vocabulary control
• Abstracting-types and guidelines
• Information retrieval system-features, components, models, and evaluation

Library and information science: Unit 06

• Library and information centers management-book selection tools and principles; library acquisition, technical processing, circulation, serial control, maintenance and stock verification; preservation and conservation
• Hazards and control measures of library materials
• Human resource management-planning, job analysis, job description, job evaluation, selection, recruitment, motivation, training and development, performance appraisal; staff manual
• Financial management in libraries-sources of finance, resource mobilization, budgeting methods; cost effective and cost benefit analysis, annual reports and statistics; library authority and committee
• Project management-SWOT, PEST, PERT/ CPM
• Total quality management (TQM)-concepts, principles and techniques, six sigma; evaluation of services of libraries and information centers
• Library building, furniture, and equipments; green library building; information commons; makers space; security and safety
• Management Information System (MIS), MBO, Change Management, Disaster Management, Crisis Management
• Knowledge management-principles, tools, components, and architecture
• Marketing of library products and services-plan, research, strategies, mix, segmentation, pricing and advertising; management consultancy

Library and information science: Unit 07

• Character representation (ASCII, ISCII, UNICODE); computer hardware, software; storage devices; input and output devices
• Types of software-system software, application software
• Programming languages-object oriented, procedural, high level, scripting; web languages
• Telecommunication-transmission channels, mode, and media, ISDN, PSDN, multiplexing, modulation, standards and protocols
• Wireless communication-media, Wi-Fi, Li-Fi, satellite communication, mobile communication
• Computer networks-topologies, types of networks-LAN, MAN, WAN
• Internet-Web browsers, www, e-mail; search engines, meta and entity search engines
• Internet protocols and standards-HTTP, SHTTP, FTP, SMTP, TCP/IP, URI, URL
• Hypertext, hypermedia, multimedia, video conferencing, virtual reality, augmented technologies
• Data security, network security, firewalls, cryptographic techniques, anti-virus software, anti-spyware, intrusion detection system

Library and information science: Unit 08

• Areas, planning, selection of hardware and software, implementation and evaluation; standards for library automation
• Barcode, RFID, QR Code, biometric, smartcard: features and applications
• Digitization-planning, selection of materials, hardware, software, process, issues
• Digital library: Genesis, characteristics, types, architecture; standards, formats, and protocols, DOI
• Digital preservation-need, purpose, standards, methods, techniques, projects (national and international)
• Digital library initiatives-national and international
• Institutional repositories-need, purpose, types and tools; institutional repositories in India; ROAR, DOAR, SHARPA-ROMIO
• Content management systems-architecture, data integration, CMS software-selection, implementation, and evaluation
• Application of artificial intelligence, expert systems, and robotics in libraries; social mobile analytics cloud (SMAC); cloud computing
• Ontology-tools (RDF, RDFS, POTEGE); semantic web, linked data, big data, data mining, data harvesting

Library and information science: Unit 09

• Types of research-basic and applied, interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary
• Research methods: Historical, descriptive, experimental, and delphi
• Research design-selection of research problem, review of literature; formulation of research problem; hypothesis-formulation, types and testing; sampling techniques
• Methods of data collection: Questionnaire, interview, observation, library records, scales and checklist
• Data analysis and interpretation-presentation of data; statistical methods/ techniques
• Statistical packages-spreadsheet, SPSS, Bibexcel, ‘r’ statistics
• Research report writing and citation tools-structure, style, contents, guidelines; style manuals; online citation tools; reference style management tools; antiplagiarism tools; evaluation of research report
• Metric studies in LIS-bibliometrics, scientometric, webometrics, altmetrics
• Impact factors-journal, institutional and authors; h-index, g-index, i10 index
• Trends in library and information science research

Library and information science: Unit 10

• Public library and information system
• Special library and information system
• Health science library and information system
• Corporate library and information system
• Agricultural library and information system
• Engineering and technological library and information system
• Archive, museums, and oriental libraries
• Community information system
• Information services and system for persons with disability, children, and women

Law: Unit 01

• Nature and sources of law, schools of jurisprudence, law and morality, concept of rights and duties, legal personality, concepts of property, ownership, and possession, concept of liability, law, poverty, and development, global justice
• Modernism and post-modernism

Law: Unit 02

• Preamble, fundamental rights and duties, directive principles of state policy
• Union and state executive, and their interrelationship, union and state legislature and distribution of legislative powers, judiciary, emergency provisions, temporary, transitional, and special provisions in respect of certain states
• Election commission of India, nature, scope, and importance of administrative law, principle of natural justice, judicial review of administrative actions-grounds

Law: Unit 03

• International law-definition, nature, and basis, sources of international law, recognition of states and governments, nationality, immigrants, refugees, and internally displaced persons (IDPs), extradition and asylum, united nations and its organs
• Settlement of international disputes, world trade organization (WTO), international humanitarian law (IHL)-conventions and protocols, implementation of IHL-challenges

Law: Unit 04

• General principles of criminal liability-actus reus and mens rea, individual and group liability and constructive liability, stages of crime and inchoate crimes-abetment, criminal conspiracy, and attempt, general exceptions, offences against human body
• Offences against human body, offences against state and terrorism, offences against property, offences against women and children, drug trafficking and counterfeiting, offences against public tranquility
• Theories and kinds of punishments, compensation to the victims of crime

Law: Unit 05

• Nature and definition of tort, general principles of tortious liability, general defenses, specific torts-negligence, nuisance, trespass, and defamation, remoteness of damages, strict and absolute liability, tortious liability of the state
• The consumer protection act 1986-definitions, consumer rights, and redressal mechanism, the motor vehicles act, 1988-no fault liability, third party insurance, and claims tribunal
• The competition act, 2002-prohibition of certain agreements, abuse of dominant position and regulation of combinations

Law: Unit 06

• Essential elements of contract and e-contract, breach of contract, frustration of contract, void and voidable agreements, standard form of contract and quasi-contract, specific contracts-bailment, pledge, indemnity, guarantee, and agency
• Sale of goods act, 1930, partnership and limited liability partnership, negotiable instruments act, 1881, company law-incorporation of a company, prospectus, shares, and debentures, company law-directors and meetings, corporate social responsibility

Law: Unit 07

• Sources and schools, marriage and dissolution of marriage, matrimonial remedies-divorce and theories of divorce, changing dimensions of institution of marriage-live-in relationship
• Recognition of foreign decrees in India on marriage and divorce, maintenance, dower, and stridhan, adoption, guardianship, and acknowledgement, succession and inheritance, Will, gift, and Wakf, uniform civil code

Law: Unit 08

• Meaning and concept of ‘environment’ and ‘environmental pollution’, International environmental law and UN Conferences, Constitutional and legal framework for protection of environment in India
• Environmental Impact Assessment and control of hazardous waste in India, National Green Tribunal, Concept and development of human rights, Universalism and cultural relativism, International Bill of Rights
• Group rights-women, children, persons with disabilities, elderly persons, minorities and weaker sections
• Protection and enforcement of human rights in India-national human rights commission, national commission for minorities, national commission for women, national commission for scheduled castes
• National Commission for Schedule Tribes and National Commission for Backward Classes

Law: Unit 09

• Concept and meaning of intellectual property, theories of intellectual property, international conventions pertaining to intellectual properties, copyright and neighboring rights-subject matters, limitations, and exceptions, infringement and remedies
• Law of patent-patentability, procedure for grant of patent, limitations, and exceptions, infringement and remedies, law of trademark-registration of trademarks, kinds of trademarks, infringement and passing off, remedies
• Protection of geographical indications, biodiversity and traditional knowledge, information technology law-digital signature and electronic signature, electronic governance, electronic records and duties of subscribers
• Cyber crimes, penalties, and adjudication

Law: Unit 10

• Comparative law-relevance, methodology, problems, and concerns in comparison, forms of governments-presidential and parliamentary, unitary and federal, models of federalism-USA, Canada and India, rule of Law-‘Formal’ and ‘substantive’ versions
• Separation of powers-India, UK, USA, and France, independence of judiciary, judicial activism, and accountability-India, UK and USA, systems of constitutional review-India, USA, Switzerland, and France
• Amendment of the constitution-India, USA, and South Africa, ombudsman-Sweden, UK, and India, open government and right to information-USA, UK, and India

Commerce: Unit 01

• Concepts and elements of business environment: Economic environment-economic systems, economic policies (monetary and fiscal policies); political environment role of government in business; legal environment-consumer protection act, FEMA
• Concepts and elements of business environment: Sociocultural factors and their influence on business; corporate social responsibility (CSR), scope and importance of international business; globalization and its drivers
• Modes of entry into international business, theories of international trade; government intervention in international trade; tariff and non-tariff barriers; India’s foreign trade policy
• Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign portfolio investment (FPI); types of FDI, costs and benefits of FDI to home and host countries; trends in FDI; India’s FDI policy, balance of payments (BOP): Importance and components of BOP
• Regional economic integration: Levels of regional economic integration; trade creation and diversion effects; regional trade agreements: European union (EU), ASEAN, SAARC, NAFTA, international economic institutions: IMF, world bank, UNCTAD
• World trade organization (WTO): Functions and objectives of WTO; agriculture agreement; GATS; TRIPS; TRIMS

Commerce: Unit 02

• Basic accounting principles; concepts and postulates, partnership accounts: Admission, retirement, death, dissolution, and insolvency of partnership firms, corporate accounting: Issue, forfeiture, and reissue of shares; liquidation of companies
• Corporate accounting: Acquisition, merger, amalgamation, and reconstruction of companies, Holding company accounts, cost and management accounting: Marginal costing and break-even analysis; standard costing; budgetary control; process costing
• Cost and management accounting: Activity based costing (ABC); costing for decision-making; life cycle costing, target costing, Kaizen costing and JIT, financial statements analysis: Ratio analysis; funds flow analysis; cash flow analysis
• Human resources accounting; inflation accounting; environmental accounting, indian accounting standards and IFRS, auditing: Independent financial audit; vouching; verification ad valuation of assets and liabilities
• Auditing: Audit of financial statements and audit report; cost audit, recent trends in auditing: Management audit; energy audit; environment audit; systems audit; safety audit

Commerce: Unit 03

• Meaning and scope of business economics, objectives of business firms, demand analysis: Law of demand; elasticity of demand and its measurement; relationship between AR and MR, consumer behaviour: Utility analysis; indifference curve analysis
• Law of variable proportions: Law of returns to scale, theory of cost: Short-run and long-run cost curves, price determination under different market forms: Perfect competition; monopolistic competition; oligopoly-price leadership model; monopoly
• Price determination under different market forms: Price discrimination, pricing strategies: Price skimming; price penetration; peak load pricing

Commerce: Unit 04

• Scope and sources of finance; lease financing, cost of capital and time value of money, capital structure, capital budgeting decisions: Conventional and scientific techniques of capital budgeting analysis
• Working capital management; dividend decision: Theories and policies, risk and return analysis; asset securitization, international monetary system, foreign exchange market; exchange rate risk and hedging techniques
• International financial markets and instruments: Euro currency; GDRs; ADRs, International arbitrage; Multinational capital budgeting

Commerce: Unit 05

• Measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, measures of skewness, correlation and regression of two variables, probability: Approaches to probability; Bayes’s theorem, probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions
• Research: Concept and types; research designs, data: Collection and classification of data, sampling and estimation: Concepts; methods of sampling-probability and non-probability methods; sampling distribution; central limit theorem
• Sampling and estimation: Standard error; statistical estimation, hypothesis testing: Z-test; t-test; ANOVA; chi-square test; Mann-Whitney test (U-test); Kruskal-Wallis test (H-test); rank correlation test, report writing

Commerce: Unit 06

• Principles and functions of management, organization structure: Formal and informal organizations; span of control, responsibility and authority: Delegation of authority and decentralization, motivation and leadership: Concept and theories
• Corporate governance and business ethics, human resource management: Concept, role, and functions of HRM; human resource planning; recruitment and selection; training and development; succession planning
• Compensation management: Job evaluation; Incentives and fringe benefits, Performance appraisal including 360 degree performance appraisal, Collective bargaining and workers’ participation in management
• Personality: Perception; Attitudes; Emotions; Group dynamics; Power and politics; Conflict and negotiation; Stress management, Organizational Culture: Organizational development and organizational change

Commerce: Unit 07

• Overview of Indian financial system, types of banks: Commercial banks; regional rural banks (RRBs); foreign banks; cooperative banks, reserve bank of India: Functions; role and monetary policy management, banking sector reforms in India: Basel norms
• Banking sector reforms in India: Risk management; NPA management, financial markets: Money market; capital market; government securities market, financial institutions: Development finance institutions (DFIs); non-banking financial companies (NBFCs)
• Financial institutions: Mutual funds; pension funds, financial regulators in India, financial sector reforms including financial inclusion, digitization of banking and other financial services: Internet banking; mobile banking; digital payments systems
• Insurance: Types of insurance-life and non-life insurance; risk classification and management; factors limiting the insurability of risk; re-insurance; regulatory framework of insurance-IRDA and its role

Commerce: Unit 08

• Marketing: Concept and approaches; marketing channels; marketing mix; strategic marketing planning; market segmentation, targeting, and positioning, product decisions: Concept; product line; product mix decisions; product life cycle
• Product decisions: New product development, pricing decisions: Factors affecting price determination; pricing policies and strategies, promotion decisions: Role of promotion in marketing; promotion methods-advertising; personal selling; publicity
• Promotion decisions: Sales promotion tools and techniques; promotion mix, distribution decisions: Channels of distribution; channel management, consumer behaviour; consumer buying process; factors influencing consumer buying decisions, service marketing
• Trends in marketing: Social marketing; online marketing; green marketing; direct marketing; rural marketing; CRM, logistics management

Commerce: Unit 09

• Indian contract Act, 1872: Elements of a valid contract; capacity of parties; free consent; discharge of a contract; breach of contract and remedies against breach; quasi contracts; special contracts: Contracts of indemnity and guarantee
• Special contracts: Contracts of bailment and pledge; contracts of agency, sale of goods act, 1930: Sale and agreement to sell; doctrine of caveat emptor; rights of unpaid seller and rights of buyer
• Negotiable instruments act, 1881: Types of negotiable instruments; negotiation and assignment; dishonour and discharge of negotiable instruments, the companies act, 2013: Nature and kinds of companies; company formation; management
• The companies act, 2013: Meetings and winding up of a joint stock company, limited liability partnership: Structure and procedure of formation of LLP in India, the competition act, 2002: Objectives and main provisions
• The information technology act, 2000: Objectives and main provisions; cyber crimes and penalties, the RTI act, 2005: Objectives and main provisions, intellectual property rights (IPRs): Patents, trademarks, and copyrights
• Intellectual property rights (IPRs): Emerging issues in intellectual property, goods and services tax (GST): Objectives and main provisions; benefits of GST; implementation mechanism; working of dual GST

Commerce: Unit 10

• Income-tax: Basic concepts; residential status and tax incidence; exempted incomes; agricultural income; computation of taxable income under various heads; deductions from gross total income; assessment of individuals; clubbing of incomes
• International taxation: Double taxation and its avoidance mechanism; transfer pricing, corporate tax planning: Concepts and significance of corporate tax planning; tax avoidance versus tax evasion; techniques of corporate tax planning
• Corporate tax planning: Tax considerations in specific business situations-make or buy decisions; own or lease an asset; retain, renewal or replacement of asset; shut down or continue operations, deduction and collection of tax at source
• Advance payment of tax; e-filing of income-tax returns

Management: Unit 01

• Functions-planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating, and controlling
• Communication-types, process and barriers
• Decision making-concept, process, techniques, and tools, organization structure and design-types, authority, responsibility, centralization,t decentralization, and span of control, managerial economics-concept and importance
• Demand analysis-utility analysis, indifference curve, elasticity and forecasting, market structures-market classification and price determination, national income-concept, types, and measurement, inflation-concept, types, and measurement
• Business ethics and CSR, ethical issues and dilemma, corporate governance, value based organization

Management: Unit 02

• Individual behaviour-personality, perception, values, attitude, learning, and motivation, group behaviour-team building, leadership, group dynamics, interpersonal behaviour and transactional analysis, organizational culture and climate
• Work force diversity and cross culture organizational behaviour, emotions and stress management, organizational justice and whistle blowing, human resource management-concept, perspectives, influences, and recent trends
• Human resource planning, recruitment, and selection, induction, training, and development, job analysis, job evaluation, and compensation management

Management: Unit 03

• Competency mapping and balanced score board, career planning and development, performance management and appraisal, organization development, change, and OD interventions, talent management and skill development, employee engagement and work life balance
• Industrial relations: Disputes and grievance management, labour welfare, and social security, trade union and collective bargaining, international human resource management-HR challenge of international business, green HRM

Management: Unit 04

• Financial statement analysis-ratio analysis, funds flow and cash flow analysis, DuPont analysis, preparation of cost sheet, marginal costing, cost volume profit analysis, standard costing and variance analysis, financial management, concept, and functions
• Capital structure-theories, cost of capital, sources, and finance, budgeting and budgetary control, types, and process, zero base budgeting, leverages-operating, financial and combined leverages, EBIT-EPS analysis
• Leverages-financial breakeven point and indifference level

Management: Unit 05

• Time preference for money, valuation of bonds and shares, risk, and returns; capital budgeting-nature of investment, evaluation, comparison of methods; risk and uncertainly analysis, dividend-theories and determination
• Mergers and acquisition-corporate restructuring, value creation, merger negotiations, leveraged buyouts, takeover, portfolio management-CAPM, APT, derivatives-options, option payoffs, option pricing, forward contracts and future contracts
• Working capital management-determinants, cash, inventory, receivables and payables management, factoring, international financial management, foreign exchange market

Management: Unit 06

• Strategic analysis, external analysis, pest, Porter’s approach to industry analysis, internal analysis-resource based approach, value chain analysis, strategy formulation-SWOT analysis, corporate strategy-growth, stability, retrenchment
• Corporate strategy-integration and diversification, business portfolio analysis-BCG, GE business model, Ansoff’s product market growth matrix, strategy implementation-challenges of change, developing programs McKinsey 7s framework
• Marketing-concept, orientation, trends and tasks, customer value, and satisfaction, market segmentation, positioning, and targeting, product and pricing decision-product mix, product life cycle, new product development, pricing-types and strategies
• Place and promotion decision-marketing channels and value networks, VMS, IMC, advertising and sales promotion

Management: Unit 07

• Theories and models of consumer behaviour, brand management-role of brands, brand equity, equity models, developing a branding strategy; brand name decisions, brand extensions and loyalty, logistics and supply chain management, drivers, value creation
• Supply chain design, designing and managing sales force, personal selling, service marketing-managing service quality and brands, marketing strategies of service firms, customer relationship marketing-relationship building, strategies, values, and process
• Retail marketing-recent trends in India, types of retail outlets, emerging trends in marketing-concept of e-marketing, direct marketing, digital marketing, and green marketing, international marketing-entry mode decisions
• International marketing-planning marketing mix for international markets

Management: Unit 08

• Concept, measures of central tendency and dispersion, probability distribution-binominal, Poisson, normal, and exponential, data collection and questionnaire design, sampling-concept, process, and techniques
• Hypothesis testing-procedure; T, Z, F, chi-square tests, correlation and regression analysis, operations management-role and scope, facility location and layout-site selection and analysis, layout-design and process
• Enterprise resource planning-ERP modules, ERP implementation, scheduling; loading, sequencing, and monitoring, quality management and statistical quality control, quality circles, total quality management-Kaizen, benchmarking, six sigma
• ISO 9000 series standards, operation research-transportation, queuing decision theory, PERT/ CPM

Management: Unit 09

• Managing business in globalization era; theories of international trade; balance of payment, foreign direct investment-benefits and costs, multilateral regulation of trade and investment under WTO, international trade procedures and documentation
• EXIM policies, role of international financial institutions-IMF and world bank, information technology-use of computers in management applications; MIS, DSS, artificial intelligence and big data
• Data warehousing, data mining, and knowledge management-concepts, managing technological change

Management: Unit 10

• Concept, types, theories and process, developing entrepreneurial competencies, entrepreneurship-concept and process, women entrepreneurship and rural entrepreneurship, Innovations in business-types of innovations, creating and identifying opportunities
• Innovations in business-screening of business ideas, business plan and feasibility analysis-concept and process of technical, market, and financial analysis, micro and small scale industries in India; role of government in promoting SSI

Computer science and applications: Unit 01

• Mathematical logic: Propositional and predicate logic, propositional equivalences, normal forms, predicates and quantifiers, nested quantifiers, rules of inference
• Sets and relations: Set operations, representation, and properties of relations, equivalence relations, partially ordering
• Counting, mathematical induction and discrete probability: Basics of counting, pigeonhole principle, permutations, and combinations, inclusion-exclusion principle, mathematical induction, probability, Bayes’s theorem
• Group theory: Groups, subgroups, semi groups, product and quotients of algebraic structures, isomorphism, homomorphism, automorphism, rings, integral domains, fields, applications of group theory
• Graph theory: Simple graph, multigraph, weighted graph, paths, and circuits, shortest paths in weighted graphs, Eulerian paths and circuits, Hamiltonian paths and circuits, planner graph, graph coloring, bipartite graphs, trees and rooted trees
• Graph theory: Prefix codes, tree traversals, spanning trees, and cut-sets
• Boolean algebra: Boolean functions and its representation, simplifications of Boolean functions
• Optimization: Linear programming-mathematical model, graphical solution, simplex and dual simplex method, sensitive analysis; integer programming, transportation and assignment models, PERT-CPM: diagram representation, critical path calculations
• Optimization: Resource levelling, cost consideration in project scheduling

Computer science and applications: Unit 02

• Digital logic circuits and components: Digital computers, logic gates, Boolean algebra, map simplifications, combinational circuits, flip-flops, sequential circuits, integrated circuits, decoders, multiplexers, registers and counters, memory unit
• Data representation: Data types, number systems and conversion, complements, fixed point representation, floating point representation, error detection codes, computer arithmetic-addition, subtraction, multiplication and division algorithms
• Register transfer and micro operations: Register transfer language, bus, and memory transfers, arithmetic, logic, and shift micro operations
• Basic computer organization and design: Stored program organization and instruction codes, computer registers, computer instructions, timing and control, instruction cycle, memory-reference instructions, input-output, interrupt
• Programming the basic computer: Machine language, assembly language, assembler, program loops, subroutines, input-output programming
• Micro programmed control: Control memory, address sequencing, design of control unit
• Central processing unit: General register organization, stack organization, instruction formats, addressing modes, RISC computer, CISC computer
• Pipeline and vector processing: Parallel processing, pipelining, arithmetic pipeline, instruction pipeline, vector processing array processors
• Input-output organization: Peripheral devices, input-output interface, asynchronous data transfer, modes of transfer, priority interrupt, DMA, serial communication
• Memory hierarchy: Main memory, auxillary memory, associative memory, cache memory, virtual memory, memory management hardware
• Multiprocessors: Characteristics of multiprocessors, interconnection structures, interprocessor arbitration, interprocessor communication and synchronization, cache coherence, multicore processors

Computer science and applications: Unit 03

• Language design and translation issues: Programming language concepts, paradigms and models, programming environments, virtual computers and binding times, programming language syntax, stages in translation, formal transition models
• Elementary data types: Properties of types and objects; scalar and composite data types
• Programming in C: Tokens, identifiers, data types, sequence control, subprogram control, arrays, structures, union, string, pointers, functions, file handling, command line arguments, preprocessors
• Object oriented programming: Class, object, instantiation, inheritance, encapsulation, abstract class, polymorphism
• Programming in C++: Tokens, identifiers, variables and constants; data types, operators, control statements, functions parameter passing, virtual functions, class and objects; constructors and destructors; overloading, inheritance, templates
• Programming in C++: Exception and event handling; streams and files; multifile programs
• Web programming: HTML, DHTML, XML, scripting, java, servlets, applets
• Computer graphics: Video-display devices, raster-scan and random-scan systems; graphics monitors, input devices, points and lines; line drawing algorithms, mid-point circle and ellipse algorithms; scan line polygon fill algorithm
• Computer graphics: Boundary-fill and flood fill
• 2-D geometrical transforms and viewing: Translation, scaling, rotation, reflection, and shear transformations; matrix representations and homogeneous coordinates; composite transforms, transformations between coordinate systems, viewing pipeline
• 2-D geometrical transforms and viewing: Viewing coordinate reference frame, window to view-port coordinate transformation, viewing functions, line and polygon clipping algorithms
• 3-D object representation, geometric transformations and viewing: Polygon surfaces, quadric surfaces, spline representation, Bezier and B-spline curves; Bezier and B-spline surfaces; illumination models, polygon rendering methods
• 3-D object representation, geometric transformations and viewing: Viewing pipeline and coordinates; general projection transforms and cipping

Computer science and applications: Unit 04

• Database system concepts and architecture: Data models, schemas, and instances; three-schema architecture and data independence; database languages and interfaces; centralized and client/ server architectures for DBMS
• Data modeling: Entity-relationship diagram, relational model-constraints, languages, design, and programming, relational database schemas, update operations and dealing with constraint violations; relational algebra and relational calculus; Codd rules
• SQL: Data definition and data types; constraints, queries, insert, delete, and update statements; views, stored procedures and functions; database triggers, SQL injection
• Normalization for relational databases: Functional dependencies and normalization; algorithms for query processing and optimization; transaction processing, concurrency control techniques, database recovery techniques
• Normalization for relational databases: Object and object-relational databases; database security and authorization
• Enhanced data models: Temporal database concepts, multimedia databases, deductive databases, XML and internet databases; mobile databases, geographic information systems, genome data management, distributed databases and client-server architectures
• Data warehousing and data mining: Data modeling for data warehouses, concept hierarchy, OLAP and OLTP; association rules, classification, clustering, regression, support vector machine, N-nearest neighbour, Hidden Markov model, summarization
• Data warehousing and data mining: Dependency modeling, link analysis, sequencing analysis, social network analysis
• Big data systems: Big data characteristics, types of big data, big data architecture, introduction to map-reduce and hadoop; distributed file system, HDFS
• NOSQL: NOSQL and query optimization; different NOSQL products, querying and managing NOSQL; indexing and ordering data sets; NOSQL in cloud

Computer science and applications: Unit 05

• System software: Machine, assembly and high-level languages; compilers and interpreters; loading, linking and relocation; macros, debuggers
• Basics of operating systems: Operating system structure, operations and services; system calls, operating-system design and implementation; system boot
• Process management: Process scheduling and operations; interposes communication, communication in client-server systems, process synchronization, critical-section problem, Peterson’s solution, semaphores, synchronization
• Threads: Multi-core programming, multithreading models, thread libraries, implicit threading, threading issues
• CPU scheduling: Scheduling criteria and algorithms; thread scheduling, multiple processor scheduling, real-time CPU scheduling
• Deadlocks: Deadlock characterization, methods for handling deadlocks, deadlock prevention, avoidance and detection; recovery from deadlock
• Memory management: Contiguous memory allocation, swapping, paging, segmentation, demand paging, page replacement, allocation of frames, thrashing, memory-mapped files
• Storage management: Mass-storage structure, disk structure, scheduling, and management, raid structure
• File and input/ output systems: Access methods, directory and disk structure; file system mounting, file sharing, file-system structure and implementation; directory implementation, allocation methods, free-space management, efficiency, and performance
• File and input/ output systems: Recovery, I/O hardware, application I/O interface, kernel I/O subsystem, transforming I/O requests to hardware operations
• Security: Protection, access matrix, access control, revocation of access rights, program threats, system and network threats; cryptography as a security tool, user authentication, implementing security defenses
• Virtual machines: Types of virtual machines and implementations; virtualization
• Linux operating systems: Design principles, kernel modules, process management, scheduling, memory management, file systems, input and output; inter process communication, network structure
• Windows operating systems: Design principles, system components, terminal services, and fast user switching; file system, networking
• Distributed systems: Types of network based operating systems, network structure, communication structure, and protocols; robustness, design issues, distributed file systems

Computer science and applications: Unit 06

• Software process models: Software process, generic process model-framework activity, task set, and process patterns; process lifecycle, prescriptive process models, project management, component based development, aspect-oriented software development
• Software process models: Formal methods, agile process models-extreme programming (XP), adaptive software development, scrum, dynamic system development model, feature driven development, crystal, web engineering
• Software requirements: Functional and non-functional requirements; eliciting requirements, developing use cases, requirement analysis and modelling; requirements review, software requirement and specification (SRS) document
• Software design: Abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, functional independence, cohesion and coupling; object-oriented design, data design, architectural design, user interface design
• Software design: Component level design
• Software quality: McCall’s quality factors, ISO 9126 quality factors, quality control, quality assurance, risk management, risk mitigation, monitoring and management (RMMM); software reliability
• Estimation and scheduling of software projects: Software sizing, LOC and FP based estimations; estimating cost and effort; estimation models, constructive cost model (COCOMO), project scheduling and staffing; time-line charts
• Software testing: Verification and validation; error, fault, bug and failure; unit and integration tesing; white-box and black-box testing; basis path testing, control structure testing, deriving test cases, alpha and beta testing; regression testing
• Software testing: Performance testing, stress testing
• Software configuration management: Change control and version control; software reuse, software re-engineering, reverse engineering

Computer science and applications: Unit 07

• Data structures: Arrays and their applications; sparse matrix, stacks, queues, priority queues, linked lists, trees, forest, binary tree, threaded binary tree, binary search tree, AVL tree, B tree, B+ tree, B* tree, data structure for sets, graphs
• Data structures: Sorting and searching algorithms; hashing
• Performance analysis of algorithms and recurrences: Time and space complexities; asymptotic notation, recurrence relations
• Design techniques: Divide and conquer; dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, backtracking, branch and bound
• Lower bound theory: Comparison trees, lower bounds through reductions
• Graph algorithms: Breadth-first search, depth-first search, shortest paths, maximum flow, minimum spanning trees
• Complexity theory: P and NP class problems; NP-completeness and reducibility
• Selected topics: Number theoretic algorithms, polynomial arithmetic, fast Fourier transform, string matching algorithms
• Advanced algorithms: Parallel algorithms for sorting, searching, and merging, approximation algorithms, randomized algorithms

Computer science and applications: Unit 08

• Theory of computation: Formal language, non-computational problems, diagonal argument, Russells’s paradox
• Regular language models: Deterministic finite automaton (DFA), non-deterministic finite automaton (NDFA), equivalence of DFA and NDFA, regular languages, regular grammars, regular expressions, properties of regular language, pumping lemma
• Regular language models: Non regular languages, lexical analysis
• Context free language: Pushdown automaton (PDA), non-deterministic pushdown automaton (NPDA), context free grammar, Chomsky normal form, Greibach normal form, ambiguity, parse tree representation of derivation trees
• Context free language: Equivalence of PDA’S and context free grammars; properties of context free language
• Turing machines (TM): Standard turing machine and its variations; universal turing machines, models of computation and church-Turing thesis; recursive and recursivelyenumerable languages; context-sensitive languages, unrestricted grammars
• Turing machines (TM): Chomsky hierarchy of languages, construction of TM for simple problems
• Unsolvable problems and computational complexity: Unsolvable problem, halting problem, post correspondence problem, unsolvable problems for context-free languages, measuring and classifying complexity, tractable and intractable problems
• Syntax analysis: Associatively, precedence, grammar transformations, top down parsing, recursive descent predictive parsing, LL (1) parsing, bottom up parsing, LR parser, LALR (1) parser
• Semantic analysis: Attribute grammar, syntax directed definitions, inherited and synthesized attributes; dependency graph, evaluation order, S-attributed and I-attributed definitions; type-checking
• Run time system: Storage organization, activation tree, activation record, stack allocation of activation records, parameter passing mechanisms, symbol table
• Intermediate code generation: Intermediate representations, translation of declarations, assignments, control flow, Boolean expressions, and procedure calls
• Code generation and code optimization: Control-flow, data-flow analysis, local optimization, global optimization, loop optimization, peep-hole optimization, instruction scheduling

Computer science and applications: Unit 09

• Data communication: Components of a data communication system, simplex, half duplex and duplex modes of communication; analog and digital signals; noiseless and noisy channels; bandwidth, throughput and latency; digital and analog transmission
• Data communication: Data encoding and modulation techniques; broadband and baseband transmission; multiplexing, transmission media, transmission errors, error handling mechanisms
• Computer networks: Network topologies, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area network, wireless networks, internet
• Network models: Layered architecture, OSI reference model and its protocols; TCP/IP protocol suite, physical, logical, port, and specific addresses; switching techniques
• Functions of OSI and TCP/IP layers: Framing, error detection and correction; flow and error control; sliding window protocol, HDLC, multiple access-CSMA/ CD, CSMA/ CA, reservation, polling, token passing, FDMA, CDMA, TDMA, network devices
• Functions of OSI and TCP/IP layers: Backbone networks, Virtual LANS. Ipv4 structure and address space; classful and classless addressing; datagram, fragmentation, and checksum; Ipv6 packet format, mapping logical to physical address (ARP)
• Functions of OSI and TCP/IP layers: Direct and indirect network layer delivery; routing algorithms, TCP, UDP and SCTP protocols; flow control, error control, and congestion control in TCP and SCTP
• World wide web (www): Uniform resource locator (URL), domain name service (DNS), resolution-mapping names to addresses and addresses to names; electronic mail architecture, SMTP, POP, and IMAP; telnet and FTP
• Network security: Malwares, cryptography and steganography; secret-key algorithms, public-key algorithms, digital signature, virtual private networks, firewalls
• Mobile technology: GSM and CDMA; services and architecture of GSM and mobile computing; middleware and gateway for mobile computing; mobile IP and mobile communication protocol; communication satellites, wireless networks and topologies; cellular topology
• Mobile technology: Mobile ADHOC networks, wireless transmission, and wireless LANS; wireless geolocation systems, GPRS and SMS
• Cloud computing and IOT: SAAS, PAAS, IAAS, public and private cloud; virtualization, virtual server, cloud storage, database storage, resource management, service level agreement, basics of IOT

Computer science and applications: Unit 10

• Approaches to AI: Turing test and rational agent approaches; state space representation of problems, heuristic search techniques, game playing, min-max search, alpha beta cutoff procedures
• Knowledge representation: Logic, semantic networks, frames, rules, scripts, conceptual dependency and ontologies; expert systems, handling uncertainty in knowledge
• Planning: Components of a planning system, linear and non linear planning; goal stack planning, hierarchical planning, strips, partial order planning
• Natural language processing: Grammar and language; parsing techniques, semantic analysis and pragmatics
• Multi agent systems: Agents and objects; agents and expert systems; generic structure of multi-agent system, semantic web, agent communication, knowledge sharing using ontologies, agent development tools
• Fuzzy sets: Notion of fuzziness, membership functions, fuzzification and defuzzification; operations on fuzzy sets, fuzzy functions, and linguistic variables; fuzzy relations, fuzzy rules, and fuzzy inference
• Fuzzy sets: Fuzzy control system and fuzzy rule based systems
• Genetic algorithms (GA): Encoding strategies, genetic operators, fitness functions and GA cycle; problem solving using GA
• Artificial neural networks (ANN): Supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning; single perceptron, multi layer perception, self organizing maps, Hopfield network

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-B): Unit 01

• Milky way and the solar system
• Modern theories on the origin of the earth and other planetary bodies
• Earth's orbital parameters, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, geological time scale; space and time scales of processes in the solid earth, atmosphere, and oceans
• Radioactive isotopes and their applications
• Meteorites chemical composition and the primary differentiation of the earth
• Basic principles of stratigraphy
• Theories about the origin of life and the nature of fossil record
• Earth's gravity and magnetic fields and its thermal structure: concept of geoid and, spheroid; isostasy

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-B): Unit 02

• Gross composition and physical properties of important minerals and rocks; properties and processes responsible for mineral concentrations; nature and distribution of rocks and minerals in different units of the earth and different parts of India
• Physiography of the earth; weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition of earth's material; formation of soil, sediments and sedimentary rocks; energy balance of the earth's surface processes; physiographic features and river basins in India

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-B): Unit 03

• Basic concepts of seismology and internal structure of the earth
• Physico-chemical and seismic properties of earth's interior
• Concepts of stress and strain
• Behaviour of rocks under stress; folds, joints, and faults
• Earthquakes-their causes and measurement
• Interplate and intraplate seismicity
• Paleomagnetism, sea floor spreading, and plate tectonics

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-B): Unit 04

• Hypsography of the continents and ocean floor-continental shelf, slope, rise, and abyssal plains
• Physical and chemical properties of sea water and their spatial variations
• Residence times of elements in sea water
• Ocean currents, waves and tides, important current systems, thermohaline circulation, and the oceanic conveyor belt
• Major water masses of the world's oceans
• Biological productivity in the oceans
• Motion of fluids, waves in atmospheric and oceanic systems
• Atmospheric turbulence and boundary layer
• Structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere, lapse rate, and stability, scale height, geopotential, greenhouse gases, and global warming
• Cloud formation and precipitation processes, air-sea interactions on different space and time scales
• Insolation and heat budget, radiation balance, general circulation of the atmosphere and ocean
• Climatic and sea level changes on different time scales
• Coupled ocean-atmosphere system, El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
• General weather systems of India-monsoon system, cyclone and jet stream, western disturbances and severe local convective systems, distribution of precipitation over India
• Marine and atmospheric pollution, ozone depletion

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-B): Unit 05

• Properties of water; hydrological cycle; water resources and management
• Energy resources, uses, degradation, alternatives, and management; ecology and biodiversity
• Impact of use of energy and land on the environment
• Exploitation and conservation of mineral and other natural resources
• Natural hazards
• Elements of remote sensing

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geology: Unit 01

• Concept of point group, space group, reciprocal lattice, diffraction and imaging
• Concepts of crystal field theory and mineralogical spectroscopy
• Lattice defects (point, line, and planar)
• Electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of minerals
• Bonding and crystal structures of common oxides, sulphides, and silicates
• Transformation of minerals-polymorphism, polytypism, and polysomatism
• Solid solution and exsolution
• Steady-state geotherms
• Genesis, properties, emplacement, and crystallization of magmas
• Phase equilibrium studies of simple systems, effect of volatiles on melt equilibrium
• Magma mixing,-mingling, and-immiscibility
• Metamorphic structures and textures; isograds and facies
• Mineral reactions with condensed phases, solid solutions, mixed volatile equilibrium and thermo barometry
• Metamorphism of pelites, mafic-ultra mafic rocks, and siliceous dolomites
• Material transport during metamorphism
• P-T-T path in regional metamorphic terrains, plate tectonics, and metamorphism
• Petrogenetic aspects of important rock suites of India, such as the Deccan traps, layered intrusive complexes, anorthosites, carbonatites, charnockites, kimberlites, ophiolites and granitoids

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geology: Unit 02

• Theory of stress and strain
• Behaviour of rocks under stress
• Mohr circle
• Various states of stress and their representation by mohr circles
• Different types of failure and sliding criteria
• Geometry and mechanics of fracturing and conditions for reactivation of pre-existing discontinuities
• Common types of finite strain ellipsoids
• L-, l-s-, and s-tectonic fabrics
• Techniques of strain analysis
• Particle paths and flow patterns
• Progressive strain history
• Introduction to deformation mechanisms
• Role of fluids in deformation processes
• Geometry and analyses of brittle-ductile and ductile shear zones
• Sheath folds
• Geometry and mechanics of development of folds, boudins, foliations, and lineations
• Interference patterns of superposed fold
• Fault-related folding
• Gravity induced structures
• Tectonic features of extensional-, compressional-, and strike-slipterranes, and relevance to plate boundaries
• Mantle plumes
• Himalayan orogeny; concept of super continent, their assembly and breakup

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geology: Unit 03

• Theories on origin of life
• Organic evolution-punctuated equilibrium and phyletic gradualism models
• Mass extinctions and their causes
• Application of fossils in age determination and correlation
• Paleoecology, life habitats, and various ecosystems, paleobiogeography
• Modes of preservation of fossils and taphonomic considerations
• Types of microfossils
• Environmental significance of fossils and trace fossils
• Use of microfossils in interpretation of sea floor tectonism
• Application of micropaleontology in hydrocarbon exploration
• Oxygen and carbon isotope studies of microfossils and their use in paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic interpretation
• Important invertebrate fossils, vertebrate fossils, plant fossils, and microfossils in Indian stratigraphy

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geology: Unit 04

• Clastic sediments-gravel, sand, and mud; biogenic, chemical and volcanogenic sediments
• Classification of conglomerates, sandstones and mudstones, and carbonate rocks
• Flow regimes and processes of sediment transport
• Sedimentary textures and structures
• Sedimentary facies and environments, reconstruction of paleoenvironments
• Formation and evolution of sedimentary basins
• Diagenesis of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks
• Recent developments in stratigraphic classification
• Code of stratigraphic nomenclature-stratotypes, global boundary stratotype sections and points (GSSP)
• Lithostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic subdivisions
• Methods of startigraphic correlation including Shaw’s graphic correlation
• Concept of sequence stratigraphy
• Rates of sediment accumulation, unconformities
• Facies concept in stratigraphy-Walther’s law
• Methods for paleogeographic reconstruction
• Earth’s climatic history
• Phanerozoic stratigraphy of India with reference to the type areas-their correlation with equivalent formations in other regions
• Boundary problems in indian phanerozoic stratigraphy

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geology: Unit 05

• Morphologic and tectonic domains of the ocean floor
• Structure, composition, and mechanism of the formation of oceanic crust
• Hydrothermal vents-ocean margins and their significance
• Ocean circulation, Coriolis effect and Ekman spiral, convergence, divergence and upwelling, El Nino
• Indian ocean dipole thermohaline circulation and oceanic conveyor belt
• Formation of bottom waters; major water masses of the world’s oceans
• Oceanic sediments: Factors controlling the deposition and distribution of oceanic sediments; geochronology of oceanic sediments, diagenetic changes in oxic and anoxic environments
• Tectonic evolution of the ocean basins
• Mineral resources
• Paleoceanography-approaches to paleoceanographic reconstructions; various proxy indicators for paleoceanographic interpretation
• Reconstruction of monsoon variability by using marine proxy records opening and closing of ocean gateways and their effect on circulation, and climate during the Cenozoic
• Sea level processes and sea level changes
• Methods of paleo sea surface temperature
• Quantifications

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geology: Unit 06

• Structure and atomic properties of elements, the periodic table; ionic substitution in minerals; phase rule and its applications in petrology, thermodynamics of reactions involving pure phases, ideal and non-ideal solutions, and fluids
• Equilibrium and distribution coefficients
• Nucleation and diffusion processes in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary environments, redox reactions and Eh-pH diagrams, and their applications
• Mineral/ mineral assemblages as ‘sensors’ of ambient environments
• Geochemical studies of aerosols, surface- , marine-, and ground waters
• Radioactive decay schemes and their application to geochronology and petrogenesis
• Stable isotopes and their application to earth system processes; geochemical cycles

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geology: Unit 07

• Magmatic, hydrothermal and surface processes of ore formation
• Metallogeny and its relation to crustal evolution; active ore-forming systems, methods of mineral deposit studies including ore microscopy, fluid inclusions and isotopic systematics; ores and metamorphismcause and effect relationships
• Geological setting, characteristics, and genesis of ferrous, base and noble metals
• Origin, migration and entrapment of petroleum; properties of source and reservoir rocks; structural, stratigraphic and combination traps
• Methods of petroleum exploration
• Petroliferous basins of india
• Origin of peat, lignite, bitumen, and anthracite
• Classification, rank and grading of coal; coal petrography, coal resources of India
• Gas hydrates and coal bed methane
• Nuclear and non-conventional energy resources

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geology: Unit 08

• Evolution of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere;, lithological, geochemical and stratigraphic characteristics of granite-greenstone and granulite belts
• Stratigraphy and geochronology of the cratonic nuclei, mobile belts and proterozoic sedimentary basins of India
• Life in precambrian
• Precambrian-cambrian boundary with special reference to India

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geology: Unit 09

• Definition of quaternary
• Quaternary stratigraphy-oxygen isotope stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and magnetostratigraphy
• Quaternary climates-glacial-interglacial cycles, eustatic changes, proxy indicators of paleoenvironmental/ paleoclimatic changes, land, ocean, and cryosphere (ice core studies)
• Responses of geomorphic systems to climate, sea level and tectonics on variable time scales in the quaternary, quaternary dating methods, radiocarbon, uranium series, luminescence, amino-acid
• Quaternary stratigraphy of India-continental records (fluvial, glacial, aeolian, palaeosols, and duricrust); marine records; continental-marine correlation of quaternary record
• Evolution of man and stone age cultures
• Plant and animal life in relation to glacial and interglacial cycles during quaternary
• Tectonic geomorphology, neotectonics, active tectonics, and their applications to natural hazard assessment

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geology: Unit 10

• Remote sensing and GIS: Elements of photogrammetry, elements of photointerpretation, electromagnetic spectrum, emission range, film and imagery, sensors, geological interpretations air photos and imageries. Global positioning systems
• Remote sensing and GIS: GIS-data structure, attribute data, thematic layers, and query analysis
• Engineering geology: Engineering properties of rocks and physical characteristics of building stones, concretes and other aggregates. Geological investigations for construction of dams, bridges, highways, and tunnels. Remedial measures
• Engineering geology: Mass movements with special emphasis on landslides and causes of hillslope instability. Seismic design of buildings
• Mineral exploration: Geological, geophysical, geochemical, and geobotanical methods of surface and sub-surface exploration on different scales. Sampling, assaying and evaluation of mineral deposits
• Hydrogeology: Groundwater, Darcy’s law, hydrological characteristics of aquifers, hydrological cycle. Precipitation, evapotranspiration and infiltration processes. Hydrological classification of water-bearing formations
• Hydrogeology: Fresh and salt-water relationships in coastal, and inland areas. Groundwater exploration and water pollution. Groundwater regimes in India

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Physical geography: Unit 01

• Concepts in geomorphology
• Historical and process geomorphology
• Landforms in relation to climate, rock type, structure, and tectonics
• Processes-weathering, pedogenesis, mass movement, erosion, transportation and deposition
• Geomorphic processes and landforms-fluvial, glacial, eolian, coastal, and karst
• River forms and processes-stream flow, stage-discharge relationship; hydrographs and flood frequency analysis
• Submarine relief
• Geomorphology and topographic analysis including DEM, environmental change-causes, effects on processes and landforms
• Extraterrestrial geomorphology

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Physical geography: Unit 02

• Fundamental principles of climatology
• Earth’s radiation balance; latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature, pressure, wind belts, humidity, cloud formation and precipitation, water balance
• Air masses, monsoon, jet streams, tropical cyclones, and enso
• Classification of climates-Koppen’s and Thornthwaite’s scheme of classification
• Climate change

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Physical geography: Unit 03

• Elements of biogeography with special reference to India; environment, habitat, plant-animal association; zoo-geography of India; biomes, elements of plant geography, distribution of forests, and major plant communities
• Distribution of major animal communities
• Conservation of forests
• Wildlife sanctuaries and parks

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Physical geography: Unit 04

• Man-land relationship
• Resources-renewable and nonrenewable
• Natural and man-made hazards-droughts, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis
• Ecological balance, environmental pollution and deterioration

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Physical geography: Unit 05

• Physiography, drainage, climate, soils and natural resources-the Himalaya, Ganga-Brahmaputra plains, and peninsular India precambrian shield, the Gondwana rift basins, Deccan Plateau
• Indian climatology with special reference to seasonal distribution and variation of temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation; climate zones of India
• Agricultural geography of india
• Population-its distribution and characteristics
• Urbanization and migration
• Environmental problems and issues

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geophysics: Unit 01

• Continuous and discrete signals; Fourier series; linear time invariant systems with deterministic and random inputs; band limited signal and sampling theorem; discrete and fast Fourier transform; Z-transform; convolution; filters: Discrete and continuous
• Filters: Recursive, non-recursive, optimal and inverse filters; deconvolution; fractal analysis

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geophysics: Unit 02

• Newtonian potential; Laplace and Poisson’s equations; Green’s theorem; Gauss’ law; continuation integral; equivalent stratum; Maxwell’s equations and electromagnetic theory; displacement potential, Helmhotz’s theorem and seismic wave propagation

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geophysics: Unit 03

• Numerical differentiation and integration, finite element, and finite difference techniques; Simpson’s rules; Gauss’ quadrature formula; initial value problems; pattern recognition in geophysics
• Well posed and ill-posed problems; method of least squares; direct search and gradient methods; generalized inversion techniques; singular value decomposition; global optimization

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geophysics: Unit 04

• Normal gravity field; Clairaut’s theorem; shape of the earth; deflection of the vertical, geoid, free-air, Bouguer and isostatic anomalies, isostatic models for local and regional compensation
• Geomagnetic field, secular, and transient variations and their theories; palaeomagnetism, construction of polar wandering curves

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geophysics: Unit 05

• Marine magnetic anomalies, sea floor spreading; mid-oceanic ridges and geodynamics; plate tectonics hypothesis; plate boundaries and seismicity
• Heat flow mechanisms, core-mantle convection, and mantle plumes

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geophysics: Unit 06

• Seismometry: short period, long period, broad band, and strong motion; elements of earthquake seismology; seismic sources: Faulting source, double couple hypothesis, elastodynamics, Haskell’s function, seismic moment tensor
• Seismic sources: Focal mechanism and fault plane solutions; seismic gaps; seismotectonics and structure of the earth; Himalayan and stable continental region earthquakes, reservoir induced seismicity; seismic hazards; earthquake prediction
• Seismic sources: Travel time residuals, velocity anomalies, seismic tomography

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geophysics: Unit 07

• Gravimeters and magnetometers; data acquisition from land, air and ship; corrections and reduction of anomalies; ambiguity; regional and residual separation; continuation and derivative calculations; interpretation of anomalies of simple geometric bodies
• Single pole, sphere, horizontal cylinder, sheet, dyke and fault
• Forward modelling and inversion of arbitrary shaped bodies and 2-d, 3-d interfaces
• Interpretations in frequency domain

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geophysics: Unit 08

• Electrical profiling and sounding, typical sounding curves, pseudo-sections; resistivity transform and direct interpretation; induced polarization methods
• Electromagnetic field techniques; elliptic polarization, in-phase and out of phase components, horizontal and vertical loop methods; interpretation; VLF (very low frequency); AFMAG (audio frequency magnetic) methods; and central frequency sounding
• Transient electromagnetic methods; magneto-telluric method; geomagnetic depth sounding

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geophysics: Unit 09

• Generalized Snell’s law; Ray theory; reflection, refraction, diffraction; Zoeppritz’s equation; seismic energy sources; detectors; seismic noises and noise profile analysis; seismic data recording, reduction to a datum and weathering corrections
• Interpretation of a refraction seismic data by graphical and analytical techniques; CD/ CMP; seismic reflection data processing, velocity analysis, F-K filtering, stacking, deconvolution, migration before and after stack; bright spot analysis
• Wavelet processing; attenuation studies, shear waves, AVO; VSP; introduction to 3D seismics; seismic stratigraphy

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Geophysics: Unit 10

• Open hole, cased hole, and production logging; electrical logs; lateral, latero, induction, SP; porosity logs; sonic, density, neutron; natural gamma; determination of formation factor, porosity, permeability, density, water saturation, lithology
• Logging while drilling
• Radioactive and geothermal methods

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Meteorology: Unit 01

• Fundamental principles of climatology
• Earth’s radiation balance; latitudinal and seasonal variation of insolation, temperature, pressure, wind belts, humidity, cloud formation, and precipitation, water balance
• Air masses, monsoon, jet streams, tropical cyclones, and enso
• Classification of climates-Koppen’s and Thornthwaite’s scheme of classification
• Climate change

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Meteorology: Unit 02

• Thermal structure of the atmosphere and its composition
• Radiation: Basic laws-Rayleigh and Mie scattering, multiple scattering, radiation from the sun, solar constant, effect of clouds, surface, and planetary albedo
• Emission and absorption of terrestrial radiation, radiation windows, radiative transfer, greenhouse effect, net radiation budget; thermodynamics of dry and moist air: Specific gas constant, adiabatic and isoentropic processes, entropy and enthalpy
• Thermodynamics of dry and moist air: Moisture variables, virtual temperature; Clausius-Clapeyron equation, adiabatic process of moist air; thermodynamic diagrams: Hydrostatic equilibrium-hydrostatic equation, variation of pressure with height
• Thermodynamic diagrams: Hydrostatic equilibrium-geopotential, standard atmosphere, altimetry
• Vertical stability of the atmosphere: Dry and moist air parcel and slice methods
• Tropical convection

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Meteorology: Unit 03

• Fair weather electric field in the atmosphere and potential gradients, ionization in the atmosphere
• Electrical fields in thunderstorms, theories of thunderstorm electrification-structure of lightening flash-mechanism of earth-atmospheric change balance-role of thunderstroms

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Meteorology: Unit 04

• Cloud classification, condensation nuclei, growth of cloud drops and ice crystals, precipitation mechanisms: Bergeron, Findeisen process, coalescence process-precipitation of warm and mixed clouds, artificial precipitation, hail suppression
• Precipitation mechanisms: Fog and cloud-dissipation, radar observation of clouds and precipitation, radar equation, rain drop spectra, radar echoes of hail storm and tornadoes, radar observation of hurricanes, measurements of rainfall by radar

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Meteorology: Unit 05

• Basic equations and fundamental forces: Pressure, gravity, centripetal and Coriolis forces, continuity equation in Cartesian and isobaric coordinates
• Momentum equation Cartesian and spherical coordinates; scale analysis, inertial flow, geostrophic and gradient winds, thermal wind
• Divergence and vertical motion Rossby, Richardson, Reynolds, and Froude numbers
• Circulation, vorticity and divergence; Bjerknese circulation theorem and applications, vorticity and divergence equations, scale analysis, potential vorticity, stream function and velocity potential
• Atmospheric turbulence: Mixing length theory, planetary boundary layer equations, surface layer, Ekman layer, eddy transport of heat, moisture, and momentum, Richardson criterion; linear perturbation theory: Internal and external gravity waves
• Linear perturbation theory: Inertia waves, gravity waves, Rossby waves, wave motion in the tropics, barotropic and baroclinic instabilities
• Atmospheric energetic: Kinetic, potential, and internal energies-conversion of potential and internal energies into kinetic energy, available potential energy

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Meteorology: Unit 06

• Computational instability, filtering of sound and gravity waves, filtered forecast equations, barotropic and equivalent barotropic models, two parameter baroclinic model, relaxation method
• Multi-layer primitive equation models
• Short, medium, and long range weather prediction
• Objective analysis; initialization of the data for use in weather prediction models; data assimilation techniques, application of satellite in NWP (numerical weather prediction) and remotely sensed data

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Meteorology: Unit 07

• Observed zonally symmetric circulations, meridional circulation models, mean meridional and eddy transport of momentum and energy, angular momentum and energy budgets; zonally asymmetric features of general circulation; standing eddies
• East-west circulations in tropics: Climate variability and forcings; feedback processes, low frequency variability, MJO Madden-Julian oscillation), ENSO, QBO (quasibiennial oscillation) and sunspot cycles
• Basic principles of general circulation modelling; gridpoint and spectral GCMs; role of the ocean in climate modelling; interannual variability of ocean fields (SST, winds, circulation, etc) and its relationship with monsoon
• Concepts of ocean-atmosphere coupled models

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Meteorology: Unit 08

• Weather observations and transmission, synoptic charts, analysis of surface, upper air another derivative chart, stream-lines, isotachs and contour analysis; tilt and slope of pressure/ weather systems with height
• Synoptic weather forecasting, prediction of weather elements such as rain, maximum and minimum temperature and fog; hazardous weather elements like thunderstorms, dust storms, tornadoes
• Tropical meteorology: Trade wind inversion, ITCZ; monsoon trough tropical cyclones, their structure and development theory; monsoon depressions; tropical easterly jet stream; low level jets, Somali jet, waves in easterlies; western disturbances
• Tropical meteorology: SW and NE monsoons; synoptic features associated with onset, withdrawal, break active and weak monsoons and their prediction
• Air masses and fronts: Sources, origin and classification of air masses; and fronts, front genesis and frontolysis; structure of cold and warm fronts; weather systems associated with fronts
• Extra-tropical synoptic scale features: Jet streams, extratropical cyclones, and anticyclones

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Meteorology: Unit 09

• Role of meteorology in aviation, weather hazards associated with take off cruising and landing, in-flight-icing, turbulence, visibility, fog, clouds, rain, gusts, wind shear and thunderstorms, now casting and very short range forecasting

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Meteorology: Unit 10

• Meteorological satellites-polar orbiting and geostationary satellites, visible and infrared radiometers, multiscanner radiometers; identification of synoptic systems, fog and sandstorms, detection of cyclones, estimation of SST, cloud top temperatures
• Winds and rainfall: Temperature and humidity soundings

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Ocean sciences: Unit 01

• T-S diagrams; mixing processes in the oceans; characteristics of important water masses
• Wind generated waves in the oceans; their characteristics; shallow and deep water waves
• Propagation, refraction, and reflection of waves
• Wave spectrum, principles of wave forecasting
• Tide-producing forces and their magnitudes; prediction of tides by the harmonic method; tides and tidal currents in shallow seas, estuaries and rivers
• Factors influencing coastal processes; transformation of waves in shallow water; effects of stratification; effect of bottom friction, phenomena of wave reflection, refraction and diffraction; breakers and surf; littoral currents
• Wave action on sediments-movement to beach material; rip currents; beach stability, ocean beach nourishment; harbour resonance; seiches; tsunami; interaction of waves and structure
• Estuaries: Classification and nomenclature; tides in estuaries; estuarine circulation and mixing; depth-averaged and breadth, averaged models; sedimentation in estuaries; salinity intrusion in estuaries; effect of stratification; coastal pollution
• Estuaries: Mixing and dispersal of pollutants in estuaries and near-shore areas; coastal zone management
• The global wind system; action of wind on ocean surface; Ekman’s theory; Sverdrup, Stommel and Munk’s theories; upwelling and sinking with special reference to the Indian ocean
• Inertial currents; divergences and convergences; geostrophic motion; barotropic and baroclinic conditions; oceanic eddies, relationship between density, pressure and dynamic topography; relative and slope currents
• Wind driven coastal currents; typical scales of motion in the ocean
• Characteristics of the global conveyor belt circulation and its causes
• Formation of subtropical gyres; western boundary currents; equatorial current systems; El Nino; monsoonal winds and currents over the north Indian ocean; Somali current; southern ocean
• Upwelling process in the arabian sea

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Ocean sciences: Unit 02

• Composition of seawater-classification of elements based on their distribution; major and minor elements, their behaviour and chemical exchanges across interfaces, and residence times in seawater
• Element chemistry in atypical conditions-estuaries, hydrothermal vents, anoxic basins, HNLC waters, sediment pore fluid and anthropogenic inputs
• Chemical and biological interactions-ionic interactions; biochemical cycling of nutrients, trace metals and organic matter
• Air-sea exchange of important biogenic dissolved gases; carbon dioxide carbonate system; alkalinity and control of pH; biological pump
• Factors affecting sedimentary deposits-CaCO₃, Silicate, manganese nodules, phosphorites and massive single deposits

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Ocean sciences: Unit 03

• Morphologic and tectonic domains of the ocean floor
• Structure, composition, and mechanism of the formation of oceanic crust
• Hydrothermal vents-ocean margins and their significance
• Ocean circulation, Coriolis effect and Ekman spiral, convergence, divergence, and upwelling, El Nino
• Indian ocean dipole thermohaline circulation and oceanic conveyor belt
• Formation of bottom waters; major water masses of the world’s oceans
• Oceanic sediments: Factors controlling the deposition and distribution of oceanic sediments; geochronology of oceanic sediments, digenetic changes in oxic and anoxic environments
• Tectonic evolution of the ocean basins
• Mineral resources
• Paleoceanography-approaches to paleoceanographic reconstructions; various proxy indicators for paleoceanographic interpretation
• Reconstruction of monsoon variability by using marine proxy records opening and closing of ocean gateways and their effect on circulation and climate during the cenozoic
• Sea level processes and sea level changes
• Methods of paleo sea surface temperature
• Quantifications

Earth, atmospheric, ocean, and planetary sciences-Paper-I (part-C)-Ocean sciences: Unit 04

• Classification of the marine environment and marine organisms
• Physio-chemical factors affecting marine life-light, temperature, salinity, pressure, nutrients, dissolved gases; adaptation and biological processes
• Primary and secondary production; factors controlling phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance and diversity; nekton and fisheries oceanography; benthic organisms; coastal marine communities and community ecology-estuaries
• Coral reefs and mangrove communities, deep-sea ecology including hydrothermal vent communities
• Energy flow and mineral cycling-energy transfer and transfer efficiencies through different trophic levels; food webs including the microbial loop
• Human impacts on marine communities; impacts of climate change on marine biodiversity
• Impact of pollution on marine environments including fisheries

Physical education: Unit 01

• Philosophies of education as applied to physical education, development of physical education in Greece, Rome, Sweden, Russia, England, Denmark, Germany, USA, Australia and China
• Growth and development of physical education in India: Recreation-its principles, characteristics, and importance. Modern trends in recreation. Indoor and outdoor recreational programmes. Recreational programmes for various categories of people
• Wellness: Its importance, benefits, and challenges. Development and maintenance of wellness
• Teaching aptitude-nature, objectives, characteristics of teaching, learner characteristics, and teaching methods
• Social aspects of sports-sports as a socializing agency, social values, sports leadership, sports as cultural heritage and social aspects of competition
• Ancient and modern Olympics games, Asian, and Commonwealth games
• Structure and functions of international and national bodies controlling various games and sports
• Prominent honours and awards in games, and sports

Physical education: Unit 02

• Cardio respiratory adaptations to long and short term physical activities
• Muscle-its types, characteristics, and functions
• Microscopic structure of muscle fiber
• Sliding filament theory of muscular contraction
• Types of muscle fibers and sports performance
• Muscular adaptations to exercise
• Neuromuscular junction and transmission of nerve impulse, kinesthetic sense organs, and neural control of motor skills
• Biochemical aspects of exercise-metabolism of food products
• Aerobic and anaerobic systems during rest and exercise
• Direct and indirect methods of measuring energy cost of exercise
• Recovery process-physiological aspects of fatigue
• Restoration of energy stores
• Recovery oxygen
• Nutritional aspects of performance
• Environmental influence on human physiology under exercise
• Women in sports-trainability
• Physiological gender differences and special problems of women athletes
• Aging-physiological consequences, life style management, and healthful aging
• Physiological responses of various therapeutic modalities and rehabilitation
• Physiological aspects of various Ergogenic aids
• Massage manipulations and their physiological responses

Physical education: Unit 03

• Modern trends in biomechanics
• Planes and axes of human body
• Joints and their movements
• Muscle attachments-origin, insertion, action, and leverage of the principal muscles used in sports
• Motion-its laws and their application in sports
• Projectile and principles of projections
• Linear and angular kinematics, and kinetics
• Friction, spin, impact, and elasticity
• Air and water dynamics
• Mechanical advantage and applications of Levers in sports
• Posture and its deformities with their corrective exercises
• Kinesiological, muscular, and mechanical analyses of fundamental movements: Mechanical analyses of major sports skills

Physical education: Unit 04

• Motivation in sports-types, theories, and dynamics
• Psychological factors affecting sports performance-emotions, anxiety aggression, stress ,self confidence, concentration, mental practice, and goal setting
• Personality-theories of personality, measurement of personality
• Group dynamics, group cohesion, and leadership in sports
• Cognitive process-memory and thinking
• Principles of motor skill learning
• Transfer of training and its types with its implication in sports
• Long and short term psychological preparation for performance/ competition
• Psychological skill training for activation and relaxation
• Spectators and sports performance

Physical education: Unit 05

• Comparative study of professional preparation in physical education of India with those of USA, Russia, Germany, Australia and UK
• Professional and other courses of physical education in India
• Role of Government agencies monitoring professional courses in physical education
• Qualities, qualifications, and responsibilities of physical education personnel at primary, secondary, and higher education levels
• Scope of physical education personnel in the promotion of health, fitness, and wellness
• Recent Government policies for promoting physical education and sports in India
• Hierarchy of organizational set-up in physical education at schools, colleges, and university level
• Role of public and private sectors in the promotion of physical education and sports in the country
• Curriculum development-concepts and principles of curriculum planning
• Subject matter for different levels of education-primary, secondary, and higher education
• Curriculum design and content-importance, selection, and classification of subject matter with reference to age, sex and differently abled pupils
• Integrated programme for boys and girls
• Teaching aids-time-table, concepts, credit system for various subject courses theory and practical, impact of technology in physical education and sports
• Curriculum evaluation: Concepts and purpose; procedure and appraisal

Physical education: Unit 06

• Health education, its importance, and principles
• Role of genetics and environment in achieving health
• Health-related physical fitness
• Community health programme-health appraisal and health instructions
• International and national health promoting government and private agencies
• School health programme and personal hygiene
• Communicable diseases: causes, symptoms, prevention through other means and immunization
• Psychosomatic disorders/ sedentary life style diseases: Causes, symptoms, and prevention
• Obesity related health problems
• Body weight control and its significance on health
• Role of exercise, dieting, and combination of exercise and dieting on weight control
• First-aid-objectives and principles
• First-aid for shock, poisoning, burns, drowning, bleeding, electric shock and common sports injuries
• Pollution-air, water, sound, and radiation
• Effects of pollution on health, preventive and safety measures from pollution
• Nutrition-balanced diet and its components
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Understanding of malnutrition and nutritional supplements
• Effects of smoking, alcohol, and drugs on health; prevention and rehabilitation

Physical education: Unit 07

• Training load, its features, principles, and adaptation process
• Means and methods of executing training load
• Overload, its causes, symptoms, and remedial measures
• Strength-its characteristics, types of strength, factors determining strength, and strength development
• Endurance-its characteristics, types of endurance, factors determining endurance, and endurance development
• Speed-its characteristics, types of speed, factors determining speed and speed development
• Flexibility-its characteristics, types of flexibility, factors determining flexibility and flexibility development
• Coordinative abilities-its characteristics, types of coordinative abilities, factors determining coordinative abilities and development of coordinative abilities
• Technique and skill-its characteristics and importance
• Different stages of technique development and technique training
• Tactics and strategy
• Planning-its importance and principles
• Types of planning
• Periodization-its importance, objectives, and types of periodization
• Concept of different periods-preparatory, competition, and transitional
• Types of competition: Talent identification-process and procedure

Physical education: Unit 08

• Ethical issues in research
• Methods of research-descriptive, historical, and experimental
• Experimental research designs
• Identification and formulation of research problem
• Types of research hypotheses and their formulation
• Hypotheses testing
• Tools of research-questionnaires, opinionnaires, interviews, and observation
• Sources and steps of literature search-library, research data bases, internet-search engines, online journals
• Note taking and critical reading
• Sampling Techniques-probability and non probability
• Data, its types, and collecting measures
• Normal probability curve and grading scales
• Statistical processes, their importance, and uses in research
• Application of parametric and non parametric statistical techniques in research
• Computer applications-statistical packages for data analyses-SPSS, e-mail, search engines and Microsoft office
• Preparation of research proposal, report, abstract, paper for publication and paper for presentation

Physical education: Unit 09

• Principles and processes of evaluation in physical education
• Criteria of selecting an appropriate test and administration of testing programme
• Types of tests and construction of standard knowledge and skill tests
• Tests for fitness-physical fitness, motor fitness, motor ability, and motor educability
• Health related fitness tests
• Test for fitness components-strength, endurance, speed, flexibility, and coordinative abilities
• Sports skill tests-badminton, basketball, football, hockey, tennis, and volleyball
• Anthropometric measurements-land marks and measurement of various body segments, height, sitting-height, weight, diameters, circumferences, skin folds, body mass index, ponderal index
• Somatotype and Posture evaluating techniques
• Testing of physiological phenomenons-blood pressure, breathing frequency vital capacity, heart rate, pulse rate, body temperature and body composition
• Tests for psychological variables-anxiety, aggression, team cohesion, achievement motivation, mental-toughness, and self-efficacy

Physical education: Unit 10

• Scope of management in physical education and sports
• Guiding principles for organizing physical education and sports programmes in institutions
• Personnel management-objectives and principles
• Self-appraisal, communication skills and time management
• Essential skills of administration
• Financial management-objectives, purposes, principles, and scope
• Planning and preparation of budget
• Mechanics of purchase and auditing
• Supervision-objectives, principles, and importance of supervision
• Techniques of supervision
• Duties and responsibilities of a supervisor
• Facility management-planning, procuring, and maintenance of facilities-indoor and outdoor facilities
• Planning and management of sports infrastructure
• Management of records
• Role of sports manager-interpersonal, informational, and decision making
• Managerial skills-technical, human, and conceptual
• Qualities and qualification of sports manager
• Event management-its principles, planning, check list, rehearsal, itinerary, execution, reporting and follow-up procedures of an event
• Public relation-principles of public relations in physical education and sports
• Mass media-communication and publicity, qualifications of public relation officer

Home science: Unit 01

• Food science and nutrition, properties of food-physical and chemical properties
• Quality evaluation of foods-objectives and subjective
• Effects of cooking and processing techniques on nutritional components, and other physical parameters, food preservation and application
• Food pigments and additives
• Food standards, microbiological safety of food, HACCP, food packaging
• Perspectives of food service-menu planning, food cost analysis
• New product development-nano technology
• Food service management of institutional level-hospital, educational institutions, social and special institutions
• Research methods-fundamental issues, concept, need relevance, scope, and ethics in research

Home science: Unit 02

• Food groups-balanced diet, food pyramid, macro and micro nutrition
• Nutrients-role of nutrients in the body, nutrient deficiencies and requirements for Indians
• Public health nutrition
• Nutrition through life span-physiological changes, growth and development from conception to adolescence, nutritional needs and dietary guidelines for adequate nutrition through life cycle, nutrition concerns
• Community nutrition, sports nutrition, nutrition in emergencies and disasters
• Nutritional assessment-methods and techniques
• Nutritional intervention-national nutrition policies and programmes, food and nutrition security
• Clinical and therapeutic nutrition
• Diet counseling and management
• Research methods-research designs, principles, and purpose of research

Home science: Unit 03

• Textile terminologies-fibre, yarn, weave, fabric, etc, classification of fibers, yarns and weaves, Identification of fibres and weaves
• Manufacturing process of major natural and manmade fibres, properties, and their end uses
• Different methods of fabric construction-woven, knitted and non woven fabrics, their properties, and end uses
• Textiles finishes-classification, processing, and purposes of finishes
• Dyeing and printing-classification, method of block printing, tie and dye, batik, roller printing, screen printing, discharge, heat transfer printing and digitized printing
• Traditional textiles of India-embroidered textiles, printed textiles, woven textiles, dyed textiles of various regions in India
• Identification on the basis of fibre content, technique, motif, colour, and designed
• Textile testing and quality control-need of testing, sampling method, techniques of testing fibres, yarn, fabrics and garments
• Testing of colour-fastness, shrinkage, pilling, and GSM of fabrics
• Textile and environment-banned dyes, eco-friendly textiles, contamination and effluent treatment, eco-label and eco marks
• Recent developments in textiles and apparels-nano textiles, technical textiles, occupational clothing, zero waste designing, up cycling and recycling
• Research methods-types of research, descriptive, survey, historical, qualitative, quantitative, analytical and action research

Home science: Unit 04

• Body measurements-procedure, need, figure types and anthropometry
• Equipments and tools used for manufacturing garments-advancements and attachments used for sewing machine
• Types of machines used and their parts
• Elements and principles of design and its application to apparel
• Illustrations and parts of garments
• Fashion-terminologies, fashion cycle, fashion theories, fashion adoption, fashion forecasting and factors affecting fashion
• Pattern making-drafting, draping and flat pattern making techniques, pattern alteration and dart manipulation techniques
• Apparel manufacturing-terminology used, seams, techniques, and machines used, process of fabric to apparel manufacture
• Apparel quality testing-quality standards and specification, quality parameters and defects of fabrics, and garments
• Care and maintenance of clothing-principles of washing, laundry agents, storage techniques case labels and symbols
• Selection of clothing for different age groups
• Selection of fabrics for different and uses
• Research methods-hypothesis testing, types, and scope

Home science: Unit 05

• Management-concept, approaches, management of time, energy, money, space, motivating factors, motivation theories, decision making
• Functions of management-planning, supervision, controlling, organizing, evaluation, family life cycle-stages, availability and use of resources
• Resources-classification, characteristics, factors affecting use, resource conservation, time management, work simplification techniques, classes of change, fatigue and its management
• Management of natural resources-land, forest, water, air, water harvesting, municipal solid waste management, concept of sustainable development, SDGs
• Money management-family income, types, supplementation, budgeting, household accounts, family savings and investment, tax implications
• Human resource management-functions, need, human resource developmentchallenges, functions, manpower planning, training need assessment, training methodologies, training evaluation
• Consumer-definition, role, rights and responsibilities, consumer behaviour, consumer problems, education and empowerment
• Consumer protection-consumer organization, cooperatives, alternative redressal, standardization, standard marks, quality control, buying aids, consumer legislation
• Entrepreneurship-concept, process, barriers, entrepreneurial motivation, challenges, enterprise setting, project planning and appraisal, enterprise management
• Research methods-sampling techniques, types of sampling, sampling procedures, probability and non probability sampling

Home science: Unit 06

• Design fundamentals-elements of art, principles of design, principles of composition
• Colour-dimensions of colour, psychological effects of colour, colour schemes, factors affecting use of colour
• Space planning and design-housing need and important, principles of planning spaces, types of house plans, economy in construction, planning for different income groups
• Building regulations-norms and standards, zoning, housing for special groups and areas, housing finance
• Housing and environment-building materials-impact on environment, green rating systems, energy efficiency in buildings, energy auditing, indices of indoor comfort
• Energy as a resource-conventional and non-conventional sources, renewable/ nonrenewable energy, energy management, national efforts on energy conservation
• Product design-design thinking process, diffusion and innovation, design communication, ergonomic considerations
• Ergonomics-significance, scope, anthropometry, man, machine, environment relationship, factors affecting physiological cost of work, body mechanics, functional design of work place, time and motion study, energy studies
• Furniture and furnishing-historical perspectives, architectural styles, contemporary tends, wall finishes, window and window treatments
• Research methods-selection and preparation of tools for data collectionquestionnaire, interview, observation, measuring scales, ranking and measurement, reliability and validity of tools

Home science: Unit 07

• Principles of growth and development, care during pregnancy, and pre-natal and neonatal development
• Theories of human development and behaviour
• Early childhood care and education-activities to promote holistic development
• Influence of family, peers, school, community, and culture on personality development
• Children and persons with special needs, care and support, special education, prevention of disabilities, rehabilitation
• Children at risk-child labour, street children, children of destitute, orphans, child abuse and trafficking
• Adolescence and youth: Changes, challenges, and programs to promote optimal development
• Adulthood, characteristics, changing roles, and responsibilities in early and middle adulthood
• Aging-physical and psychological changes and care needs
• Research methods-types of variables and their selection

Home science: Unit 08

• Dynamics of marriage and family relationships
• Family welfare-approaches, programmes, and challenges, role in national development
• Domestic violence, marital disharmony, conflict, resolution of conflict
• Parent education, positive parenting, community education
• Family disorganization, single parent families
• Family studies-family in crisis, family therapy, initiatives for child development
• Human rights, rights of children, rights of women, status of women, gender roles
• Guidance and counseling-across life span and for care givers
• Health and well being across life span development
• Research methods-data collection and classification, coding, tabulation, inferential and descriptive statistics

Home science: Unit 09

• Basics of communication-nature, characteristics, functions, process, models, elements, principles, barriers, perception, persuasion and empathy, types of communication, levels (settings) of communication transactions, process of listening
• Communication systems and communication theories-human interaction theories, mass communication theories, message design theories, communication systems, culture, and communication
• Concept of development-theories, models, measurement, and indicators of development
• Concept of development-communication models and approaches, diffusion and innovation, mass media, social marketing
• Role of communication in development-need and importance, development journalism, writing for development-print, radio, television, and internet
• Concerns of development communication-gender, health, environment, sustainability, human rights, population, literacy, rural and tribal development
• Advocacy and behaviour change communication-concept, theories, models, approaches, application and challenges
• Traditional, modern and new media for development-folk forms of songs, art, dance, theatre, puppetry, advertisement, cinema, ICTs for development-community radio, participatory video, social media and mobile phones
• Organization/ agencies/ institutes working for development communication international/ national/ state and local
• Research methods-analysis of data through parametric and non parametric tests

Home science: Unit 10

• Historical perspectives of extension-genesis of extension education and extension systems in India and other countries, objectives of extension education and extension service, philosophy and principles of extension programme development
• Programme management-need assessment, situation analysis, planning, organization, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
• Extension methods and materials-interpersonal, small and large group methods, audio visual aids-need, importance, planning, classification, preparation and field testing, use and evaluation of audio visual materials
• Curriculum development and planning for extension education and development activities, Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives and learning
• Non-Formal, adult and lifelong education-historical perspectives, concept, theories, approaches, scope, methods and materials used, challenges of implementation and evaluation, issues to be addressed
• Training, skill development and capacity building for human resource development methods of training, entrepreneurship development
• Community development-perspectives, approaches, community organization, leadership, support structures for community development, Panchyati raj institutions, NGOs and community based organisations
• People’s participation and stakeholders’ perspectives, Participatory Learning and Action-methods and techniques
• Development programmes in India for urban, rural and tribal population groupsprogrammes for nutrition, health, education, wage and self employment, women’s development, skill development, sanitation and infrastructure
• Research methods-scientific report writing, presentation of data, interpretation and discussion

Social work: Unit 01

• Social work: Definition, scope, principles, nature, goals, and process
• Historical development: Development of professional social work across the world (UK, USA, and India)
• Social reform and professional social work: Contribution of social reformers in 19th and 20th century in the development of professional social work in India
• Social work as a profession in India: Values, competencies, and code of ethics for the social work practitioner
• Theories: Theories for social work practice
• Changing context of social work practice: Emerging perspectives, trends, and challenges of social work for practice
• Social work practice in various settings: (Family, child, and youth welfare, industry, older persons, persons with disabilities, environment, women and welfare, healthcare, and disaster management)

Social work: Unit 02

• Sociological concepts: Social structure, social institutions, and social groups, socialization, social control and social change
• Approaches to the study of society: Functionalist, conflict/ dialectical, structuralism, and post modernism
• Social system and stratification: Major social systems (family and religion), social stratification: Marxist, functionalist and Weberian approach
• Human behaviour: Normal and abnormal behaviour determinants and life span perspective of human development, development tasks, and hazards during pre natal period, infancy, babyhood, childhood, puberty, adolescence and adulthood
• Theories of personality: Psycho analytic theory of personality, behavioral theories and humanistic theories
• Social psychology: Social perception, attitude formation, change, and measurement, communication and theories of collective behaviour
• Type of communities: Rural, urban, tribal and virtual communities, and various vulnerable groups/ sections viz. Women, child, aged, dalits etc; caste and class-their characteristics

Social work: Unit 03

• Basic social case work concepts: Social roles, social functioning, need assessment, adaptation, social environment, person-in environment fit, principles and components
• Approaches to social case work practice: Diagnostic and functional approach, problem solving, task centered and radical approach
• Process and techniques of social case work: Phases of case work intervention, techniques of case work intervention, principles of interviewing and case work recording
• Social group work: Definition, characteristics, functions, and group structure, classification of groups and making of social groups, issues of identity, diversity, and marginalization
• Social group work process and group dynamics: Principles, determinants, indicators, and outcomes, decision making and problem solving process, theories of leadership, roles and responsibilities of group leaders
• Group development: Stages of group work, techniques, and skills in group work, group climate, communication in groups, use of programme media and group work recording, monitoring, and evaluation
• Practice sites of social case work and social group work: Client groups and various settings (children, correctional, health, women, persons with disabilities, older persons, oppressed groups, religious minorities)
• Practice sites of social case work and social group work: (Persons who are gay and lesbian and other socially and economically disadvantaged groups)

Social work: Unit 04

• Community organization-concept, definition, scope, and historical perspective in India, UK, and USA, the role of community-based organizations, human capital and social capital
• Process of community organization: Steps in community organization, methods, principles, skills, assumptions, record maintaince, involving NGOs in community organization
• Approaches in community organization practice-models, strategies, the role of community based organizations, leadership development and leaders, building partnerships and coalitions
• Social action and social movements: Concept, history, social action as a method of social work
• Models of social action: Conscientisation model of Paulo Freire, role of ideology, Saul Alinsky as a radical community organizer, liberation theology
• Social movements: Origin, nature, types of movements, theories of movement and new social movements
• Social movements, social action, and social change: Movement analysis-ideology, structure, leadership, process and outcomes, analysis of ideology and approach of (Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Frantz Fanon)

Social work: Unit 05

• Quantitative research: Basics of social science research-meaning of research, social science and social work research: Meaning, nature, and scope. Steps in social science research: Identifications and formulations of research problem, literature review
• Quantitative research: Steps in social science research-objectives and hypothesis formulation, research design, sample design, sources, methods, and tools of data collection
• Quantitative research: Steps in social science research-processing and analysis of data and writing research reports including presentations and styles of references, citing, and paraphrasing
• Quantitative research: Basic statistical concepts-process of statistical enquiry and dealing with descriptive and inferential statistical methods, parametric, and nonparametric tests
• Qualitative research: Qualitative research-meaning, basic tenets of qualitative research, difference between quantitative and qualitative approach to research in social work
• Qualitative research: Designing qualitative research-steps, methods of qualitative research (field study, case study, focus group discussions, narratives, observation and theoretic research)
• Qualitative research: Managing qualitative data-procedures and techniques of analyzing qualitative data and report writing
• Mixed method research: Components of mixed methods, procedures of combing quantitative and qualitative research

Social work: Unit 06

• Social welfare administration: Meaning, history, principles, nature, and type of organizations
• Types of administration: Distinction between social welfare administration, public administration, and social security administrations
• Registration of welfare agencies: Laws relating to societies, trust and non-profit organizations, challenges
• Structure of social welfare administration: Service providers, administrative structures (government and non-government), organization and management of institutional welfare services
• Components of administration: Planning, coordination, staff recruitment, training and development, recording and documentation, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation, networking and maintaining pubic relations
• Strategies and mechanisms of administration: Role of social workers in decision making process, communication, role description and functioning, sustainability of programmes
• Fund raising and resource mobilization: Grant-in-aid (principles and procedures), resource mobilization, financial administration and social marketing-process and models

Social work: Unit 07

• Social policy: Concept, goals, scope, context and models of social policy and applicability in Indian context
• Historical development: Evolution and historical perspective of various policies, implementation of social policies especially for marginalized and vulnerable sections of the society
• Process of policy formulation: Determinants and steps, approaches to social policy formulation, impact of changing political scenario in a country
• Social planning; Concept, objectives, scope, models, interrelationship between social and economic planning, social planning in India
• Five year plans: changes in social planning with five years plans in India, social planning and social change, factors leading to development of planning in India. Roles and functions of NITI Aayog
• Social development: Positive and negative dimensions of social development; concept, models and theories, historical and social context of development in India
• Sustainable development: Concept, strategies, critical issues, salient features of social development. Approaches to social development; similarities and differences. strategic development goals
• Sustainable development: Human development index and indicators for policies and programmes

Social work: Unit 08

• Indian constitution: Characteristics, features, preamble, directive principles of state policy and articles
• Social justice: Concept, definition, historical development, dimensions, manifestations and social justice as a core value of social work profession
• Social justice and leadership: Community building, personal, and community empowerment, social justice and technology, promoting a plan and vision for change, reflections and connection, social reconstructions, paradigms, policies, privileges
• Social justice and leadership: Implications of social justice for policy formulation
• Instrument of social justice: Constitutional base and Indian legal system, legal and public advocacy, role of civil society as a pressure group, statutory bodies
• History of human rights: Concept and historical context of human rights, human rights declarations, treaties and conventions, human rights and protection systems, human rights in the Indian context
• Human rights and social work: Code of ethics of social work and protection of human rights, human rights perspective in social work practice, ethnic sensitive practice, feminist practice, social work with diverse groups
• Violation of human rights and social work practice: Social work with the victims of human rights violations and human rights activism. Role of UNHCR, national human rights commission and international human rights agencies

Social work: Unit 09

• Medical social work and psychiatric social work: Concept, evolution, roles, functions/ responsibilities of medical social workers and psychiatric social workers
• Mental health and disease: Normal and abnormal behaviour, epidemiology, etiology, types, clinical manifestation and management of schizophrenia, mood disorders, neurotic disorders, stress related disorders, somatoform disorders
• Mental health and disease: Child and adolescent mental health problems, legislations related to mental health
• Theories of aging and vulnerability: Psychological and sociological theories of aging, psychological, social, physical needs and problems of older persons. Rights of older persons against neglect, abuse
• Theories of aging and vulnerability: Violence and abandonment and social work interventions
• Persons with disabilities: Models of disability, disability movement-historical perspective, national and international milestones from welfare to right based approach, legislative measures, and social work interventions
• Gender and development: Expressions of gender disparity in education, health, property, employment and livelihood, decision making, feminization of poverty and manifestations of gender based violence
• Gender and development: Constitutional and legislative safeguards and social work interventions
• Labour welfare and human resource management (HRM): Historical background of industrial development as a sub-system of society, concept of labour welfare, nature, objectives, principles, theories, principles of labour welfare, labour legislations
• Labour welfare and human resource management (HRM): Human reosurce management-concept, scope, evolution, theories, models, sub-systems, human resources development (HRD)-performance management system, types, six sigma, ISO, total quality management
• Labour welfare and human resource management (HRM): Corporate social responsibility (CSR)-concept, issues, practices, models, components, approaches, and corporate governance
• Personnel management and industrial relations: Concept, definition, objectives, scope., functions, determinants and reflectors of industrial relations, models of industrial relations, globalization and industry
• Personnel management and industrial relations: International labour organization (ILO) role, functions; collective bargaining, job analysis, manpower planning, organization behaviour and organization development interventions

Social work: Unit 10

• Social defence: Concept, philosophy, and changing dimensions, children in need of care and protection, juveniles in conflict with law, street and working children and young offenders, probation and parole. Emerging issues in social defence
• Legislations and criminal justice system: Juvenile justice (care and protection of children) act, 2000, immoral traffic prevention act, 1986, probation of offenders act, 1958, beggary prevention act, narcotic drugs and psychotropic substance act, 1986
• Legislations and criminal justice system: Prison act, and criminal justice system
• Social work with families: Functions, developmental stages and family patterns, family dynamics and theoretical models of family functioning (circumflex model, MC master model and structural model) and social work interventions
• Child development: Concept, philosophy and historical context, state of children in India-demographic profile, education, and protection
• Policies and programmes for children: Constitutional provisions, national policy on children, international perspective and un convention an rights of children, programmes and legislative measures related to female feticide, adoption, foster care
• Policies and programmes for children: Guardianship and child marriage and social work interventions
• Environment and social work: Causes and consequences, differential impact on women, poor, marginalized groups and indigenous populations. Environment in the human rights perspective. Environmental movements and social work interventions in the management
• Environment and social work: Protection and promotion of the environment
• Social work and disaster management: Disaster related concept and definitions-hazard, risk, vulnerability and disaster, different forms of natural and manmade disasters. Impact of disaster and disaster management initiatives
• Social work and disaster management: Pre and post disaster interventions