NESLET 2025 Exam - Dates, Application, Eligibility, Admit Card, Result, Syllabus & Pattern

Arabic: Unit 01

Arabic: Unit 02

Arabic: Unit 03

Arabic: Unit 04

Arabic: Unit 05

Arabic: Unit 06

Arabic: Unit 07

Arabic: Unit 08

Arabic: Unit 09

Arabic: Unit 10

English: Unit 01

English: Unit 02

English: Unit 03

English: Unit 04

English: Unit 05

• Basic concepts, theories, and pedagogy
• English in use

English: Unit 06

• History, evolution, and futures

English: Unit 07

English: Unit 08

English: Unit 09

English: Unit 10

Hindi: Unit 01

Hindi: Unit 02

Hindi: Unit 03

Hindi: Unit 04

Hindi: Unit 05

Hindi: Unit 06

Hindi: Unit 07

Hindi: Unit 08

Hindi: Unit 09

Hindi: Unit 10

Hindi: Unit 11

Chemical sciences: Unit 01

• Chemical periodicity
• Structure and bonding in homo-and heteronuclear molecules, including shapes of molecules (VSEPR theory)
• Concepts of acids and bases, hard-soft acid base concept, non-aqueous solvents
• Main group elements and their compounds: Allotropy, synthesis, structure, and bonding, industrial importance of the compounds
• Transition elements and coordination compounds: structure, bonding theories, spectral, and magnetic properties, reaction mechanisms
• Inner transition elements: spectral and magnetic properties, redox chemistry, analytical applications
• Organometallic compounds: synthesis, bonding and structure, and reactivity
• Organometallics in homogeneous catalysis
• Cages and metal clusters
• Analytical chemistry-separation, spectroscopic, electro-and thermoanalytical methods
• Bioinorganic chemistry: Photosystems, porphyrins, metalloenzymes, oxygen transport, electron-transfer reactions; nitrogen fixation, metal complexes in medicine
• Characterisation of inorganic compounds by IR, Raman, NMR, EPR, Mössbauer, UV-vis, NQR, MS, electron spectroscopy, and microscopic techniques
• Nuclear chemistry: Nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio-analytical techniques, and activation analysis

Chemical sciences: Unit 02

• Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Postulates; operator algebra; exactly-solvable systems; particle-in-a-box, harmonic oscillator and the hydrogen atom, including shapes of atomic orbitals; orbital and spin angular momenta; tunneling
• Approximate methods of quantum mechanics: Variational principle; perturbation theory up to second order in energy; applications
• Atomic structure and spectroscopy; term symbols; many-electron systems and antisymmetry principle
• Chemical bonding in diatomics; elementary concepts of MO and VB theories; Huckel theory for conjugated π-electron systems
• Chemical applications of group theory; symmetry elements; point groups; character tables; selection rules
• Molecular spectroscopy: Rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules; electronic spectra; IR and Raman activities-selection rules; basic principles of magnetic resonance
• Chemical thermodynamics: Laws, state, and path functions and their applications; thermodynamic description of various types of processes; Maxwell’s relations; spontaneity and equilibria; temperature and pressure dependence of thermodynamic quantities
• Chemical thermodynamics: Le Chatelier principle; elementary description of phase transitions; phase equilibria and phase rule; thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal gases, and solutions
• Statistical thermodynamics: Boltzmann distribution; kinetic theory of gases; partition functions and their relation to thermodynamic quantities-calculations for model systems
• Electrochemistry: Nernst equation, redox systems, electrochemical cells; Debye-Hückel theory; electrolytic conductance-Kohlrausch’s law and its applications; ionic equilibrium; conductometric and potentiometric titrations
• Chemical kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence; complex reactions; steady state approximation; determination of reaction mechanisms; collision and transition state theories of rate constants; unimolecular reactions; enzyme kinetics
• Chemical kinetics: Salt effects; homogeneous catalysis; photochemical reactions
• Colloids and surfaces: Stability and properties of colloids; isotherms and surface area; heterogeneous catalysis
• Solid state: Crystal structures; Bragg’s law and applications; band structure of solids
• Polymer chemistry: Molar masses; kinetics of polymerization
• Data analysis: Mean and standard deviation; absolute and relative errors; linear regression; covariance and correlation coefficient

Chemical sciences: Unit 03

• IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules including regio-and stereoisomers
• Principles of stereochemistry: Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds; stereogenicity, stereoselectivity, enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity, and asymmetric induction
• Aromaticity: Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds-generation and reactions
• Organic reactive intermediates: Generation, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes, and nitrenes
• Organic reaction mechanisms involving addition, elimination, and substitution reactions with electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical species
• Determination of reaction pathways
• Common named reactions and rearrangements-applications in organic synthesis
• Organic transformations and reagents: Functional group interconversion including oxidations and reductions; common catalysts and reagents (organic, inorganic, organometallic, and enzymatic). Chemo, regio, and stereoselective transformations
• Concepts in organic synthesis: Retrosynthesis, disconnection, synthons, linear, and convergent synthesis, umpolung of reactivity and protecting groups
• Asymmetric synthesis: Chiral auxiliaries, methods of asymmetric induction-substrate, reagent and catalyst controlled reactions; determination of enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess; enantio-discrimination. Resolution-optical and kinetic
• Pericyclic reactions: Electrocyclisation, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements and other related concerted reactions. Principles and applications of photochemical reactions in organic chemistry
• Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two heteroatoms (o, n, s)
• Chemistry of natural products: Carbohydrates, proteins, and peptides, fatty acids, nucleic acids, terpenes, steroids, and alkaloids. Biogenesis of terpenoids and alkaloids
• Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-Vis, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, and mass spectroscopic techniques

Chemical sciences: Unit 04

• Chemistry in Nanoscience and Technology
• Catalysis and Green Chemistry
• Medicinal chemistry
• Supramolecular Chemistry
• Environmental chemistry

Commerce: Unit 01

• Concepts and elements of business environment: Economic environment-economic systems, economic policies (monetary and fiscal policies); political environment role of government in business; legal environment-consumer protection act, FEMA
• Concepts and elements of business environment: Sociocultural factors and their influence on business; corporate social responsibility (CSR), scope and importance of international business; globalization and its drivers
• Concepts and elements of business environment: Modes of entry into international business
• Theories of international trade; government intervention in international trade; tariff and non-tariff barriers; India’s foreign trade policy
• Foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign portfolio investment (FPI); types of FDI, costs and benefits of FDI to home and host countries; trends in FDI; India’s FDI policy
• Balance of payments (BOP): importance and components of BOP
• Regional economic Integration: Levels of regional economic integration; trade creation and diversion effects; regional trade agreements: European union (EU), ASEAN, SAARC, NAFTA
• International Economic institutions: IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD
• World trade organization (WTO): Functions and objectives of WTO; agriculture agreement; GATS; TRIPS; TRIMS

Commerce: Unit 02

• Basic accounting principles; concepts and postulates, partnership accounts: Admission, retirement, death, dissolution, and insolvency of partnership firms
• Corporate accounting: Issue, forfeiture, and reissue of shares; liquidation of companies; acquisition, merger, amalgamation, and reconstruction of companies
• Holding company accounts, cost and management accounting: Marginal costing and break-even analysis; standard costing; budgetary control; process costing; activity based costing (ABC); costing for decision-making; life cycle costing, target costing
• Cost and management accounting: Kaizen costing and JIT
• Financial statements analysis: Ratio analysis; funds flow analysis; cash flow analysis
• Human resources accounting; inflation accounting; environmental accounting
• Indian accounting standards and IFRS, auditing; independent financial audit; vouching; verification ad valuation of assets and liabilities; audit of financial statements and audit report; cost audit, recent trends in auditing: Management audit
• Recent trends in auditing: Energy audit; environment audit; systems audit; safety audit

Commerce: Unit 03

• Meaning and scope of business economics, objectives of business firms, demand analysis: Law of demand; elasticity of demand and its measurement; relationship between AR and MR
• Consumer behaviour: Utility analysis; indifference curve analysis, law of variable proportions: Law of returns to scale, theory of cost: Short-run and long-run cost curves, price determination under different market forms: Perfect competition
• Price determination under different market forms: Monopolistic competition; oligopoly-price leadership model; monopoly; price discrimination, pricing strategies: Price skimming; price penetration; peak load pricing

Commerce: Unit 04

• Scope and sources of finance; lease financing, cost of capital and time value of money, capital structure, capital budgeting decisions: Conventional and scientific techniques of capital budgeting analysis
• Working capital management; dividend decision: Theories and policies, risk and return analysis; asset securitization, international monetary system, foreign exchange market; exchange rate risk and hedging techniques
• International financial markets and instruments: Euro currency; GDRs; ADRs, International arbitrage; Multinational capital budgeting

Commerce: Unit 05

• Measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, measures of skewness, correlation and regression of two variables, probability: Approaches to probability; Bayes’s theorem, probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions
• Research: Concept and types; research designs, data: Collection and classification of data, sampling and estimation: Concepts; methods of sampling-probability and non-probability methods; sampling distribution; central limit theorem
• Sampling and estimation: Standard error; statistical estimation, hypothesis testing: Z-test; t-test; ANOVA; chi-square test; Mann-Whitney test (U-test); Kruskal-Wallis test (H-test); rank correlation test, report writing

Commerce: Unit 06

• Principles and functions of management, organization structure: Formal and informal organizations; span of control, responsibility and authority: Delegation of authority and decentralization, motivation and leadership: Concept and theories
• Corporate governance and business ethics, human resource management: Concept, role, and functions of HRM; human resource planning; recruitment and selection; training and development; succession planning
• Compensation management: Job evaluation; Incentives and fringe benefits, Performance appraisal including 360 degree performance appraisal, Collective bargaining and workers’ participation in management
• Personality: Perception; Attitudes; Emotions; Group dynamics; Power and politics; Conflict and negotiation; Stress management, Organizational Culture: Organizational development and organizational change

Commerce: Unit 07

• Overview of Indian financial system, types of banks: Commercial banks; regional rural banks (RRBs); foreign banks; cooperative banks, reserve bank of India: Functions; role and monetary policy management, banking sector reforms in India: Basel norms
• Banking sector reforms in India: Risk management; NPA management, financial markets: Money market; capital market; government securities market, financial institutions: Development finance institutions (DFIs); non-banking financial companies (NBFCs)
• Financial institutions: Mutual funds; pension funds, financial regulators in India, financial sector reforms including financial inclusion, digitization of banking and other financial services: Internet banking; mobile banking; digital payments systems
• Insurance: Types of insurance-life and non-life insurance; risk classification and management; factors limiting the insurability of risk; re-insurance; regulatory framework of insurance-IRDA and its role

Commerce: Unit 08

• Marketing: Concept and approaches; marketing channels; marketing mix; strategic marketing planning; market segmentation, targeting, and positioning, product decisions: Concept; product line; product mix decisions; product life cycle
• Product decisions: New product development, pricing decisions: Factors affecting price determination; pricing policies and strategies, promotion decisions: Role of promotion in marketing; promotion methods-advertising; personal selling; publicity
• Promotion decisions: Sales promotion tools and techniques; promotion mix, distribution decisions: Channels of distribution; channel management, consumer behaviour; consumer buying process; factors influencing consumer buying decisions, service marketing
• Trends in marketing: Social marketing; online marketing; green marketing; direct marketing; rural marketing; CRM, logistics management

Commerce: Unit 09

• Indian contract Act, 1872: Elements of a valid contract; capacity of parties; free consent; discharge of a contract; breach of contract and remedies against breach; quasi contracts; special contracts: Contracts of indemnity and guarantee
• Special contracts: Contracts of bailment and pledge; contracts of agency, sale of goods act, 1930: Sale and agreement to sell; doctrine of caveat emptor; rights of unpaid seller and rights of buyer
• Negotiable instruments act, 1881: Types of negotiable instruments; negotiation and assignment; dishonour and discharge of negotiable instruments, the companies act, 2013: Nature and kinds of companies; company formation; management
• The companies act, 2013: Meetings and winding up of a joint stock company, limited liability partnership: Structure and procedure of formation of LLP in India, the competition act, 2002: Objectives and main provisions
• The information technology act, 2000: Objectives and main provisions; cyber crimes and penalties, the RTI act, 2005: Objectives and main provisions, intellectual property rights (IPRs): Patents, trademarks, and copyrights
• Intellectual property rights (IPRs): Emerging issues in intellectual property, goods and services tax (GST): Objectives and main provisions; benefits of GST; implementation mechanism; working of dual GST

Commerce: Unit 10

• Income-tax: Basic concepts; residential status and tax incidence; exempted incomes; agricultural income; computation of taxable income under various heads; deductions from gross total income; assessment of individuals; clubbing of incomes
• International taxation: Double taxation and its avoidance mechanism; transfer pricing, corporate tax planning: Concepts and significance of corporate tax planning; tax avoidance versus tax evasion; techniques of corporate tax planning
• Corporate tax planning: Tax considerations in specific business situations-make or buy decisions; own or lease an asset; retain, renewal or replacement of asset; shut down or continue operations, deduction and collection of tax at source
• Advance payment of tax; e-filing of income-tax returns

Computer science and applications: Unit 01

• Mathematical logic: Propositional and predicate logic, propositional equivalences, normal forms, predicates and quantifiers, nested quantifiers, rules of inference
• Sets and relations: Set operations, representation and properties of relations, equivalence relations, partially ordering
• Counting, mathematical induction, and discrete probability: Basics of counting, pigeonhole principle, permutations and combinations, inclusion-exclusion principle, mathematical induction, probability, Bayes’ theorem
• Group theory: Groups, subgroups, semi groups, product and quotients of algebraic structures, isomorphism, homomorphism, automorphism, rings, integral domains, fields, applications of group theory
• Graph theory: Simple graph, multigraph, weighted graph, paths and circuits, shortest Paths in weighted graphs, Eulerian paths and circuits, Hamiltonian paths and circuits, planner graph, graph coloring, bipartite graphs, trees, and rooted trees
• Graph theory: Prefix codes, tree traversals, spanning trees, and cut-sets
• Boolean algebra: Boolean functions and its representation, simplifications of Boolean functions
• Optimization: Linear programming-mathematical model, graphical solution, simplex and dual simplex method, sensitive analysis; integer programming, transportation and assignment models. PERT-CPM: Diagram representation, critical path calculations
• Optimization: PERT-CPM-resource levelling, cost consideration in project scheduling

Computer science and applications: Unit 02

• Digital logic circuits and components: Digital computers, logic gates, Boolean algebra, map simplifications, combinational circuits, flip-flops, sequential circuits, integrated circuits, decoders, multiplexers, registers, and counters, memory unit
• Data representation: Data types, number systems and conversion, complements, fixed point representation, floating point representation, error detection codes, computer arithmetic-addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division algorithms
• Register transfer and micro-operations: Register transfer language, bus and memory transfers, arithmetic, logic, and shift micro-operations
• Basic computer organization and design: Stored program organization and instruction codes, computer registers, computer instructions, timing and control, instruction cycle, memory-reference instructions, input-output, interrupt
• Programming the basic computer: Machine language, assembly language, assembler, program loops, subroutines, input-output programming
• Micro-programmed control: Control memory, address sequencing, design of control unit
• Central processing unit: General register organization, stack organization, instruction formats, addressing modes, RISC computer, CISC computer
• Pipeline and vector processing: Parallel processing, pipelining, arithmetic pipeline, instruction pipeline, vector processing array processors
• Input-output organization: Peripheral devices, input-output interface, asynchronous data transfer, modes of transfer, priority interrupt, DMA, serial communication
• Memory hierarchy: Main memory, auxiliary memory, associative memory, cache memory, virtual memory, memory management hardware
• Multiprocessors: Characteristics of multiprocessors, interconnection structures, interprocessor arbitration, interprocessor communication and synchronization, cache coherence, multicore processors

Computer science and applications: Unit 03

• Language design and translation issues: Programming language concepts, paradigms, and models, programming environments, virtual computers and binding times, programming language syntax, stages in translation, formal transition models
• Elementary data types: Properties of types and objects; scalar and composite data types
• Programming in C: Tokens, identifiers, data types, sequence control, subprogram control, arrays, structures, union, string, pointers, functions, file handling, command line arguments, preprocessors
• Object oriented programming: Class, object, instantiation, inheritance, encapsulation, abstract class, polymorphism
• Programming in C++: Tokens, identifiers, variables and constants; data types, operators, control statements, functions parameter passing, virtual functions, class and objects; constructors and destructors
• Programming in C++: Overloading, iInheritance, templates, exception and event handling; streams and files; multifile programs
• Web programming: HTML, DHTML, XML, scripting, java, servlets, applets
• Computer graphics: Video-display devices, raster-scan and random-scan systems; graphics monitors, input devices, points and lines; line drawing algorithms, mid-point circle and ellipse algorithms
• Computer graphics: Scan line polygon fill algorithm, boundary-fill and flood fill
• 2-D geometrical transforms and viewing: Translation, scaling, rotation, reflection and shear transformations; matrix representations and homogeneous coordinates; composite transforms, transformations between coordinate systems, viewing pipeline
• 2-D geometrical transforms and viewing: Viewing coordinate reference frame, window to view-port coordinate transformation, viewing functions, line, and polygon clipping algorithms
• 3-D object representation, geometric transformations and viewing: Polygon surfaces, quadric surfaces, spline representation, Bezier and B-spline curves; Bezier and B-spline surfaces; illumination models, polygon rendering methods
• 3-D object representation, geometric transformations and viewing: Viewing pipeline and coordinates; general projection transforms and cipping

Computer science and applications: Unit 04

• Database system concepts and architecture: Data models, schemas, and instances; three-schema architecture and data independence; database languages and interfaces; centralized and client/ server architectures for DBMS
• Data modeling: Entity-relationship diagram, relational model-constraints, languages, design, and programming, relational database schemas, update operations and dealing with constraint violations; relational algebra and relational calculus; Codd rules
• SQL: Data definition and data types; constraints, queries, insert, delete, and update statements; views, stored procedures and functions; database triggers, SQL injection
• Normalization for relational databases: Functional dependencies and normalization; algorithms for query processing and optimization; transaction processing, concurrency control techniques, database recovery techniques
• Normalization for relational databases: Object and object-relational databases; database security and authorization
• Enhanced data models: Temporal database concepts, multimedia databases, deductive databases, XML and internet databases; mobile databases, geographic information systems, genome data management, distributed databases, and client-server architectures
• Data warehousing and data mining: Data modeling for data warehouses, concept hierarchy, OLAP and OLTP; association rules, classification, clustering, regression, support vector machine, K-nearest neighbour, hidden Markov Model, summarization
• Data warehousing and data mining: Dependency modeling, link analysis, sequencing analysis, social network analysis
• Big data systems: Big data characteristics, types of big data, big data architecture, introduction to map-reduce and hadoop; distributed file system, HDFS
• NOSQL: NOSQL and query optimization; different NOSQL products, querying and managing NOSQL; indexing and ordering data sets; NOSQL in cloud

Computer science and applications: Unit 05

• System software: Machine, assembly, and high-level languages; compilers and interpreters; loading, linking, and relocation; macros, debuggers
• Basics of operating systems: Operating system structure, operations and services; system calls, operating-system design and implementation; system boot
• Process management: Process scheduling and operations; interprocess communication, communication in client-server systems, process synchronization, critical-section problem, Peterson’s solution, semaphores, synchronization
• Threads: Multicore programming, multithreading models, thread libraries, implicit threading, threading issues
• CPU scheduling: Scheduling criteria and algorithms; thread scheduling, multiple processor scheduling, real-time CPU scheduling
• Deadlocks: Deadlock characterization, methods for handling deadlocks, deadlock prevention, avoidance, and detection; recovery from deadlock
• Memory management: Contiguous memory allocation, swapping, paging, segmentation, demand paging, page replacement, allocation of frames, thrashing, memory-mapped files
• Storage management: Mass-storage structure, disk structure, scheduling and management, RAID structure
• File and input/ output systems: Access methods, directory and disk structure; file system mounting, file sharing, file-system structure and implementation; directory implementation, allocation methods, free-space management, efficiency and performance
• File and input/ output systems: Recovery, I/O hardware, application I/O interface, kernel I/O subsystem, transforming I /O requests to hardware operations
• Security: Protection, access matrix, access control, revocation of access rights, program threats, system and network threats; cryptography as a security tool, user authentication, implementing security defenses
• Virtual machines: Types of virtual machines and implementations; virtualization
• Linux operating systems: Design principles, kernel modules, process management, scheduling, memory management, file systems, input and output; interprocess communication, network structure
• Windows operating systems: Design principles, system components, terminal services and fast user switching; file system, networking
• Distributed systems: Types of network based operating systems, network structure, communication structure and protocols; robustness, design issues, distributed file systems

Computer science and applications: Unit 06

• Software process models: Software process, generic process mmodel-framework activity, task set and process patterns; process life cycle, prescriptive process models, project management, component based development, aspect-oriented software development
• Software process models: Formal methods, agile process models-extreme programming (XP), adaptive software development, scrum, dynamic system development model, feature driven development, crystal, web engineering
• Software requirements: Functional and non-functional requirements; eliciting requirements, developing use cases, requirement analysis and modelling; requirements review, software requirment and specification (SRS) document
• Software design: Abstraction, architecture, patterns, separation of concerns, modularity, information hiding, functional independence, cohesion and coupling; object-oriented design, data design
• Software design: Architectural design, user interface design, component level design
• Software quality: McCall’s quality factors, ISO 9126 quality factors, quality control, quality assurance, risk management, risk mitigation, monitoring and management (RMMM); software reliability
• Estimation and scheduling of software projects: Software sizing, LOC and FP based estimations; estimating cost and effort; estimation models, constructive cost model (COCOMO), project scheduling and staffing; time-line charts
• Software testing: Verification and validation; error, fault, bug and failure; unit and integration tesing; white-box and black-box testing; basis path testing, control structure testing, deriving test cases, alpha and beta testing
• Software testing: Regression testing, performance testing, stress testing
• Software configuration management: Change control and version control; software reuse, software re-engineering, reverse engineering

Computer science and applications: Unit 07

• Data structures: Arrays and their applications; Sparse matrix, stacks, queues, priority queues, linked lists, trees, forest, binary tree, threaded binary tree, binary search tree, AVL tree, B tree, B+ tree, B* tree
• Data structures: Data structure for sets, graphs, sorting, and searching algorithms; hashing
• Performance analysis of algorithms and recurrences: Time and space complexities; asymptotic notation, recurrence relations
• Lower bound theory: Comparison trees, lower bounds through reductions
• Graph algorithms: Breadth-first search, depth-first search, shortest paths, maximum flow, minimum spanning trees
• Complexity theory: P and NP class problems; NP-completeness and reducibility
• Selected topics: Number theoretic algorithms, polynomial arithmetic, fast Fourier transform, string matching algorithms
• Advanced algorithms: Parallel algorithms for sorting, searching and merging, approximation algorithms, randomized algorithms

Computer science and applications: Unit 08

• Theory of computation: Formal language, non-computational problems, diagonal argument, Russell's paradox
• Regular language models: Deterministic finite automaton (DFA), non-deterministic finite automaton (NDFA), equivalence of DFA and NDFA, regular languages, regular grammars, regular expressions, properties of regular language, pumping lemma
• Regular language models: Non regular languages, lexical analysis
• Context free language: Pushdown automaton (PDA), non-deterministic pushdown automaton (NPDA), context free grammar, Chomsky normal form, Greibach normal form, ambiguity, parse tree representation of derivation trees
• Context free language: Equivalence of PDA’S and context free grammars; properties of context free language
• Turing machines (TM): Standard turing machine and its variations; universal turing machines, models of computation and church-turing thesis; recursive and recursively enumerable languages; context-sensitive languages, unrestricted grammars
• Turing machines (TM): Chomsky hierarchy of languages, construction of TM for simple problems
• Unsolvable problems and computational complexity: Unsolvable problem, halting problem, post correspondence problem, unsolvable problems for context-free languages, measuring and classifying complexity, tractable and intractable problems
• Syntax analysis: Associativity, precedence, grammar transformations, top down parsing, recursive descent predictive parsing, LL (1) parsing, bottom up parsing, LR parser, LALR (1) parser
• Semantic analysis: Attribute grammar, syntax directed definitions, inherited and synthesized attributes; dependency graph, evaluation order, S-attributed and L-attributed definitions; type-checking
• Run time system: Storage organization, activation tree, activation record, stack allocation of activation records, parameter passing mechanisms, symbol table
• Intermediate code generation: Intermediate representations, translation of declarations, assignments, control flow, Boolean expressions, and procedure calls
• Code generation and code optimization: Control-flow, data-flow analysis, local optimization, global optimization, loop optimization, peep-hole optimization, instruction scheduling

Computer science and applications: Unit 09

• Data communication: Components of a data communication system, simplex, half duplex and duplex modes of communication; analog and digital signals; noiseless and noisy channels; bandwidth, throughput and latency; digital and analog transmission
• Data communication: Data encoding and modulation techniques; broadband and baseband transmission; multiplexing, transmission media, transmission errors, error handling mechanisms
• Computer networks: Network topologies, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area network, wireless networks, internet
• Network models: Layered architecture, OSI reference model and its protocols; TCP/ Ip protocol suite, physical, logical, port and specific addresses; switching techniques
• Functions of OSI and TCP/ IP layers: Framing, error detection and correction; flow and error control; sliding window protocol, HDLC, multiple access-CSMA/ CD, CSMA/ CA, reservation, polling, token passing, FDMA, CDMA, TDMA, network devices
• Functions of OSI and TCP/ IP layers: Backbone networks, virtual lans. IPv4 structure and address space; classful and classless addressing; datagram, fragmentation and checksum; IPv6 packet format, mapping logical to physical address (ARP)
• Functions of OSI and TCP/ IP layers: Direct and indirect network layer delivery; routing algorithms, TCP, UDP, and SCTP protocols; flow control, error control and congestion control in TCP and SCTP
• World wide web (www): Uniform resource locator (URL), domain name service (DNS), resolution-mapping names to addresses and addresses to names; electronic mail architecture, SMTP, POP, and IMAP; telnet and FTP
• Network security: Malwares, cryptography and steganography; secret-key algorithms, public-key algorithms, digital signature, virtual private networks, firewalls
• Mobile technology: GSM and CDMA; services and architecture of GSM and mobile computing; middleware and gateway for mobile computing; mobile IP and mobile communication protocol; communication satellites, wireless networks, and topologies
• Mobile technology: Cellular topology, mobile adhoc networks, wireless transmission and wireless LANs; wireless geolocation systems, GPRS, and SMS
• Cloud computing and IOT: SAAS, PAAS, IAAS, public and private cloud; virtualization, virtual server, cloud storage, database storage, resource management, service level agreement, basics of IOT

Computer science and applications: Unit 10

• Approaches to AI: Turing test and rational agent approaches; state space representation of problems, heuristic search techniques, game playing, min-max search, alpha beta cutoff procedures
• Knowledge representation: Logic, semantic networks, frames, rules, scripts, conceptual dependency and ontologies; expert systems, handling uncertainty in knowledge
• Planning: Components of a planning system, linear and non linear planning; goal stack planning, hierarchical planning, strips, partial order planning
• Natural language processing: Grammar and language; parsing techniques, semantic analysis, and prgamatics
• Multi agent systems: Agents and objects; agents and expert systems; generic structure of multiagent system, semantic web, agent communication, knowledge sharing using ontologies, agent development tools
• Fuzzy sets: Notion of fuzziness, membership functions, fuzzification and defuzzification; operations on fuzzy sets, fuzzy functions and linguistic variables; fuzzy relations, fuzzy rules, and fuzzy inference
• Fuzzy sets: Fuzzy control system and fuzzy rule based systems
• Genetic algorithms (GA): Encoding strategies, genetic operators, fitness functions and GA cycle; problem solving using GA
• Artificial neural networks (ANN): Supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning; single perceptron, multi layer perceptron, self organizing maps, Hopfield network

Economics: Unit 01

• Theory of consumer behaviour, theory of production and costs, decision making under uncertainty attitude towards risk, game theory-non cooperative games, market structures, competitive and non-competitive equilibrium, and their efficiency properties
• Factor pricing, general equilibrium analysis, efficiency criteria: Pareto-optimality, Kaldor-Hicks, and wealth maximization, welfare economics: Fundamental theorems, social welfare function, asymmetric information: Adverse selection and moral hazard

Economics: Unit 02

• National income: Concepts and measurement, determination of output and employment: Classical and Keynesian approach, consumption function, investment function, multiplier and accelerator, demand for money, supply of money, IS-LM model approach
• Inflation and Phillips curve analysis, business cycles, monetary and fiscal policy, rational expectation hypothesis and its critique

Economics: Unit 03

• Probability theory: Concepts of probability, distributions, moments, central limit theorem, descriptive statistics-measures of central tendency and dispersions, correlation, index numbers, sampling methods and sampling distribution
• Statistical inferences, hypothesis testing, linear regression models and their properties-blue, identification problem, simultaneous equation models-recursive and non-recursive, discrete choice models, time series analysis

Economics: Unit 04

• Sets, functions, and continuity, sequence, series, differential calculus and its applications, linear algebra-matrices, vector spaces, static optimization problems, and their applications
• Input-output model, linear programming
• Difference and differential equations with applications

Economics: Unit 05

• International trade: Basic concepts and analytical tools, theories of international trade, international trade under imperfect competition, balance of payments: Composition, equilibrium and disequilibrium, and adjustment mechanisms
• Exchange rate: Concepts and theories, foreign exchange market and arbitrage, gains from trade, terms of trade, trade multiplier, tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade; dumping, GATT, WTO, and regional trade blocks; trade policy issues
• IMF and world bank

Economics: Unit 06

• Market failure and remedial measures: Asymmetric information, public goods, externality
• Regulation of market-collusion and consumers’ welfare, public revenue: Tax and non-tax revenue, direct and indirect taxes, progressive and non-progressive taxation, incidence, and effects of taxation
• Public expenditure, public debt and its management, public budget and budget multiplier, fiscal policy and its implications

Economics: Unit 07

• Components of Money Supply, Central Bank, Commercial Banking, Instruments and Working of Monetary Policy, Non-banking Financial Institutions, Capital Market and its Regulation

Economics: Unit 08

• Economic growth and economic development, theories of economic development: Adam Smith, Ricardo, Marx, Schumpeter, Rostow, balanced and unbalanced growth, big push approach
• Models of economic growth: Harrod-Domar, Solow, Robinson, Kaldor, technical progress-disembodied and embodied; endogenous growth, indicators of economic development: PQLI, HDI, SDGS, poverty and inequalities-concepts and measurement
• Social sector development: health, education, gender

Economics: Unit 09

• Environment as a public good, market failure, Coase theorem, cost-benefit analysis and compensation criteria, valuation of environmental goods, theories of population, concepts and measures: Fertility, morbidity, mortality
• Age structure, demographic dividend, life table, migration

Economics: Unit 10

• Economic growth in India: Pattern and structure, agriculture: Pattern and structure of growth, major challenges, policy responses, industry: Pattern and structure of growth, major challenges, policy responses
• Services: Pattern and structure of growth, major challenges, policy responses, rural development-issues, challenges, and policy responses
• Urban development-issues, challenges, and policy responses
• Foreign trade: structure and direction, bop, flow of foreign capital, trade policies
• Infrastructure development: Physical and social; public-private partnerships
• Reforms in land, labour, and capital markets
• Centre-state financial relations and finance commissions of India; FRBM, Poverty, inequality, and unemployment

Education: Unit 01

• Contribution of Indian Schools of philosophy (Sankhya Yoga, Vedanta, Buddhism, Jainism) with special reference to Vidya, Dayanand Darshan; and Islamic traditions towards educational aims and methods of acquiring valid knowledge
• Contribution of Western schools of thoughts (idealism, realism, naturalism, pragmatism, Marxism, existentialism) and their contribution to education with special reference to information, knowledge, and wisdom
• Approaches to sociology of education (symbolic interaction, structural functionalism, and conflict theory)
• Concept and types of social Institutions and their functions (family, school, and society), concept of social movements, theories of social movements (relative deprivation, resource mobilization, political process theory, and new social movement theory)
• Socialization and education-education and culture; contribution of thinkers (Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, Aurobindo, J. Krishnamurti, Paulo Freire, Wollstonecraft Nel Noddings and Savitribai Phule)
• To the development of educational thought for social change, national values as enshrined in the Indian constitution-socialism, secularism, justice, liberty, democracy, equality, freedom with special reference to education

Education: Unit 02

• Committees and commissions contribution to teacher education secondary education commission (1953), Kothari education commission (1964-66), national policy of education (1986, 1992), national commission on teachers (1999)
• National curriculum framework 2005, national knowledge commission (2007), Yashpal committee report (2009), national curriculum framework for teacher education (2009), justice Verma committee report (2012)
• Relationship between policies and education, linkage between educational policy and national development, determinants of educational policy and process of policy formulation: Analysis of the existing situation, generation of policy options
• Determinants of educational policy and process of policy formulation: Evaluation of policy options, making the policy decision, planning of policy implementation, policy impact assessment, and subsequent policy cycles
• Concept of economics of education: Cost benefit analysis vs. cost effective analysis in education, economic returns to higher education signaling theory vs. human capital theory, concept of educational finance
• Concept of economics of education: Educational finance at micro and macro levels, concept of budgeting
• Relationship between politics and education, perspectives of politics of education liberal, conservative, and critical, approaches to understanding politics (behaviouralism, theory of systems analysis, and theory of rational choice)
• Education for Political Development and Political Socialization

Education: Unit 03

• Growth and development: Concept and principles, cognitive processes and stages of cognitive development , personality: Definitions and theories (Freud, Carl Rogers, Gordon Allport, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka), mental health and mental hygiene
• Approaches to intelligence from unitary to multiple: Concepts of social intelligence, multiple intelligence, emotional intelligence theories of intelligence by Sternberg, Gardner, assessment of intelligence
• Approaches to intelligence from unitary to multiple: Concepts of problem solving, critical thinking, metacognition and creativity
• Principles and theories of learning: behaviouristic, cognitive and social theories of learning, factors affecting social learning, social competence, concept of social cognition, understanding social relationship and socialization goals
• Guidance and counselling: Nature, principles, and need, types of guidance (educational, vocational, personal, health, and social and directive, non-directive, and eclectic)
• Guidance and counselling: Approaches to counselling-cognitive behavioural (Albert Ellis-REBT) and humanistic, person-centred counselling (Carl Rogers)-theories of counselling (behaviouristic, rational, emotive, and reality)

Education: Unit 04

• Meaning, nature, and scope of teacher education; types of teacher education programs, the structure of teacher education curriculum and its vision in curriculum documents of NCERT and NCTE at elementary, secondary and higher secondary levels
• Organization of components of pre-service teacher education transactional approaches (for foundation courses) expository, collaborative, and experiential learning
• Understanding knowledge base of teacher education from the view point of Schulman, Deng and Luke and Habermas, meaning of reflective teaching and strategies for promoting reflective teaching, models of teacher education-behaviouristic
• Competency-based and inquiry oriented teacher education models
• Concept, need, purpose, and scope of in-service teacher education, organization and modes of in-service teacher education, agencies and institutions of in-service teacher education at district
• State and national levels (SSA, RMSA, SCERT, NCERT, NCTE, and UGC), preliminary consideration in planning in-service teacher education programme (purpose, duration, resources, and budget)
• Concept of profession and professionalism, teaching as a profession, professional ethics of teachers, personal and contextual factors affecting teacher development, ICT integration, quality enhancement for professionalization of teacher education
• Innovation in teacher education

Education: Unit 05

• Concept and principles of curriculum, strategies of curriculum development, stages in the process of curriculum development, foundations of curriculum planning-philosophical bases (national, democratic), sociological basis (socio-cultural reconstruction)
• Psychological bases (learner’s needs and interests), bench marking and role of national level statutory bodies-UGC, NCTE and university in curriculum development
• Models of curriculum design: Traditional and contemporary models (academic/ discipline based model, competency based model, social functions/ activities model (social reconstruction), individual needs and interests model, outcome based integrative model
• Models of curriculum design: Intervention model, C.I.P.P. model (context, input, process, product model)
• Instructional system, instructional media, instructional techniques and material in enhancing curriculum transaction, approaches to evaluation of curriculum: Approaches to curriculum and instruction (academic and competency based approaches)
• Models of curriculum evaluation: Tyler’s Model, Stakes’ Model, Scriven’s Model, Kirkpatrick’s model
• Meaning and types of curriculum change, factors affecting curriculum change, approaches to curriculum change, role of students, teachers, and educational administrators in curriculum change and improvement
• Scope of curriculum research and types of research in curriculum studies

Education: Unit 06

• Meaning and scope of educational research, meaning and steps of scientific method, characteristics of scientific method (replicability, precision, falsifiability, and parsimony), types of scientific method (exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive)
• Aims of research as a scientific activity: Problem-solving, theory building, and prediction, types of research (fundamental, applied, and action), approaches to educational research (quantitative and qualitative)
• Designs in educational research (descriptive, experimental, and historical)
• Variables: Meaning of concepts, constructs, and variables, types of variables (independent, dependent, extraneous, intervening, and moderator), hypotheses-concept, sources, types (research, directional, non-directional, null), formulating hypothesis
• Characteristics of a good hypothesis, steps of writing a research proposal, concept of universe and sample, characteristics of a good sample, techniques of sampling (probability and non-probability sampling), tools of research-validity
• Reliability and standardization of a tool, types of tools (rating scale, attitude scale, questionnaire, aptitude test, and achievement test, inventory), techniques of research (observation, interview, and projective techniques)
• Types of measurement scale (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio), quantitative data analysis-descriptive data analysis (measures of central tendency, variability, fiduciary limits, and graphical presentation of data)
• Testing of hypothesis (type-I and type-II errors), levels of significance, power of a statistical test and effect size, parametric techniques, non-parametric techniques, conditions to be satisfied for using parametric techniques, inferential data analysis
• Use and interpretation of statistical techniques: correlation, t-test, z-test, ANOVA, chi-square (equal probability and normal probability hypothesis)
• Qualitative data analysis-data reduction and classification, analytical induction and constant comparison, concept of triangulation
• Qualitative research designs: Grounded theory designs (types, characteristics, designs, steps in conducting a GT research, strengths, and weakness of GT)
• Qualitative research designs: Narrative research designs (meaning and key characteristics, components of a CS design, types of CS design, steps of conducting a CS research, strengths and weaknesses)
• Qualitative research designs: Ethnography (meaning, characteristics, underlying assumptions, steps of conducting ethnographic research, writing ethnographic account, strengths and weaknesses)
• Mixed method designs: Characteristics, types of MM designs (triangulation, explanatory, and exploratory designs), steps in conducting a MM designs, strengths and weakness of MM research

Education: Unit 07

• Pedagogy, pedagogical analysis-concept and stages, critical pedagogy-meaning, need and its implications in teacher education, organizing teaching: Memory level (Herbartian model), understanding level (Morrison teaching model)
• Reflective level (Bigge and Hunt teaching model), concept of andragogy in education: Meaning, principles, competencies of Self-directed learning, theory of andragogy (Malcolm Knowles), the dynamic model of learner autonomy
• Assessment-meaning, nature, perspectives (assessment for learning, assessment of learning, and assessment of learning)-types of assessment (placement, formative, diagnostic, summative) relations between objectives and outcomes
• Assessment of cognitive (Anderson and Krathwohl), affective (Krathwohl) and psychomotor domains (R.H. Dave) of learning
• Assessment in pedagogy of education: Feedback devices-meaning, types, criteria, guidance as a feedback devices: Assessment of portfolios, reflective journal, field engagement using rubrics, competency based evaluation
• Assessment in pedagogy of education: Assessment of teacher prepared ICT resources
• Assessment in andragogy of education-interaction analysis: Flanders’ interaction analysis, Galloway’s system of interaction analysis (recording of classroom events, construction, and interpretation of interaction matrix)
• Assessment in andragogy of education-interaction analysis: Criteria for teacher evaluation (product, process, and presage criteria, rubrics for self and peer evaluation (meaning, steps of construction)

Education: Unit 08

• Concept of educational technology (ET) as a discipline: Information technology, communication technology, and information and communication technology (ICT) and instructional technology, applications of educational technology in formal
• Concept of educational technology (ET) as a discipline: Non formal (open and distance learning), informal and inclusive education systems, overview of behaviourist
• Concept of educational technology (ET) as a discipline: Cognitive and constructivist theories and their implications to instructional design (Skinner, Piaget, Ausubel, Bruner, Vygotsky)
• Concept of educational technology (ET) as a discipline: Relationship between learning theories and instructional strategies (for large and small groups, formal and, non formal groups)
• Systems approach to instructional design, models of development of instructional design (Addie, assure, Dick and Carey model mason’s), Gagne’s nine events of instruction and five E’s of constructivism, nine elements of constructivist instructional design
• Application of computers in education: CAI, CAL, CBT, CML, concept, process of preparing ODLM, concept of e learning, approaches to e-learning (offline, online, synchronous, asynchronous, blended learning, mobile learning)
• Emerging trends in e-learning: Social learning (concept, use of web 2.0 tools for learning, social networking sites, blogs, chats, video conferencing, discussion forum)
• Emerging trends in e-learning: Open education resources (creative common, massive open online courses; concept and application), e-inclusion-concept of e-inclusion, application of assistive technology in e-learning
• Emerging trends in e-learning: Quality of e-learning-measuring quality of system: Information, system, service, user satisfaction and net benefits (D and M IS success model, 2003)
• Quality of e-learning-measuring quality of system: Ethical issues for e-learner and e-teacher teaching, learning and research
• Use of ICT in evaluation, administration and research: E-portfolios, ICT for research-online repositories and online libraries, online and offline assessment tools (online survey tools or test generators)-concept and development

Education: Unit 09

• Educational management and administration: Meaning, principles, functions, and importance, institutional building, POSDCORB, CPM, PERT, management as a system, SWOT analysis, taylorism, administration as a process, administration as a bureaucracy
• Educational management and administration: Human relations approach to administration, organizational compliance, organinsational development, organisational climate
• Leadership in educational administration: Meaning and nature, approaches to leadership-trait, transformational, transactional, value based, cultural, psychodynamic, and charismatic
• Leadership in educational administration: Models of leadership (Blake and Mouton’s managerial grid, Fiedler’s contingency model, tri-dimensional model, Hersey and Blanchard’s model, leader-member exchange theory)
• Concept of quality and quality in education: Indian and international perspective, evolution of quality-inspection, quality control, quality assurance, total quality management (TQM), six sigma, quality gurus: Walter Shewart, Edward Deming, C.K Pralhad
• Change management: Meaning, need for planned change, three step-model of change (unfreezing, moving, refreezing), the Japanese models of change: just-in-time, poka yoke, cost of quality: Appraisal costs, failure costs and preventable costs
• Change management: Cost of quality-cost benefit analysis, cost effective analysis, Indian and international quality assurance agencies: Objectives, functions, roles and initiatives (national assessment accreditation council (NAAC), performance indicators
• Change management: Indian and international quality assurance agencies-quality assurance agencies in higher education (INQAAHE)

Education: Unit 10

• Inclusive education: Concept, principles, scope, and target groups (diverse learners; including marginalized group and learners with disabilities), evolution of the philosophy of inclusive education: Special, integrated, inclusive education
• Inclusive education: Legal provisions-policies and legislations (national policy of education (1986), programme of action of action (1992), persons with disabilities act (1995), national policy of disabilities (2006), national curriculum framework (2005)
• Inclusive education: Legal provisions-concession and facilities to diverse learners (academic and financial), rehabilitation council of India act (1992), inclusive education under sarva shiksha abhiyan (SSA)
• Inclusive education: Legal provisions-features of UNCRPD (united nations convention on the rights of persons with disabilities) and its implication
• Concept of impairment, disability and handicap, classification of disabilities based on ICF model, readiness of school and models of inclusion, prevalence, types, characteristics and educational needs of diverse learners’ intellectual
• Physical and multiple disabilities, causes and prevention of disabilities, identification of diverse learners for inclusion, educational evaluation methods, techniques and tools
• Planning and management of inclusive classrooms: infrastructure, human resource and instructional practices, curriculum and curricular adaptations for diverse learners
• Planning and management of inclusive classrooms: Assistive and adaptive technology for diverse learners-product (aids and appliances) and process (individualized education plan, remedial teaching), parent professional partnership: Role of parents, peers
• Planning and management of inclusive classrooms: Parent professional partnership-professionals, teachers, school
• Barriers and facilitators in inclusive education: attitude, social and educational, current status and ethical issues of inclusive education in India, research trends of inclusive education in India

Environmental sciences: Unit 01

• Definition, principles, and scope of environmental science
• Structure and composition of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere
• Laws of thermodynamics, heat transfer processes, mass and energy transfer across various interfaces, material balance
• Meteorological parameters-pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity, mixing ratio, saturation mixing ratio, radiation and wind velocity, adiabatic lapse rate, environmental lapse rate
• Wind roses
• Interaction between earth, man, and environment
• Biogeographic provinces of the world and agro-climatic zones of India, concept of sustainable development
• Natural resources and their assessment
• Remote sensing and gis: principles of remote sensing and gis
• Digital image processing and ground truthing
• Application of remote sensing and gis in land cover/ land use planning and management (urban sprawling, vegetation study, forestry, natural resource), waste management, and climate change
• Environmental education and awareness
• Environmental ethics

Environmental sciences: Unit 02

• Fundamentals of environmental chemistry: Classification of elements, stoichiometry, Gibbs’ energy, chemical potential, chemica kinetics, chemical equilibrium, solubility of gases in water, the carbonate system, unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons
• Fundamentals of environmental chemistry: Radioisotopes
• Composition of air
• Particles, ions, and radicals in the atmosphere
• Chemical speciation
• Chemical processes in the formation of inorganic and organic particulate matters, thermochemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere, oxygen, and ozone chemistry
• Photochemical smog
• Hydrological cycle
• Water as a universal solvent
• Concept of DO, BOD, and COD
• Sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, filtration, pH, and redox potential (Eh)
• Inorganic and organic components of soils
• Biogeochemical cycles-nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and sulphur
• Toxic chemicals: Pesticides and their classification and effects. Biochemical aspects of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr) and metalloids (As, Se) CO, O₃, PAN, VOC and POP. Carcinogens in the air
• Principles of analytical methods: Titrimetry, gravimetry, bomb calorimetry, chromatography (paper chromatography, TLC, GC, and HPLC), flame photometry, spectrophotometry (UV-vis, AAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS), electrophoresis, XRF, XRD, NMR, FTIR, GC-MS, SEM, TEM

Environmental sciences: Unit 03

• Ecology as an inter-disciplinary science
• Origin of life and speciation
• Human ecology and settlement
• Ecosystem structure and functions: Structures-biotic and abiotic components. Functions-energy flow in ecosystems, energy flow models, food chains, and food webs. Biogeochemical cycles, ecological succession
• Ecosystem structure and functions: Species diversity, concept of ecotone, edge effects, ecological habitats and niche. Ecosystem stability and factors affecting stability. Ecosystem services
• Basis of ecosystem classification
• Types of ecosystem: desert (hot and cold), forest, rangeland, wetlands, lotic, lentic, estuarine (mangrove), oceanic
• Biomes: Concept, classification and distribution. Characteristics of different biomes: Tundra, Taiga, Grassland, Deciduous forest biome, Highland Icy Alpine Biome, chaparral, Savanna, tropical rain forest
• Population ecology: Characteristics of population, concept of carrying capacity, population growth and regulations. Population fluctuations, dispersion, and metapopulation. Concept of ‘r’ and ‘k’ species. Keystone species
• Community ecology: Definition, community concept, types, and interaction-predation, herbivory, parasitism, and allelopathy. Biological invasions
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Definition, types, importance of biodiversity and threats to biodiversity. Concept and basis of identification of ‘hotspots’; hotspots in India. Measures of biodiversity
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Strategies for biodiversity conservation-in-situ, ex-situ and in-vitro conservation. National parks, sanctuaries, protected areas and sacred groves in India. Concepts of gene pool, biopiracy, and bioprospecting
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Strategies for biodiversity conservation-concept of restoration ecology, extinct, rare, endangered and threatened flora and fauna of India. Concept of industrial ecology
• Toxicology and microbiology: Absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxic agents, acute, and chronic toxicity, concept of bioassay, threshold limit value, margin of safety, therapeutic index, biotransformation
• Toxicology and microbiology: Major water borne diseases and air borne microbes
• Environmental biotechnology: Bioremediation-definition, types and role of plants and microbes for in-situ and ex-situ remediation. Bioindicators, biofertilizers, biofuels, and biosensors

Environmental sciences: Unit 04

• Origin of earth
• Primary geochemical differentiation and formation of core, mantle, crust, atmosphere, and hydrosphere
• Concept of minerals and rocks
• Formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks
• Controls on formation of landforms-tectonic including plate tectonic and climatic
• Concept of steady state and equilibrium, energy budget of the earth
• Earth’s thermal environment and seasons
• Coriolis force, pressure gradient force, frictional force, geostrophic wind field, gradient wind
• Climates of India, western disturbances, Indian monsoon, droughts, El Nino, La Nina
• Concept of residence time and rates of natural cycles
• Geophysical fields
• Weathering including weathering reactions, erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediments
• Soil forming minerals and process of soil formation, identification, and characterization of clay minerals, soil physical and chemical properties, soil types and climate control on soil formation, cation exchange capacity and mineralogical controls
• Geochemical classification of elements, abundance of elements in bulk earth, crust, hydrosphere and biosphere
• Partitioning of elements during surficial geologic processes, geochemical recycling of elements
• Paleoclimate
• Distribution of water in earth, hydrology and hydrogeology, major basins and groundwater provinces of india, darcy’s law and its validity, groundwater fluctuations, hydraulic conductivity, groundwater tracers, land subsidence
• Effects of excessive use of groundwater, groundwater quality
• Pollution of groundwater resources, Ghyben-Herzberg relation between fresh-saline water
• Natural resource exploration and exploitation, and related environmental concerns
• Historical perspective and conservation of non-renewable resources
• Natural hazards: Catastrophic geological hazards-floods, landslides, earthquakes, volcanism, avalanche, tsunami and cloud bursts. Prediction of hazards and mitigation of their impacts

Environmental sciences: Unit 05

• Sun as source of energy; solar radiation and its spectral characteristics
• Fossil fuels: Classification, composition, physico-chemical characteristics and energy content of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Shale oil, coal bed methane, gas hydrates. Gross-calorific value and net-calorific value
• Principles of generation of hydro-power, tidal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion, wind power, geothermal energy, solar energy (solar collectors, photo-voltaic modules, solar ponds)
• Nuclear energy-fission and fusion, nuclear fuels, nuclear reactor-principles, and types
• Bioenergy: methods to produce energy from biomass
• Environmental implications of energy use; energy use pattern in India and the world, emissions of CO2 in developed and developing countries including India, radiative forcing and global warming
• Impacts of large scale exploitation of solar, wind, hydro, and nuclear energy sources

Environmental sciences: Unit 06

• Air pollution: Sources and types of pollutants-natural and anthropogenic sources, primary and secondary pollutants. Criteria air pollutants. Sampling and monitoring of air pollutants (gaseous and particulates); period, frequency, and duration of sampling
• Air pollution: Principles and instruments for measurements of-(i) ambient air pollutants concentration and, (ii) stack emissions. Indian national ambient air quality standards. Impact of air pollutants on human health, plants and materials. Acid rain
• Air pollution: Dispersion of air pollutants. Mixing height/ depth, lapse rates, Gaussian plume model, line source model and area source model. Control devices for particulate matter: Principle and working of-settling chamber, centrifugal collectors
• Air pollution: Control devices for particulate matter-wet collectors, fabric filters, and electrostatic precipitator. Control of gaseous pollutants through adsorption, absorption, condensation, and combustion including catalytic combustion
• Air pollution: Indoor air pollution, vehicular emissions and urban air quality
• Noise pollution: Sources, weighting networks, measurement of noise indices (Leq, L₁₀, L₉₀, L₅₀, LDN, TNI). Noise dose and noise pollution standards. Noise control and abatement measures: Active and passive methods. Vibrations and their measurements
• Noise pollution: Impact of noise and vibrations on human health
• Water pollution: Types and sources of water pollution. Impact on humans, plants and animals. Measurement of water quality parameters: sampling and analysis for pH, EC, turbidity, TDS, hardness, chlorides, salinity, DO, BOD, COD, nitrates, phosphates
• Water pollution: Measurement of water quality parameters-sulphates, heavy metals and organic contaminants. Microbiological analysis-MPN. Indian standards for drinking water (IS:10500, 2012). Drinking water treatment: Coagulation and flocculation
• Water pollution: Drinking water treatment-sedimentation, and filtration, disinfection, and softening. Wastewater treatment: Primary, secondary, and advanced treatment methods. Common effluent treatment plant
• Soil pollution: Physico-chemical and biological properties of soil (texture, structure, inorganic, and organic components). Analysis of soil quality. Soil pollution control. Industrial effluents and their interactions with soil components
• Soil pollution: Soil microorganisms and their functions-degradation of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers
• Thermal, marine pollution and radioactive: Sources of thermal pollution, heat islands, causes and consequences. Sources and impact of marine pollution. Methods of abatement of marine pollution. Coastal management. Radioactive pollution-sources
• Thermal, marine pollution and radioactive: Biological effects of ionizing radiations, radiation exposure and radiation standards, radiation protection

Environmental sciences: Unit 07

• Solid waste: Types and sources. Solid waste characteristics, generation rates, solid waste components, proximate, and ultimate analyses of solid wastes
• Solid waste collection and transportation: Container systems-hauled and stationary, layout of collection routes, transfer stations, and transportation
• Solid waste processing and recovery: Recycling, recovery of materials for recycling and direct manufacture of solid waste products. Electrical energy generation from solid waste (fuel pellets, refuse derived fuels), composting and vermicomposting
• Solid waste processing and recovery: Biomethanation of solid waste. Disposal of solid wastes-sanitary land filling and its management, incineration of solid waste
• Hazardous waste: Types, characteristics, and health impacts. Hazardous waste management: Treatment methods-neutralization, oxidation reduction, precipitation, solidification, stabilization, incineration, and final disposal
• E-waste: Classification, methods of handling, and disposal
• Fly ash: Sources, composition, and utilization
• Plastic waste: Sources, consequences, and management

Environmental sciences: Unit 08

• Aims and objectives of environmental impact assessment (EIA)
• Environmental impact statement (EIS) and environmental management plan (EMP), EIA guidelines
• Impact assessment methodologies
• Procedure for reviewing EIA of developmental projects
• Life-cycle analysis, costbenefit analysis
• Guidelines for environmental audit
• Environmental planning as a part of EIA and environmental audit
• Environmental management system standards (ISO14000 series)
• EIA notification, 2006 and amendments from time to time
• Eco-labeling schemes
• Risk assessment-hazard identification, hazard accounting, scenarios of exposure, risk characterization and risk management
• Overview of environmental laws in India: Constitutional provisions in India (article 48A and 51A), wildlife protection act, 1972 amendments 1991, forest conservation act, 1980, Indian forest act, revised 1982, biological diversity act, 2002
• Overview of environmental laws in India: Water (prevention and control of pollution) act, 1981 amended 1987 and rules 1982, environmental (protection) act, 1986 and rules 1986, motor vehicle act, 1988
• Overview of environmental laws in India: The hazardous and other waste (management and transboundary movement) rules, 2016, the plastic waste management rules, 2016, the biomedical waste management rules, 2016, the solid waste management rules, 2016
• Overview of environmental laws in India: The e-waste (management) rules 2016, the construction and demolition waste management rules, 2016, the manufacture, storage and import of hazardous chemical (amendment) rules, 2000
• Overview of environmental laws in India: The batteries (management and handling) rules, 2010 with amendments, the public liability insurance act, 1991 and rules 1991, noise pollution (regulation and control) rules, 2000
• Overview of environmental laws in India: Coastal regulation zones (CRZ) 1991 amended from time to time. National forest policy, 1988, national water policy, 2002, national environmental policy, 2006
• Environmental conventions and agreements: Stockholm conference on human environment 1972, montreal protocol, 1987, conference of parties (COPs), Basel Convention (1989, 1992), Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (1971), earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, 1992
• Environmental conventions and agreements: Agenda-21, global environmental facility (GEF), convention on biodiversity (1992), UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, 1997, clean development mechanism (CDM), earth summit at Johannesburg, 2002, RIO+20
• Environmental conventions and agreements: UN Summit on millennium development goals, 2000, Copenhagen Summit, 2009. IPCC, UNEP, IGBP

Environmental sciences: Unit 09

• Attributes and variables: Types of variables, scales of measurement, measurement of central tendency and dispersion, standard error, moments-measure of Skewness and Kurtosis, basic concept of probability theory, sampling theory
• Attributes and variables: Distributions-normal, log-normal, binomial, Poisson, t, X² and F-distribution, correlation, regression, tests of hypothesis (t-test, X²-test ANOVA: One-way and two-way); significance and confidence limits
• Approaches to development of environmental models; linear, simple, and multiple regression models, validation and forecasting
• Models of population growth and interactions: Lotka-Volterra model, Leslie’s matrix model

Environmental sciences: Unit 10

• Global environmental issues-biodiversity loss, climate change, ozone layer depletion
• Sea level rise
• International efforts for environmental protection
• National action plan on climate change: Eight national missions-national solar mission, national mission for enhanced energy efficiency, national mission on sustainable habitat, national water mission
• National action plan on climate change: National mission for sustaining the Himalayan ecosystem, national mission for a ‘green India’, national mission for sustainable agriculture, national mission on strategic knowledge for climate change

Environmental sciences: Unit 11

• Environmental issues related to water resource projects-Narmada dam, Tehri dam, Almatti dam, Cauvery and Mahanadi, hydropower projects in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal and north-eastern states
• Water conservation-development of watersheds, rain water harvesting and ground water recharge
• National river conservation plan-Namami Gange and Yamuna action plan
• Eutrophication and restoration of lakes
• Conservation of wetlands, Ramsar sites in India
• Soil erosion, reclamation of degraded land, desertification and its control
• Climate change-adaptability, energy security, food security, and sustainability
• Forest conservation-Chipko movement, Appiko movement, silent valley movement and Gandhamardhan movement
• People biodiversity register
• Wildlife conservation projects: Project tiger, project elephant, crocodile conservation, GOI-UNDP sea turtle project, Indo-rhino vision
• Carbon sequestration and carbon credits
• Waste management-Swachha Bharat Abhiyan
• Sustainable habitat: Green building, GRIHA rating norms
• Vehicular emission norms in India
• Epidemiological issues: Fluorosis, arsenocosis, goitre, dengue
• Environmental disasters: Minnamata disaster, love canal disaster, Bhopal gas disaster, 1984, Chernobyl disaster, 1986, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, 2011

Geography: Unit 01

• Continental drift, plate tectonics, endogenetic, and exogenetic forces
• Denudation and weathering, geomorphic cycle (Davis and Penck), theories and process of slope development, earth movements (seismicity, folding, faulting, and vulcanicity)
• Landform occurrence and causes of geomorphic hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and avalanches)

Geography: Unit 02

• Composition and structure of atmosphere; insolation, heat budget of earth, temperature, pressure, and winds, atmospheric circulation (air-masses, fronts and upper air circulation, cyclones, and anticyclones (tropical and temperate)
• Climatic classification of Koppen and Thornthwaite, ENSO events (El Nino, La Nina, and southern oscillations), meteorological hazards and disasters (cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes, hailstorms, heat, and cold waves drought and cloudburst
• Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change: Evidences and Causes of Climatic Change in the past, Human impact on Global Climate

Geography: Unit 03

• Relief of oceans, composition: Temperature, density, and salinity, circulation: Warm and cold currents, waves, tides, sea level changes, hazards: Tsunami and cyclone

Geography: Unit 04

• Components: Ecosystem (geographic classification) and human ecology, functions: Trophic levels, energy flows, cycles (geochemical, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen), food chain, food web, and ecological pyramid, human interaction, and impacts
• Functions: Environmental ethics and deep ecology, environmental hazards and disasters (global warming, urban heat island, atmospheric pollution, water pollution, land degradation), national programmes and policies: Legal framework, environmental policy
• National programmes and policies: International treaties, international programmes, and polices (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto protocol, agenda 21, sustainable development goals, Paris agreement)

Geography: Unit 05

• Population geography: Sources of population data (census, sample surveys, and vital statistics, data reliability, and errors). World population distribution (measures, patterns, and determinants), world population growth (prehistoric to modern period)
• Population geography: Demographic transition, theories of population growth (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo). Fertility and mortality analysis (indices, determinants, and world patterns). Migration (types, causes, and consequences and models)
• Population geography: Population composition and characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure, and educational levels), population policies in developed and developing countries
• Settlement geography: Rural settlements (types, patterns, and distribution), contemporary problems of rural settlements (rural-urban migration; land use changes; land acquisition and transactions)
• Settlement geography: Theories of origin of towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis Mumford)
• Settlement geography: Characteristics and processes of urbanization in developed and developing countries (factors of urban growth, trends of urbanization, size, structure, and functions of urban areas)
• Settlement geography: Urban systems (the law of the primate city and rank size rule) central place theories (Christaller and Losch), internal structure of the city, models of urban land use (Burgess, Harris, and Ullman, and Hoyt), concepts of megacities
• Settlement geography: Global cities and edge cities, changing urban forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban, ring, and satellite towns), social segregation in the city, urban social area analysis
• Settlement geography: Manifestation of poverty in the city (slums, informal sector growth, crime, and social exclusion)

Geography: Unit 06

• Economic geography: Factors affecting spatial organization of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary), natural resources (classification, distribution, and associated problems), natural resources management
• Economic geography: World energy crises in developed and developing countries
• Agricultural geography: Land capability classification and land use planning, cropping pattern-methods of delineating crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi, and Rafiullah), crop diversification, Von Thunen’s model of land use planning
• Agricultural geography: Determinants of agricultural productivity, regional variations in agricultural productivity, agricultural systems of the world
• Industrial geography: Classification of industries, factors of industrial location; theories of industrial location (A. Weber, E.M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred, and D.M. Smith). World industrial regions
• Industrial geography: Impact of globalization on manufacturing sector in less developed countries, tourism industry
• Industrial geography: World distribution, and growth of Information and communication technology (ICT) and knowledge production (education and R and D) industries
• Geography of transport and trade: Theories and models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M.E. Hurst) measures and indices of connectivity and accessibility; spatial flow models: Gravity model and its variants, world trade organization
• Geography of transport and trade: Globalization and liberalization and world trade patterns. Problems and prospects of Inter and Intra regional cooperation and trade
• Regional development: Typology of regions, formal, and fictional regions, world regional disparities, theories of regional development (Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John Friedman), dependency theory of under development, global economic blocks
• Regional development: Regional development, and social movements in India

Geography: Unit 07

• Cultural and social geography: Concept of culture, cultural complexes, areas, and region, cultural heritage, cultural ecology. Cultural convergence, social structure and processes, social well-being and quality of life, social exclusion
• Cultural and social geography: Spatial distribution of social groups in India (tribe, caste, religion, and language), environment and human health, diseases ecology
• Cultural and social geography: Nutritional status (etiological conditions, classification and spatial, and seasonal distributional patterns with special reference to India), health care planning and policies in India, medical tourism in India
• Political geography: Boundaries and frontiers (with special reference to India), Heartland and Rimland theories. Trends and developments in political geography, geography of federalism, electoral reforms in India, determinants of electoral behavior
• Political geography: Geopolitics of climate change, geopolitics of world resources, geopolitics of India ocean, regional organizations of cooperation (SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU), neopolitics of world natural resources

Geography: Unit 08

• Contributions of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese, and Indian scholars, contributions of geographers (Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander Von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Schaefer, and Hartshorne), impact of Darwinian theory on geographical thought
• Contemporary trends in Indian geography: cartography, thematic and methodological contributions
• Major geographic traditions (earth science, man environment relationship, area studies, and spatial analysis), dualisms in geographic studies (physical vs. human, regional vs. systematic, qualitative vs. quantitative, ideographic vs. nomothetic)
• Paradigm shift, perspectives in geography (positivism, behaviouralism, humanism, structuralism, feminism, and postmodernism)

Geography: Unit 09

• Sources of geographic information and data (spatial and non-spatial), types of maps, techniques of map making (choropleth, isarithmic, dasymetric, chorochromatic, flow maps), data representation on maps pie diagrams, bar diagrams, and line graph
• GIS database (raster and vector data formats and attribute data formats)
• Functions of GIS (conversion, editing, and analysis), digital elevation model (DEM), georeferencing (coordinate system and map projections and datum), GIS applications (thematic cartography, spatial decision support system)
• Basics of remote sensing (electromagnetic spectrum, sensors, and platforms, resolution, and types, elements of air photo and satellite image interpretation and photogrammetry), types of aerial photographs
• Digital image processing: Developments in remote sensing technology and big data sharing and its applications in natural resources management in India, GPS components (space, ground control, and receiver segments) and applications
• Applications of measures of central tendency, dispersion and inequalities, sampling, sampling procedure, and hypothesis testing (chi square test, t-test, ANOVA), time series analysis, correlation, and regression analysis, measurement of indices
• Making indicators scale free, computation of composite index, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis, morphometric analysis: Ordering of streams, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, and drainage frequency
• Basin circularity ratio and form factor, profiles, slope analysis, clinographic curve, hypsographic curve, and altimetric frequency graph

Geography: Unit 10

• Major physiographic regions and their characteristics; drainage system (himalayan and peninsular), climate: Seasonal weather characteristics, climatic divisions, Indian monsoon (mechanism and characteristics), jet streams, and himalayan cryosphere
• Types and distribution of natural resources: Soil, vegetation, water, mineral, and marine resources
• Population characteristics (spatial patterns of distribution), growth and composition (rural-urban, age, sex, occupational, educational, ethnic, and religious), determinants of population, population policies in India
• Agriculture (production, productivity and yield of major food crops), major crop regions, regional variations in agricultural development, environmental, technological, and institutional factors affecting Indian agriculture; agro-climatic zone
• Green revolution, food security, and right to food. Industrial development since independence, industrial regions, and their characteristics, industrial policies in India
• Development and patterns of transport networks (railways, roadways, waterways, airways, and pipelines), internal and external trade (trend, composition, and directions), regional development planning in India
• Globalization and its impact on Indian economy, natural disasters in India (earthquake, drought, flood, cyclone, tsunami, Himalayan highland hazards, and disasters)

History: Unit 01

• Archaeological sources: Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, and numismatics. Dating of archaeological sites
• Literary sources: Indigenous literature-primary and secondary, problem of dating religious and secular literature, myths, legends, etc
• Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese, and Arabic
• Pastoralism and food production: Neolithic and chalcolithic phase-settlement, distribution, tools, and patterns of exchange
• Indus/ Harappa civilization: Origin, extent, major sites, settlement pattern, craft specialization, religion, society and polity, decline of Indus civilization, internal and external trade, first urbanization in India
• Vedic and later Vedic periods: Aryan debates, political and social institutions, state structure and theories of state; emergence of varnas and social stratification, religious and philosophical ideas. Introduction of iron technology
• Vedic and later Vedic periods: Megaliths of south India
• Expansion of state system: Mahajanapadas, monarchical and republican states, economic and social developments and emergence of second urbanization in 6th century BCE; emergence of heterodox sects-Jainism, Buddhism, and Ajivikas

History: Unit 02

• Rise of Magadha, Greek invasion under Alexander and its effects, Mauryan expansion, Mauryan polity, society, economy, Ahsoka’s Dhamma and its nature, decline, and disintegration of the Mauryan empire, Mauyan art, and architecture
• Ashokan edicts: Language and script
• Dissolution of empire and emergence of regional powers: Indo-Greeks, Sungas, Satavahanas, Kushanas and Saka-Ksatrapas, Sangam literature, polity and society in south India as reflected in Sangam literature
• Dissolution of empire and emergence of regional powers: Trade and commerce from 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE, trade with the roman world, emergence of Mahayana Buddhism, Kharavela, and Jainism, post-Mauryan art and architecture
• Dissolution of empire and emergence of regional powers: Gandhara, Mathura, and Amravati schools
• Gupta Vakataka age: Polity and Society, Agrarian Economy, Land Grants, Land Revenue and Land Rights, Gupta Coins, Beginning of Temple Architecture, Emergence of Puranic Hinduism, Development of Sanskrit Language and Literature
• Gupta Vakataka age: Developments in science technology, astronomy, mathematics, and medicine
• Harsha and his times: Administration and religion
• Salankayanas and Visnukundins in Andhradesa

History: Unit 03

• Kingdoms in Deccan: Gangas, Kadmabas, western and eastern Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Hoysalas, and Yadavas
• Kingdoms in south India: Pallavas, Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas
• Kingdoms in eastern India: Palas and senas of Bengal, Varmans of Kamarupa, Bhaumakaras, and Somavamsis of Odisha
• Kingdoms in western India: Maitrakas of Vallabhi and Chalukyas of Gujarat
• Kingdoms in north India: Gurjara-pratiharas, Kalacuri-Chedis, Gahadavalas, and Paramaras
• Characteristics of early medieval India: Administration and political structure legitimation of kingship
• Agrarian economy; land grants, changing production relations; graded land rights and peasantry, water resources, taxation system, coins, and currency system
• Trade and urbanization: Patterns of trade, and urban settlements, ports and trade routes, merchandise and exchange, trade guilds; trade and colonization in southeast Asia
• Growth of Brahminical religions; Vaisnavism and Saivism; temples; patronage and regional ramification; temple architecture and regional styles
• Dana, tirtha, and bhakti, Tamil bhakti movement-Shankara, Madhava, and Ramanujacharya
• Society: Varna, jati and proliferation of castes, position of women; gender, marriage, and property relations; women in public life. Tribes as peasants and their place in Varna order. Untouchability
• Education and educational institutions: Agraharas, Mathas, and Mahaviharas as centers of education. Growth of regional languages
• Debates of state formation in early medieval India: Feudal model; segmentary model; integrative model
• Arab contracts: Suleiman Ghaznavid conquests. Alberuni’s accounts

History: Unit 04

• Archaeological, epigraphic, and numismatic sources, material evidences and monuments; chronicles; literary sources-Persian, Sanskrit, and regional languages; Daftar khannas: Firmans, Bahis/ Pothis/ Akhbarat; foreign travellers’ accounts-Persian and Arabic
• Political developments: The Delhi Sultanate-the Ghorids, the Turks, the Khaljis, the Tughlaqs, the Sayyids, and the Lodis. Decline of Delhi sultanate
• Foundation of the Mughal empire: Babur, Humayun, and the Suris; expansion and consolidation from Akbar to Aurangzeb. Decline of the Mughal empire
• Later mughals and disintegration of the mughal empire
• The Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis-Deccan sultanate; Bijapur, Golkonda, Bidar, Berar, and Ahmednagar-rise, expansion, and disintegration; eastern Gangas and Suryavamshi Gajapatis
• Rise of the Marathas and the foundation of Swaraj by Shivaji; its expansion under the Peshwas; Mughal-Maratha relations, Maratha confederacy, causes of decline

History: Unit 05

• Administration under the sultanate, nature of state-theocratic and the centric, central, provincial and local administration, law of succession
• Sher Shah’s administrative reforms; Mughal administration-central, provincial, and local: Mansabdari and Jagirdari systems
• Administrative system in the Deccan-the Vijayanagara state and polity, Bahamani administrative system; Maratha administration asta pradhan
• Frontier policies under Delhi sultanate and Mughals
• Inter-state relations during the sultanate and the Mughals
• Agricultural production and irrigation system, village economy, peasantry, grants, and agricultural loans, urbanization, and demographic structure
• Industries-Cotton textiles, handicrafts, agro-based industries, organization, factories, and technology
• Trade and commerce-state policies, internal and external trade: European trade, trade centers, and ports, transport and communication
• Hundi (bills of exchange) and insurance, state income and expenditure, currency, mint system; famines and peasant revolts

History: Unit 06

• Social organization and social structure
• The Sufis-their orders, beliefs, and practices, the leading Sufi saints, social synchronization
• Bhakti movement-Shaivism; Vaishnavism, Shaktism
• The saints of the medieval period-north and south-their impact on sociopolitical and religious life-women saints of medieval India
• The Sikh movement-Guru Nanak Dev: His teachings and practices, Adi Granth; the Khalsa
• Social classification: Ruling class, major religious groups, the ulemas, the mercantile, and professional classes-rajput society
• Rural society-Petty chieftains, village officials, cultivators, and non-cultivating classes, artisans
• Position of women-Zanana system, Devadasi system
• Development of education centers of education and curriculum, Madarasa education
• Fine arts-major schools of painting-Mughal, Rajasthani, Pahari, Garhwali; development of music
• Art and architecture, Indo-Islamic architecture, Mughal architecture, regional styles
• Indo-Arabic architecture, Mughal gardens, Maratha forts, shrines, and temples

History: Unit 07

• Archival materials, biographies, and memoirs, newspapers, oral evidence, creative literature, and painting, monuments, coins
• Rise of British power: European traders in India in the 16th to 18th centuries-Portuguese, Dutch, French, and the British
• Establishment and expansion of British dominion in India
• British relations with principal Indian states-Bengal, Oudh, Hyderabad, Mysore, Carnatic, and Punjab
• Revolt of 1857, causes, nature, and impact
• Administration of the company and the crown; evolution of central and provincial structure under east India company
• Paramountcy, civil service, judiciary, police and the army under the company; British policy and paramountcy in the princely states under the crown
• Local self-government
• Constitutional changes, 1909-1935

History: Unit 08

• Changing composition, volume, and direction of trade
• Expansion and commercialization of agriculture, land rights, land settlements, rural indebtedness, landless labour, irrigation, and canal system
• Decline of industries-changing socioeconomic conditions of artisans; DE-urbanization; economic drain; world wars and economy
• British industrial policy; major modern industries; nature of factory legislation; labour and trade union movements
• Monetary policy, banking, currency, and exchange, railways and road transport, communications-post and telegraph
• Growth of new urban centers; new features of town planning and architecture, urban society and urban problems
• Famines, epidemics, and the government policy
• Tribal and peasant movements
• Indian society in transition: Contact with Christianity-the missions and missionaries; critique of Indian social and economic practices and religious beliefs; educational and other activities
• The new education-government policy; levels and contents; English language; development of science, technology, public health and medicine-towards modernism
• Indian renaissance-socioreligious reforms; emergence of middle class; caste associations and caste mobility
• Women’s question-nationalist discourse; women’s organizations; British legislation concerning women, gender identity and constitutional position
• The printing press-journalistic activity and the public opinion
• Modernization of Indian languages and literary forms-reorientation in painting, music, and performing arts

History: Unit 09

• Social and economic basis of nationalism
• Birth of Indian national congress: Ideologies and programmes of the Indian national congress, 1885-1920: Early nationalists, assertive nationalists, and revolutionaries
• Swadeshi and Swaraj
• Gandhian mass movements; Subas Chandra Bose and INA; role of middle class in national movement; women participation in national movement
• Left wing politics
• Depressed class movement
• Communal politics; muslim league and genesis of Pakistan
• Towards independence and partition
• India after independence: Challenges of partition; integration of the Indian princely states; Kashmir, Hyderabad, and Junagadh
• B.R. Ambedkar-The making of the Indian constitution, its features
• The structure of bureaucracy
• New education policy
• Economic policies and the planning process; development, displacement, and tribal issues
• Linguistic reorganization of states; centre-state relations
• Foreign policy initiatives-Panchsheel; dynamics of Indian politics-emergency; liberalization, privatization, and globalization of Indian economy

History: Unit 10

• Scope and importance of history, objectivity, and bias in history, heuristics operation, criticism in history, synthesis, and presentation
• History and its auxiliary sciences
• History a science, arts or a social science, causation and imagination in history, significance of regional history, recent trends of Indian history, research methodology, hypothesis in history, area of proposed research
• Sources-data collection, primary/ secondary, original, and transit sources, trends in historical research, recent Indian historiography, selection of topic in history, notes taking, references, footnotes, and bibliography, thesis and assignment writing
• Plagiarism, intellectual dishonesty, and history writing, beginnings of historical writings-Greek, Roman, and Church historiography, renaissance, and its impact on history writing, negative and positive schools of historical writing
• Berlin revolution in history writing-Von Ranke, Marxist philosophy of history-scientific materialism, cyclical theory of history-Oswald Spengler, challenge and response theory-Arnold Joseph Toynbee, post-modernism in history

Law: Unit 01

• Nature and sources of law, schools of jurisprudence, law and morality, concept of rights and duties, legal personality, concepts of property, ownership, and possession, concept of liability, law, poverty, and development, global justice
• Modernism and post-modernism

Law: Unit 02

• Preamble, fundamental rights and duties, directive principles of state policy
• Union and state executive, and their interrelationship, union and state legislature and distribution of legislative powers, judiciary, emergency provisions, temporary, transitional, and special provisions in respect of certain states
• Election commission of India, nature, scope, and importance of administrative law, principle of natural justice, judicial review of administrative actions-grounds

Law: Unit 03

• International law-definition, nature, and basis, sources of international law, recognition of states and governments, nationality, immigrants, refugees, and internally displaced persons (IDPs), extradition and asylum
• United nations and its organs, settlement of international disputes, world trade organization (WTO), international humanitarian law (IHL)-conventions and protocols, implementation of IHL-challenges

Law: Unit 04

• General principles of criminal liability-actus reus and mens rea, individual and group liability and constructive liability
• Stages of crime and inchoate crimes-abetment, criminal conspiracy, and attempt, general exceptions, offences against human body
• Offences against state and terrorism, offences against property, offences against women and children, drug trafficking and counterfeiting, offences against public tranquility
• Theories and kinds of punishments, compensation to the victims of crime

Law: Unit 05

• Nature and definition of tort
• General principles of tortious liability, general defenses, specific torts-negligence, nuisance, trespass, and defamation, remoteness of damages, strict and absolute liability, tortious liability of the state
• The consumer protection act 1986-definitions, consumer rights, and redressal mechanism, the motor vehicles act, 1988-no fault liability, third party insurance, and claims tribunal
• The competition act, 2002-prohibition of certain agreements, abuse of dominant position and regulation of combinations

Law: Unit 06

• Essential elements of contract and e-contract, breach of contract, frustration of contract, void and voidable agreements, standard form of contract and quasi-contract, specific contracts-bailment, pledge, indemnity, guarantee, and agency
• Sale of goods act, 1930, partnership and limited liability partnership, negotiable instruments act, 1881, company law-incorporation of a company, prospectus, shares, and debentures, company law-directors and meetings, corporate social responsibility

Law: Unit 07

• Sources and schools, marriage and dissolution of marriage, matrimonial remedies-divorce and theories of divorce, changing dimensions of institution of marriage-live-in relationship
• Recognition of foreign decrees in India on marriage and divorce, maintenance, dower, and stridhan, adoption, guardianship, and acknowledgement, succession and inheritance, Will, gift, and Wakf, uniform civil code

Law: Unit 08

• Meaning and concept of ‘environment’ and ‘environmental pollution’, International environmental law and UN Conferences, Constitutional and legal framework for protection of environment in India
• Environmental impact assessment and control of hazardous waste in India
• National green tribunal, concept and development of human rights, universalism and cultural relativism, international bill of rights, group rights-women, children, persons with disabilities, elderly persons, minorities and weaker sections
• Protection and enforcement of human rights in India-national human rights commission, national commission for minorities, national commission for women, national commission for scheduled castes
• National Commission for Schedule Tribes and National Commission for Backward Classes

Law: Unit 09

• Concept and meaning of intellectual property, theories of intellectual property, international conventions pertaining to intellectual properties, copyright and neighboring rights-subject matters, limitations, and exceptions, infringement and remedies
• Law of patent-patentability, procedure for grant of patent, limitations and exceptions, infringement and remedies
• Law of trademark-registration of trademarks, kinds of trademarks, infringement and passing off, remedies
• Protection of geographical indications, biodiversity and traditional knowledge, information technology law-digital signature and electronic signature, electronic governance, electronic records and duties of subscribers
• Cyber crimes, penalties, and adjudication

Law: Unit 10

• Comparative law-relevance, methodology, problems, and concerns in comparison, forms of governments-presidential and parliamentary, unitary, and federal, models of federalism-USA, Canada, and India, rule of law-‘formal’ and ‘substantive’ versions
• Separation of powers-India, UK, USA, and France, independence of judiciary, judicial activism, and accountability-India, UK and USA, systems of constitutional review-India, USA, Switzerland, and France
• Amendment of the constitution-India, USA, and South Africa, ombudsman-Sweden, UK, and India, open government and right to information-USA, UK, and India

Life sciences: Unit 01

• Structure of atoms, molecules, and chemical bonds
• Composition, structure, and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and vitamins)
• Stability of proteins and nucleic acids
• Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids nucleotides, and vitamins

Life sciences: Unit 02

• Stabilizing interactions (Van Der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, etc)
• Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative properties)
• Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer, biological energy transducers
• Principles of catalysis, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of enzyme catalysis, isozymes
• Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary structure, domains, motif, and folds)
• Conformation of nucleic acids (helix (A, B, Z), t-RNA, micro-RNA)

Life sciences: Unit 03

• Membrane structure and function: Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, membrane pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport
• Membrane structure and function: Electrical properties of membranes
• Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles: Cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast
• Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles: Structure and function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility
• Organization of genes and chromosomes: Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons
• Cell division and cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, regulation, and control of cell cycle
• Microbial physiology: Growth yield and characteristics, strategies of cell division, stress response

Life sciences: Unit 04

• DNA replication, repair and recombination: Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extra chromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination
• RNA synthesis and processing: Transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation, and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing
• RNA synthesis and processing: Splicing, and polyadenylation, structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport
• Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity
• Protein synthesis and processing: Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, post translational modification of proteins
• Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulating the dxpression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, role of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing

Life sciences: Unit 05

• Host parasite interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behaviour by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation
• Host parasite interaction: Pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells
• Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial, and plant two component systems
• Cell signaling: Light signaling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis, and quorum sensing
• Cellular communication: Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation
• Cancer: Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer, and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis
• Cancer: Therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth
• Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity, and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes, structure and function of antibody molecules. Generation of antibody diversity
• Innate and adaptive immune system: Monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors
• Innate and adaptive immune system: Humoral and cell mediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, toll-like receptors, cell-mediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity
• Innate and adaptive immune system: Immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections, congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines

Life sciences: Unit 06

• Basic concepts of development: Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence, determination and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants
• Basic concepts of development: Imprinting; mutants and transgenics in analysis of development
• Gametogenesis, fertilization, and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals; embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants; zygote formation
• Gametogenesis, fertilization, and early development: Cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation, and formation of germ layers in animals; embryogenesis, establishment of symmetry in plants; seed formation and germination
• Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals: Cell aggregation and differentiation in dictyostelium; axes and pattern formation in drosophila, amphibia and chick; organogenesis-vulva formation in caenorhabditis elegans, eye lens induction
• Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals: Limb development and regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of neurons, post embryonic development-larval formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal development; sex determination
• Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot and root apical meristem; shoot and root development; leaf development and phyllotaxy; transition to flowering, floral meristems, and floral development in arabidopsis and antirrhinum
• Programmed cell death, aging, and senescence

Life sciences: Unit 07

• Photosynthesis: Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport; photoprotective mechanisms; CO₂ fixation-C₃, C₄, and CAM pathways
• Respiration and photorespiration: Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiratory pathway
• Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis
• Plant hormones: Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown, and transport; physiological effects and mechanisms of action
• Sensory photobiology: Structure, function, and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism and biological clocks
• Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation: Uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes, and macromolecules from soil, through cells, across membranes, through xylem and phloem; transpiration
• Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation: Mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates
• Secondary metabolites: Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols, and nitrogenous compounds and their roles
• Stress physiology: Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water, temperature, and salt) stresses

Life sciences: Unit 08

• Blood and circulation-blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis and formed elements, plasma function, blood volume, blood volume regulation, blood groups, haemoglobin, immunity, haemostasis
• Cardiovascular system: Comparative anatomy of heart structure, myogenic heart, specialized tissue, ECG-its principle and significance, cardiac cycle, heart as a pump, blood pressure, neural, and chemical regulation of all above
• Respiratory system: Comparison of respiration in different species, anatomical considerations, transport of gases, exchange of gases, waste elimination, neural, and chemical regulation of respiration
• Nervous system: Neurons, action potential, gross neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal cord, central and peripheral nervous system, neural control of muscle tone and posture
• Sense organs: Vision, hearing, and tactile response
• Excretory system: Comparative physiology of excretion, kidney, urine formation, urine concentration, waste elimination, micturition, regulation of water balance, blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
• Thermoregulation: Comfort zone, body temperature-physical, chemical, neural regulation, acclimatization
• Stress and adaptation
• Digestive system: Digestion, absorption, energy balance, BMR
• Endocrinology and reproduction: Endocrine glands, basic mechanism of hormone action, hormones, and diseases; reproductive processes, gametogenesis, ovulation, neuroendocrine regulation

Life sciences: Unit 09

• Mendelian principles: Dominance, segregation, independent assortment
• Concept of gene: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests
• Extensions of mendelian principles: Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance, and expressivity, phenocopy, linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited, and sex influenced characters
• Gene mapping methods: Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers, mapping by using somatic cell hybrids, development of mapping population in plants
• Extra chromosomal inheritance: Inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes, maternal inheritance
• Microbial genetics: Methods of genetic transfers-transformation, conjugation, transduction, and sex-duction, mapping genes by interrupted mating, fine structure analysis of genes
• Human genetics: Pedigree analysis, LOD score for linkage testing, karyotypes, genetic disorders
• Quantitative genetics: Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements, QTL mapping
• Mutation: Types, causes, and detection, mutant types-lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis
• Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes: Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy, and their genetic implications
• Recombination: Homologous and non-homologous recombination including transposition

Life sciences: Unit 10

• Principles and methods of taxonomy: Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature, classical, and quantititative methods of taxonomy of plants, animals, and microorganisms
• Levels of structural organization: Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms. Levels of organization of tissues, organs, and systems. Comparative anatomy, adaptive radiation, adaptive modifications
• Outline classification of plants, animals, and microorganisms: Important criteria used for classification in each taxon. Classification of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Evolutionary relationships among taxa
• Natural history of Indian subcontinent: Major habitat types of the subcontinent, geographic origins, and migrations of species. Comman Indian mammals, birds. Seasonality and phenology of the subcontinent
• Organisms of health and agricultural importance: Common parasites and pathogens of humans, domestic animals, and crops
• Organisms of conservation concern: Rare, endangered species. Conservation strategies

Life sciences: Unit 11

• The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic interactions
• Habitat and niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement
• Population ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population regulation; life history strategies (R and K selection); concept of metapopulation-demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations
• Species interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis
• Community ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones
• Ecological succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax
• Ecosystem ecology: Ecosystem structure; ecosystem function; energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP); primary production and decomposition
• Structure and function of some Indian ecosystems: Terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine)
• Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical zones of India
• Applied ecology: Environmental pollution; global environmental change; biodiversity: Status, monitoring, and documentation; major drivers of biodiversity change; biodiversity management approaches
• Conservation biology: Principles of conservation, major approaches to management, Indian case studies on conservation/ management strategy (project tiger, biosphere reserves)

Life sciences: Unit 12

• Emergence of evolutionary thoughts: Lamarck; Darwin-concepts of variation, adaptation, struggle, fitness, and natural selection; Mendelism; spontaneity of mutations; the evolutionary synthesis
• Origin of cells and unicellular evolution: Origin of basic biological molecules; abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and polymers; concept of oparin and Haldane; experiement of Miller (1953); the first cell; evolution of prokaryotes
• Origin of cells and unicellular evolution: Origin of eukaryotic cells; evolution of unicellular eukaryotes; anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis, and aerobic metabolism
• Paleontology and evolutionary history: The evolutionary time scale; eras, periods and epoch; major events in the evolutionary time scale; origins of unicellular and multi cellular organisms; major groups of plants and animals
• Paleontology and evolutionary history: Stages in primate evolution including homo
• Molecular evolution: Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence and molecular clocks; molecular tools in phylogeny, classification and identification; protein and nucleotide sequence analysis; origin of new genes and proteins
• Molecular evolution: Gene duplication and divergence
• The mechanisms: Population genetics-populations, gene pool, gene frequency; Hardy-Weinberg law; concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through natural selection, migration, and random genetic drift; adaptive radiation; isolating mechanisms
• The mechanisms: Speciation; allopatricity and sympatricity; convergent evolution; sexual selection; coevolution
• Brain, behaviour, and evolution: Approaches and methods in study of behaviour; proximate and ultimate causation; altruism and evolution-group selection, kin selection, reciprocal altruism; neural basis of learning, memory, cognition, sleep, and arousal
• Brain, behaviour, and evolution: Biological clocks; development of behaviour; social communication; social dominance; use of space and territoriality; mating systems, parental investment and reproductive success; parental care; aggressive behavior
• Brain, behaviour, and evolution: Habitat selection and optimality in foraging; migration, orientation and navigation; domestication and behavioural changes

Life sciences: Unit 13

• Microbial fermentation and production of small and macro molecules
• Application of immunological principles, vaccines, diagnostics
• Tissue and cell culture methods for plants and animals
• Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and strain identification
• Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy
• Bioresource and uses of biodiversity
• Breeding in plants and animals, including marker-assisted selection
• Bioremediation and phytoremediation
• Biosensors

Life sciences: Unit 14

• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Isolation and purification of RNA, DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins, different separation methods. Analysis of RNA, DNA and proteins by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis
• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Isoelectric focusing gels. Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal, and plant vectors
• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences. Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC vectors. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques
• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Gene knock out in bacterial and eukaryotic organisms. Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation modification of proteins. DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing
• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, such as micro array based techniques, isolation
• Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: Separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP techniques
• Histochemical and Immunotechniques: Antibody generation, detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, fluocytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells
• Histochemical and Immunotechniques: In-situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH
• Biophysical method: Molecular analysis using UV/ visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction and NMR, molecular analysis using light scattering
• Biophysical method: Different types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma resonance methods
• Statistical methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions (binomial, Poisson, and normal); sampling distribution; difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics; confidence interval; errors
• Statistical methods: Levels of significance; regression and correlation; t-test; analysis of variance; X2 test; basic introduction to muetrovariate statistics, etc
• Radiolabeling techniques: Detection and measurement of different types of radioisotopes normally used in biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines
• Microscopic techniques: Visualization of cells and subcellular components by light microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and transmission microscopes, different fixation, and staining techniques for EM
• Microscopic techniques: Freeze-etch and freeze fracture methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy
• Electrophysiological methods: Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG, brain activity recording, lesion and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI, fMRI, CAT
• Methods in field biology: Methods of estimating population density of animals and plants, ranging patterns through direct, indirect and remote observations, sampling methods in the study of behavior
• Methods in field biology: Habitat characterization-ground and remote sensing methods

Mathematical sciences: Unit 01

• Elementary set theory, finite, countable and uncountable sets, real number system as a complete ordered field, Archimedean property, supremum, infimum
• Sequences and series, convergence, lim sup, lim inf
• Bolzano Weierstrass theorem, Heine Borel theorem
• Continuity, uniform continuity, differentiability, mean value theorem
• Sequences and series of functions, uniform convergence
• Riemann sums and riemann integral, improper integrals
• Monotonic functions, types of discontinuity, functions of bounded variation, Lebesgue measure, Lebesgue integral
• Functions of several variables, directional derivative, partial derivative, derivative as a linear transformation, inverse and implicit function theorems
• Metric spaces, compactness, connectedness
• Normed linear spaces
• Spaces of continuous functions as examples

Mathematical sciences: Unit 02

• Vector spaces, subspaces, linear dependence, basis, dimension, algebra of linear transformations
• Algebra of matrices, rank and determinant of matrices, linear equations
• Eigen values and Eigen vectors, Cayley-Hamilton theorem
• Matrix representation of linear transformations
• Change of basis, canonical forms, diagonal forms, triangular forms, jordan forms
• Inner product spaces, orthonormal basis
• Quadratic forms, reduction and classification of quadratic forms

Mathematical sciences: Unit 03

• Algebra of complex numbers, the complex plane, polynomials, power series, transcendental functions such as exponential, trigonometric and hyperbolic functions
• Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations
• Contour integral, Cauchy’s theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, Liouville's theorem, maximum modulus principle, Schwarz lemma, open mapping theorem
• Taylor series, Laurent series, calculus of residues
• Conformal mappings, Mobius transformations

Mathematical sciences: Unit 04

• Permutations, combinations, pigeon-hole principle, inclusion-exclusion principle, derangements
• Fundamental theorem of arithmetic, divisibility in Z, congruences, Chinese remainder theorem, Euler’s-ø function, primitive roots
• Groups, subgroups, normal subgroups, quotient groups, homomorphisms, cyclic groups, permutation groups, cayley’s theorem, class equations, sylow theorems
• Rings, ideals, prime and maximal ideals, quotient rings, unique factorization domain, principal ideal domain, Euclidean domain
• Polynomial rings and irreducibility criteria
• Fields, finite fields, field extensions, galois theory

Mathematical sciences: Unit 05

• Basis, dense sets, subspace, and product topology, separation axioms, connectedness and compactness

Mathematical sciences: Unit 06

• Existence and uniqueness of solutions of initial value problems for first order ordinary differential equations, singular solutions of first order ODEs, system of first order ODEs
• General theory of homogenous and non-homogeneous linear ODEs, variation of parameters, Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem, Green’s function

Mathematical sciences: Unit 07

• Lagrange and Charpit methods for solving first order PDEs, Cauchy problem for first order PDEs
• Classification of second order PDEs, general solution of higher order PDEs with constant coefficients, method of separation of variables for Laplace, heat and wave equations

Mathematical sciences: Unit 08

• Numerical solutions solutions of algebraic equations, method of iteration and Newton-Raphson method, rate of convergence, solution of systems of linear algebraic equations using Gauss elimination and Gauss-Seidel methods, finite differences, Lagrange
• Hermite and Spline interpolation, numerical differentiation and integration, numerical solutions of ODEs using Picard, Euler, modified Eulerm, and Runge-Kutta methods

Mathematical sciences: Unit 09

• Variation of a functional, Euler-Lagrange equation, necessary and sufficient conditions for extrema
• Variational methods for boundary value problems in ordinary and partial differential equations

Mathematical sciences: Unit 10

• Linear integral equation of the first and second kind of Fredholm and volterra type, solutions with separable kernels
• Characteristic numbers and Eigen functions, resolvent kernel

Mathematical sciences: Unit 11

• Generalized coordinates, Lagrange’s equations, Hamilton’s canonical equations, Hamilton’s principle and principle of least action
• Two-dimensional motion of rigid bodies, Euler’s dynamical equations for the motion of a rigid body about an axis, theory of small oscillations

Mathematical sciences: Unit 12

• Sample space, discrete probability, independent events, Bayes's theorem, random variables and distribution functions (univariate and multivariate); expectation and moments
• Independent random variables, marginal and conditional distributions, characteristic functions
• Probability inequalities (Chebyshev's Markov, Jensen)
• Modes of convergence, weak and strong laws of large numbers, Central Limit theorems (i.i.d. case)
• Markov chains with finite and countable state space, classification of states, limiting behaviour of n-step transition probabilities, stationary distribution, Poisson and birth-and-death processes
• Standard discrete and continuous univariate distributions
• Sampling distributions, standard errors, and asymptotic distributions, distribution of order statistics and range
• Methods of estimation, properties of estimators, confidence intervals, tests of hypotheses: most powerful and uniformly most powerful tests, likelihood ratio tests
• Analysis of discrete data and chi-square test of goodness of fit
• Large sample tests
• Simple nonparametric tests for one and two sample problems, rank correlation and test for independence
• Elementary bayesian inference
• Gauss-Markov models, estimability of parameters, best linear unbiased estimators, confidence intervals, tests for linear hypotheses
• Analysis of variance and covariance
• Fixed, random and mixed effects models, simple and multiple linear regression
• Elementary regression diagnostics
• Logistic regression
• Multivariate normal distribution, wishart distribution, and their properties
• Distribution of quadratic forms
• Inference for parameters, partial and multiple correlation coefficients, and related tests
• Data reduction techniques: principle component analysis, discriminant analysis, cluster analysis, canonical correlation
• Simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling
• Probability proportional to size sampling
• Ratio and regression methods
• Completely randomized designs, randomized block designs, and Latin-square designs
• Connectedness and orthogonality of block designs, bibd
• 2k factorial experiments: confounding and construction
• Hazard function and failure rates, censoring and life testing, series, and parallel systems
• Linear programming problem, simplex methods, duality
• Elementary queuing and inventory models
• Steady-state solutions of Markovian queuing models: M/M/1, M/M/1 with limited waiting space, M/M/C, M/M/C with limited waiting space, M/G/1

Philosophy: Unit 01

• Vedic and Upaniṣadic: Ṛta-the cosmic order, the divine and the human realms; the centrality of the institution of Yajῆa (sacrifice), theories of creation Atman-self (and not-self), Jāgrat, Svapna, Susupti, and Turiya, Brahmaṇ
• Cārvāka: Pratyakṣa as the only Pramāṇa, critique of Anumāna and Sabda, consciousness as epi-phenomenon
• Jainism: Concept of reality-Sat, Dravya, Guṇa, Paryāya, Jiva, Ajiva, Anekāntavāda, Syādvāda and Nayavāda; theory of knowledge
• Buddhism: Four noble truths, Astangika Mārga, distinction between Brahmiṇic and Sraminic traditions. Pratityasamutpāda, Kṣaṇabhahgavāda, Anātmavāda. Schools of Buddhism: Vaibhāṣika, Sautrāntika, Yogacāra, Mādhyamika, and Tibetan Buddhism
• Nyāya: Pramā and Apramā, theories of Pramāṇa: Pratyakṣa, Anumāna, Upamana, Sabda. Hetvabhāsa. Concept of God. Debate between Buddhism and Nyāya about Pramāṇa-Vyavasthā and Pramāṇa Samplava. Anyathākhyati
• Vaiśeṣika: Concept of Padārtha and its kinds, Asatkāryavāda, kinds of Kāraṇa: Samavāyi, Asamavāyi, and Nimitta Kāraṇa, Paramaṇukaraṇavāda
• Sāṃkhya: Satkāryavāda, Prakṛti and its evolutes, arguments for the existence of Prakṛti, nature of Puruṣa, arguments for the existence and plurality of Puruṣa, relationship between Puruṣa and Prakṛti, atheism
• Yoga: Pataῆjali’s theory of Pramāṇa, concept of Citta and Citta-Vṛtti, stages of Cittbhumi, the role of God in yoga
• Purva-Mimāṃsā: Pramāṇyavāda-Svatah-Pramāṇyavāda and Paratah-Pramāṇyavada, Sruti and its importance, classification of Sruti-Vākyas, Vidhi, Niṣedha and Arthavāda, Dharma, Bhāvanā, Sabda-Nityavāda, Jāti, Saktivada
• Purva-Mimāṃsā: Kumārila and Prabhākara schools of Mimāṃsa and their major points of difference, Triputi-Samvit, Jῆatatā, Abhāva and Anupalabdhi, Anvitadbhidhanavāda, Abhihitanvayavāda, theories of error: Akhyāti, Viparitakhyāti, atheism
• Vedanta
• Advaita: Brahmaṇ, relation between Brahmaṇ and Atman, three grades of Sattā, Adhyāsa, Māya, Jiva, Vivartavāda, Anirvachniya-Khyāti
• Viśiṣtādvaita: Saguṇa brahmaṇ, refutation of Māya, Aprthaksiddhi Pariṇāmavāda, Jiva, Bhakti and Prapatti, Brahma-Pariṇāmavāda, Sat-Khyāti
• Dvaita: Rejection of Nirguṇa brahmaṇ and Māya, Bheda and Sāksi, Bhakti
• Dvaitavaita: Concept of Jῆānaswaroop, kinds of inanimate
• Sudhadvaita: Concept of Avikrta-Pariṇāmavāda

Philosophy: Unit 02

• Pre-socratic philosophers: Thales, anaxagoras, anaximenies, ionians, pythagoras, parmenides, heraclitus, and democritus
• The Sophists and Socrates
• Plato and Aristotle: Plato-theory of knowledge, knowledge and opinion, theory of ideas, the method of dialectic, soul and God. Aristotle-classification of the sciences, the theoretical, the practical and the productive
• Plato and Aristotle: Aristotle-logic as an organon, critique of Plato’s theory of ideas, theory of causation, form and matter, potentiality and actuality, soul and God
• Medieval philosophy: St. Augustine: Problem of evil. St. Anselm: Ontological argument, St. Thomas Aquinas: Faith and reason, essence and existence, the existence of God
• Modern western philosophy: Descartes-conception of method, criteria of truth, doubt and methodological scepticism, cogito ergo sum, innate ideas, cartesian dualism: Mind and matter, proofs for the existence of God, interactionism
• Modern western philosophy: Spinoza-substance, attribute and mode, the concept of ‘God or nature’, Intellectual love of God, parallelism, pantheism, three orders of knowing. Leibnitz-monadology, truths of reason and fact, innateness of ideas
• Modern western philosophy: Leibnitz-proofs for the existence of God, principles of non-contradiction, sufficient reason and identity of indiscernibles, the doctrine of pre-established harmony, problem of freedom
• Modern western philosophy: Locke-ideas and their classification, refutation of innate ideas, theory of substance, distinction between primary and secondary qualities, theory of knowledge, three grades of knowledge
• Modern western philosophy: Berkeley-rejection of the distinction between primary and secondary qualities, immaterialism, critique of abstract ideas, esse est percipi, the problem of solipcism; God and self
• Modern western philosophy: Hume-impressions and ideas, knowledge concerning relations of ideas and knowledge concerning matters of fact, induction and causality, the external world and the self, personal identity, rejection of metaphysics, scepticism
• Modern western philosophy: Hume-reason and the passions. Kant: The critical philosophy, classification of judgements, possibility of synthetic a priori judgements, the copernican revolution, forms of sensibility, categories of understanding
• Modern western philosophy: Kant-the metaphysical and the transcendental deduction of the categories, phenomenon and noumenon, the ideas of reason-soul, God and world as a whole, rejection of speculative metaphysics. Hegel: The conception of Geist (spirit)
• Modern western philosophy: Hegel-the dialectical method, concepts of being, non-bbeing and becoming, absolute idealism, freedom

Philosophy: Unit 03

• Concept of Purusārtha, Sreyas, and Preyas, Varṇāshrama, dharma, Sādhāraṇa dharma, Ṛna and Yajῆa, concept of duty, karma-yoga, Sthitprajῆa, Svadharma, Lokasaṃgraha, Apurva and Adṛṣta, Sādhya-Sādhana, Itikartavyata, law of karma: Ethical implications
• Ṛta and satya, yoga-Kśema, Astānga yoga, Jainism: Samvara-Nirjarā, Tri-Ratṇa, Panch-Vrata
• Buddhism: Upāya-Kaushal, brahma-Vihāra-Matri, Karuṇā, Muditā, Upeksha, Bodhisattva, Carvaka’s hedonism

Philosophy: Unit 04

• Concepts of good, right, justice, duty, obligation, cardinal virtues, eudaemonism, intuition as explained in teleological and deontological theories
• Egoism, altruism, universalism, subjectivism, cultural relativism, super-naturalism, ethical realism and intuitionism
• Kant’s moral theory: postulates of morality, good-will, categorical imperative, duty, mean and ends, maxims
• Utilitarianism: Principle of utility, problem of sanction and justification of morality, kinds of utilitarianism, moral theories of Bentham, J.S. Mill, Sidgwick
• Theories of punishment
• Ethical cognitivism and non-cognitivism: emotivism, prescriptivism, descriptivism

Philosophy: Unit 05

• Vivekananda: Practical vedanta, vniversal religion, religious experience, religious rituals
• Sri Aurobindo: evolution, mind and supermind, integral yoga
• Iqbal: Self, God, man and superman, intellect and intuition
• Tagore: religion of man, ideas on education, concept of nationalism
• K.C. Bhattacharyya: Swaraj in ideas, concept of philosophy, subject as freedom, the doctrine of Maya
• Radhakrishnan: Intellect and intuition, the Idealist view of life, concept of universal religion, Hindu view of life
• J. Krishnamurti: conception of thought, freedom from the known, analysis of self, choiceless awareness
• Gandhi: truth, non-violence, Satyagraha, Swaraj, critique of modern civilization
• Ambedkar: annihilation of caste, philosophy of Hinduism, Neo-Buddhism
• D.D. Upadhyaya: Integral Humanism, Advaita Vedanta, Purusartha
• Narayana Guru: the spiritual freedom and social equality, one caste, one religion, one God
• Tiruvallur: Tirukkural
• Jyotiba Phule: Critical understanding of caste-system
• M.N. Roy: Radical humanism, materialism
• Maulana Azad: humanism

Philosophy: Unit 06

• Analytic and continental philosophy: Frege-sense and reference, logical positivism: verification theory of meaning, elimination of metaphysics, concept of philosophy, Moore: distinction between sense and reference, refutation of idealism
• Analytic and continental philosophy: Defense of commonsense, proof of an external world. Russell: Logical atomism, definite descriptions, refutation of idealism, Wittgenstein: Language and reality, facts and objects, names and propositions
• Analytic and continental philosophy: The picture theory, critique of private language, meaning and use, forms of life, notion of philosophy, Wittgensteinian Fideism, on certainty, Gilbert Ryle: Systematically misleading expressions, category mistake
• Analytic and continental philosophy: Concept of mind, critique of Cartesian dualism, A.J. Ayer: The problem of knowledge, W.V.O. Quine: Two Dogmas of Empiricism, H.P. Grice and P.F. Strawson: In defense of a dogma, phenomenology and existentialism
• Analytic and continental philosophy: Husserl-phenomenological method, philosophy as a rigorous science, intentionality. Phenomenological reduction, inter-subjectivity. Heidegger: The concept of Being (Dasein), man as being in the world
• Analytic and continental philosophy: Critique of technological civilization, Kierkegaard: Subjectivity as truth, leap of faith, Sartre: Concept of freedom, bad-faith, humanism, Merleau-Ponty: Perception, embodied consciousness, pragmatism
• Analytic and continental philosophy: William James-pragmatic theories of meaning and truth, varieties of religious experience, John Dewey: Concept of truth, common-faith, education, post-modernism, Nietzsche: critique of enlightenment, will to power
• Analytic and continental philosophy: Genealogy of moral. Richard Rorty: Critique of representationalism, against epistemological method, edifying philosophy, Immanuel Levinas: Ethics as a first philosophy, philosophy of ‘other’

Philosophy: Unit 07

• Mahabharata: Danda-niti, foundations, Rajdharma, law and governance, Narada’s questions to king Yudhisthir, Kautilya: Sovereignty, seven pillars of state-craft, state, society, social-life, state administration, state economy, law, and justice
• Kautilya: Internal security, welfare and external affairs, Kamandaki: Social order and state elements constitutional morality, secularism and fundamental rights, constitutionalism, total revolution, terrorism, swadeshi, satyagrah, sarvodaya
• Kautilya: Social democracy, state socialism, affirmative action, social justice, social institutions: Family, marriage, property, education, and religion colonialism

Philosophy: Unit 08

• Plato: Ideal state and justice, Locke, Hobbes, Rousseau: Social contract theory, Isaiah Berlin: Conceptions of liberty, Bernard Williams: Idea of equality, Liberalism: Rawls; distributive justice, Nozick; Justice as entitlement, Dworkin
• Justice as equality; Amartya Sen: Global justice, freedom and capability
• Marxism: dialectical materialism, alienation, critique of capitalism, doctrine of class struggle and classless society
• Communitarianism: Communitarian critique of liberal self, universalism vs. particularism, theory of Charles Taylor, MacIntyre, Michael Sandel, Multiculturalism: Charles Taylor; politics of recognition, Will Kymlicka; conception of minority rights
• Feminism: Basic concepts-patriarchy, misogyny, gender, theories of feminism; liberal, socialist, radical, and ecofeminism

Philosophy: Unit 09

• Truth and validity, denotation, and connotation, nature of propositions, categorical syllogism, laws of thought, classification of propositions, square of opposition, truth-functions and propositional logic, quantification and rules of quantification
• Symbolic logic: Use of symbols, decision procedures: Truth table, using truth-tables for testing the validity of arguments, Venn diagram, informal, and formal fallacies, proving validity, argument, and argument-form, axiomatic system, consistency
• Completeness, differences between deductive and inductive logic

Philosophy: Unit 10

• What is applied philosophy?, philosophy of technology; technology, dominance, power, and social inequalities, democratization of technology, public evaluation of science and technology, ethical implication of information technology, biotechnology
• Non-technology, environmental ethics: Nature as means or end, Aldo-Leopold; land-ethics, Arne Naess: Deep ecology, Peter Singer; animal rights, medical-ethics: Surrogacy, doctor-patient relationship, abortion, euthanasia, female-infanticide
• Professional ethics: Corporate governance and ethical responsibility, media ethics: Ethical issues in privacy, cyber space, pornography, representation and differences-marginalization, legal ethics: Law and morality
• Legal ethics: Legal obligation, authority and validity of law, philosophical counseling: Managing everyday problems

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 01

• Dimensional analysis
• Vector algebra and vector calculus
• Linear algebra, matrices, Cayley-Hamilton theorem
• Eigen values and Eigen vectors
• Linear ordinary differential equations of first and second order, special functions (Hermite, Bessel, Laguerre, and Legendre functions)
• Fourier series, Fourier and Laplace transforms
• Elements of complex analysis, analytic functions; Taylor and Laurent series; poles, residues, and evaluation of integrals
• Elementary probability theory, random variables, binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions
• Central limit theorem

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 02

• Newton’s laws
• Dynamical systems, phase space dynamics, stability analysis
• Central force motions
• Two body collisions-scattering in laboratory and centre of mass frames
• Rigid body dynamics moment of inertia tensor
• Non-inertial frames and pseudo forces
• Variational principle
• Generalized coordinates
• Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism, and equations of motion
• Conservation laws and cyclic coordinates
• Periodic motion: small oscillations, normal modes
• Special theory of relativity Lorentz transformations, relativistic kinematics and mass-energy equivalence

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 03

• Electrostatics: Gauss’s law and its applications, Laplace and Poisson equations, boundary value problems
• Magneto-statics: Biot-Savart law, Ampere's theorem
• Electromagnetic induction
• Maxwell's equations in free space and linear isotropic media; boundary conditions on the fields at interfaces
• Scalar and vector potentials, gauge invariance
• Electromagnetic waves in free space
• Dielectrics and conductors
• Reflection and refraction, polarization, Fresnel’s law, interference, coherence, and diffraction
• Dynamics of charged particles in static and uniform electromagnetic fields

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 04

• Wave-particle duality
• Schrödinger equation (time-dependent and time-independent)
• Eigen value problems (particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, etc)
• Tunneling through a barrier
• Wave-function in coordinate and momentum representations
• Commutators and heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Dirac notation for state vectors
• Motion in a central potential: Orbital angular momentum, angular momentum algebra, spin, addition of angular momenta; hydrogen atom
• Stern-gerlach experiment
• Time independent perturbation theory and applications
• Variational method
• Time dependent perturbation theory and Fermi's golden rule, selection rules
• Identical particles, Pauli exclusion principle, spin-statistics connection

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 05

• Laws of thermodynamics and their consequences
• Thermodynamic potentials, Maxwell relations, chemical potential, phase equilibrium
• Phase space, micro-and macro-states
• Micro-canonical, canonical and grand-canonical ensembles, and partition functions
• Free energy and its connection with thermodynamic quantities
• Classical and quantum statistics
• Ideal bose and fermi gases
• Principle of detailed balance
• Blackbody radiation and planck's distribution law

Physical sciences-Part-A (Core): Unit 06

• Semiconductor devices (diodes, junctions, transistors, field effect devices, homo-and hetero-junction devices), device structure, device characteristics, frequency dependence and applications
• Opto-electronic devices (solar cells, photo-detectors, LEDs)
• Operational amplifiers and their applications
• Digital techniques and applications (registers, counters, comparators, and similar circuits)
• A/D and D/A converters
• Microprocessor and microcontroller basics
• Data interpretation and analysis
• Precision and accuracy
• Error analysis, propagation of errors
• Least squares fitting

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 01

• Green’s function
• Partial differential equations (Laplace, wave and heat equations in two and three dimensions)
• Elements of computational techniques: Root of functions, interpolation, extrapolation, integration by trapezoid and Simpson’s rule, solution of first order differential equation using Runge-Kutta method
• Finite difference methods
• Tensors
• Introductory group theory: SU(2), O(3)

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 02

• Dynamical systems, phase space dynamics, stability analysis
• Poisson brackets and canonical transformations
• Symmetry, invariance, and Noether’s theorem
• Hamilton-jacobi theory

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 03

• Dispersion relations in plasma
• Lorentz invariance of maxwell’s equation
• Transmission lines and wave guides
• Radiation from moving charges and dipoles and retarded potentials

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 04

• Spin-orbit coupling, fine structure
• Wkb approximation
• Elementary theory of scattering: phase shifts, partial waves, Born approximation
• Relativistic quantum mechanics: Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations
• Semi-classical theory of radiation

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 05

• First-and second-order phase transitions
• Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism
• Ising model
• Bose-einstein condensation
• Diffusion equation
• Random walk and brownian motion
• Introduction to non-equilibrium processes

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 06

• Linear and nonlinear curve fitting, chi-square test
• Transducers (temperature, pressure/ vacuum, magnetic fields, vibration, optical, and particle detectors)
• Measurement and control
• Signal conditioning and recovery
• Impedance matching, amplification (Op-amp based, instrumentation amp, feedback), filtering and noise reduction, shielding and grounding
• Fourier transforms, lock-in detector, box-car integrator, modulation techniques
• High frequency devices (including generators and detectors)

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 07

• Quantum states of an electron in an atom
• Electron spin
• Spectrum of helium and alkali atom
• Relativistic corrections for energy levels of hydrogen atom, hyperfine structure and isotopic shift, width of spectrum lines, LS and JJ couplings
• Zeeman, Paschen-Back, and Stark effects
• Electron spin resonance
• Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical shift
• Frank-condon principle
• Born-oppenheimer approximation
• Electronic, rotational, vibrational, and Raman spectra of diatomic molecules, selection rules
• Lasers: Spontaneous and stimulated emission, Einstein A and B coefficients
• Optical pumping, population inversion, rate equation
• Modes of resonators and coherence length

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 08

• Bravais lattices
• Reciprocal lattice
• Diffraction and the structure factor
• Bonding of solids
• Elastic properties, phonons, lattice specific heat
• Free electron theory and electronic specific heat
• Response and relaxation phenomena
• Drude model of electrical and thermal conductivity
• Hall effect and thermoelectric power
• Electron motion in a periodic potential, band theory of solids: Metals, insulators, and semiconductors
• Superconductivity: type-I and type-II superconductors
• Josephson junctions
• Super fluidity
• Defects and dislocations
• Ordered phases of matter: translational and orientational order, kinds of liquid crystalline order
• Quasi crystals

Physical sciences-Part-B (Advanced): Unit 09

• Basic nuclear properties: Size, shape, and charge distribution, spin and parity
• Binding energy, semi empirical mass formula, liquid drop model
• Nature of the nuclear force, form of nucleon-nucleon potential, charge-independence and charge-symmetry of nuclear forces
• Deuteron problem
• Evidence of shell structure, single-particle shell model, its validity, and limitations
• Rotational spectra
• Elementary ideas of alpha, beta, and gamma decays, and their selection rules, fission and fusion
• Nuclear reactions, reaction mechanism, compound nuclei and direct reactions
• Classification of fundamental forces
• Elementary particles and their quantum numbers (charge, spin, parity, isospin, strangeness, etc)
• Gell-mann-Nishijima formula
• Quark model, baryons, and mesons
• C, p, and t invariance
• Application of symmetry arguments to particle reactions
• Parity non-conservation in weak interaction
• Relativistic kinematics

Political science: Unit 01

• Concepts: Liberty, equality, justice, rights, democracy, power, citizenship, political traditions: Liberalism, conservatism, socialism, Marxism, feminism, ecologism, multiculturalism, postmodernism

Political science: Unit 02

• Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt, Frantz Fanon, Mao Zedong, John Rawls

Political science: Unit 03

• Dharamshastra, Kautilya, Aggañña Sutta, Barani, Kabir, Pandita Ramabai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Swami Vivekananda, Rabindranath Tagore, M.K Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, Muhammad Iqbal, M.N. Roy, VD Savarkar, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, J L Nehru
• Ram Manohar Lohia, Jaya Prakash Narayan, Deendayal Upadhyaya

Political science: Unit 04

• Approaches: Institutional, political culture, political economy, and new institutionalism; comparative methods
• Colonialism, and decolonization: Forms of colonialism, anti-colonial struggles and decolonization, nationalism: European and non-European, state theory: Debate over the nature of state in capitalist and socialist societies; post-colonial state
• State theory: Globalization and nations-states
• Political regimes: Democratic (electoral, liberal, majoritarian, and participatory) and non-democratic regimes (patrimonialism, bureaucratic authoritarianism, military dictatorship, totalitarianism, and fascist)
• Constitutions and Constitutionalism: forms of constitutions, rule of law, judicial independence and liberal constitutionalism; emergency powers and crisis of constitutionalism
• Democratization: Democratic transition and consolidation
• Development: Underdevelopment, dependency, modernization, world systems theory, development, and democracy
• Structures of power: Ruling class, power elites, democratic elitism, actor and processes: Electoral systems, political parties and party system, interest groups, social movements, new social movements
• Actor and processes: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society campaigns; revolutions

Political science: Unit 05

• Approaches to the study of international relations: idealism, realism, structural Marxism, neoliberalism, neorealism, social constructivism, critical international theory, feminism, postmodernism
• Concepts: State, state system, and non-state actors, power, sovereignty, security: Traditional and non-traditional
• Conflict and peace: Changing nature of warfare; weapons of mass destruction; deterrence; conflict resolution, conflict transformation
• United nations: Aims, objectives, structure, and evaluation of the working of UN; peace and development perspectives; humanitarian intervention. International law; international criminal court, political economy of IR; globalization
• United nations: Global governance and Bretton Woods system, north-south dialogue, WTO, G-20, BRICS
• Regional organizations: European union, African union, Shanghai cooperation organization, ASEAN
• Contemporary challenges: International terrorism, climate change, and environmental concerns, human rights, migration, and refugees; poverty and development; role of religion, culture, and identity politics

Political science: Unit 06

• Perspectives on India’s foreign policy: India’s identity as postcolonial, development, rising power and as emerging political economy
• Continuity and change in India’s foreign policy: Principles and determinants; non-alignment movement: Historical background and relevance of non aligned movement; India’s nuclear policy, India’s relations with major powers: USA, USSR/ Russia
• India’s relations with major powers: People’s republic of China, India’s engagement with multipolar world: India’s relations with European union, BRICS, ASEAN, Shanghai cooperation organisation, African union, Southern African development community
• India’s engagement with multipolar world: Gulf cooperation council
• India’s relations with neighborhood: SAARC, Gujaral doctrine, look east/ act east, look west
• India’s negotiation strategies in international regimes: The united nations, world trade organization, international monetary fund, intergovernmental panel on climate change
• Contemporary challenges: Maritime security, energy security, environmental security, migrants, and refugees, water resources, international terrorism, cyber security

Political science: Unit 07

• Making of the Indian constitution: Colonialism heritage and the contribution Indian national movement to the making of the Indian constitution, constituent assembly: Composition, ideological moorings, constitutional debates
• Philosophy of the constitution: Preamble, fundamental rights, directive principles, constitutionalism in India: Democracy, social change, national unity, checks and balances, basic structure debate, constitutional amendments
• Union executive: President, prime minister, and council of ministers, union parliament: Structure, role and functioning, parliamentary committees, judiciary: Supreme court, high court, judicial review, judicial activism, judicial reform
• Executive and legislature in the states: Governor, chief minister, state legislature, federalism in India: Strong centre framework, asymmetrical federal provisions and adaption, role of intergovernmental coordination mechanisms, inter-state council
• Federalism in India: Emerging trends
• Electoral process and election commission of India: Conduct of elections, rules, electoral reforms
• Local government institutions: Functioning and reforms
• Constitutional and statutory bodies: Comptroller and auditor general, national commission for scheduled castes, national commission for scheduled tribes, national commission for human rights, national commission for women
• Constitutional and statutory bodies: National commission for minorities

Political science: Unit 08

• State, economy, and development: Nature of Indian state, development planning model, new economic policy, growth and human development
• Process of globalization: Social and economic implications
• Identity politics: religion, tribe, caste, region, language
• Social movements: Dalit, tribal, women, farmers, labour
• Civil society groups: Non-party social formations, non-governmental organizations, social action groups
• Regionalization of Indian politics: Reorganization of Indian states, states as political and economic units, sub-state regions, regional disparities, demand for new states
• Gender and politics in India: issues of equality and representation
• Ideology and social basis of political parties: National parties, state parties
• Electoral politics: Participation, contestation, representation, emerging trends

Political science: Unit 09

• Public Administration: meaning and evolution; public and private administration Approaches: System Theory, Decision Making, Ecological Approach
• Public administration theories and concepts: Scientific Management Theory, Rational Choice theory, New Public Administration, Development Administration, Comparative Public Administration, New Public Management
• Public administration theories and concepts: Changing nature of public administration in the era of liberalization and globalization
• Theories and principles of organization: Scientific management theory, bureaucratic theory, human relations theory, managing the organization: Theories of leadership and motivation
• Organizational communication: Theories and principles, Chester Barnard principles of communication, information management in the organization
• Managing conflict in the organization: Mary Parker Follett, management by objectives-Peter Drucker

Political science: Unit 10

• Governance, good governance and democratic governance, role of state, civil society, and individuals
• Accountability and control: Institutional mechanism for checks and balances, legislative control over executive, administrative, and budgetary control, control through parliamentary committees, judicial control over legislature and executive
• Accountability and control: Administrative culture, corruption, and administrative reforms
• Institutional mechanisms for good governance: Right to Information, Consumer Protection Act, Citizen Charter; Grievance redress system: Ombudsman, Lokpal, Lokayukta
• Grassroots governance: Panchayati Raj Institutions and their functioning
• Planning and development: Decentralized planning, planning for development, sustainable development, participatory development, e-governance; NITI aayog
• Public policy as an instrument of socioeconomic development: Public policies with special reference to housing, health, drinking water, food security, MNREGA, NHRM, RTE, monitoring and evaluation of public policy
• Mechanisms of making governance process accountable: Jansunwai, social audit

Sanskrit: Unit 01

• General introduction of Vedic literature: Main theories regarding the Vedās-Maxmüller; A. Weber; Jacobi; Balgangadhar Tilak; M. Winternitz; Indian traditional views. Saṁhitā literature, dialogue hymns: Pururavā-Urvaśī; Yama-Yamī; Saramā-Paṇi
• General introduction of Vedic literature: Viśvāmitra-Nadī, Brāhamaṇa-literature, Araṇyaka literature, Vedāṅgas: Sikșā; Kalpa; Vyākaraṇa; Nirukta; Chandas; Jyotișa

Sanskrit: Unit 02

• Study of the following hymns: (a) Ŗgveda-Agni (1.1); Varuṇa (1.25); Sūrya (1.125); Indra (2.12); Uṣas (3.61); Parjanya (5.83); Kitava (10.34); Jñāna (10.71); Puruṣa (10.90); Hiraṇyagarbha (10.121); Vāk (10.125); Nāsadīya (10.129)
• Study of the following hymns: (b) Śuklayajurveda-Sivasaṁkalpa, chapter-34 (1-6), (c) Prajāpati-chapter-23 (1-5), (d) Atharvaveda: Rāṣṭrābhivardhanam (1.29); Kāla (10.53); Prithivī (12.1)
• Brāhmaṇa literature: Subject-matter; Vidhi and its types; Agnihotra; Agniṣṭoma; Darśapūrṇamāsa; Yajña; Pañcamahāyajña; Akhyāna (Sunahśepa, Vāṅmanas)
• Upaniṣad literature: (a) Subject-matter and main concepts with special reference to the following Upaniṣads; (b) Iśa; Kaṭha; Kena; Bṛhadārṇyaka; Taittirīya; Svetāśvatara
• Vedic grammar; Nirukta and Vedic interpretation
• Ṛkprātiśākhya: Definitions of Samānākṣara; Sandhyakṣara; Aghoṣa; Soṣman; Svarabhakti; Yama; Rakta; Saṁyoga; Pragṛhya; Riphita
• Nirukta (chapters-I and 2)
• Four-fold division of padas-concept of Nāma; concept of Akhyāta; meaning of Upasargas; categories of Nipātas
• Purposes of the study of Nirukta
• Principles of etymology
• Etymology of the following words: Āchārya; Vīra; Hrada; Go; Samudra; Vṛtra; Aditya; Uṣas; Megha; Vāk; Udak; Nadī; Aśva; Agni; Jātavedas; Vaiśvānara; Nighaṇtu, Nirukta; Daivatakāṇḍa), Vedic accent-Udātta, Anudātta, and Svarita

Sanskrit: Unit 03

• General introduction of major schools of Darśana with special reference to the following: Pramāṇamīmānsā; Tattvamīmānsā; Acāramīmānsā (Cārvāka, Jaina, Bauddha) Nyāya, Sāṁkhya, Yoga, Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, Mīmānsā

Sanskrit: Unit 04

• Īśvarakṛṣna: Sāṁkhyakārikā-Satkāryavāda, Puruṣasvarūpa, Prakṛtisvarūpa, Sṛștikrama, Pratyaysarga, Kaivalya
• Sadānanda: Vedāntasāra-Anubandha-Catuṣṭaya, Ajñāna, Adhyāropa-Apavāda, Lingaśarīrotpatti, Pañcīkaraṇa, Vivarta, Jīvanmukti, Annambhaṭṭa, Tarkasaṁgraha/ Keśavamiśra; Tarkabhāṣā: Padārtha; Kāraṇa; Pramāṇa; (Pratyakṣa; Anumāna; Upamāna; Sabda)
• Sadānanda: Prāmāṇyavāda, Prameya
• Laugākṣibhāskara; Arthasaṁgraha
• Patañjali; Yogasūtra-(Vyāsabhāṣya): Cittabhūmi, Cittavṛttis; concept of Iśvara; Yogāṅgas; Samādhi; Kaivalya, Bādarāyaṇa; Brahmasūtra 1.1 (Sānkarabhāṣya), Viśvanāthapañcānana; Nyāyasidhāntamuktāvalī (Anumāna Khaṇḍa), Sarvadarśana-Saṁgraha; Jainism
• Buddhism

Sanskrit: Unit 05

• General introduction of the following grammarians: Pāṇini, Kātyāyana, Patañjali, Bhartṛhari, Vāmanajayāditya, Bhaṭṭojidīkṣita, Nageśabhaṭṭa, Kaiyyaṭa, Jainendra, Sākaṭāyana, Hemacandrasūri, Sārasvatavyākaraṇakāra, Pāṇinīya Sikṣā
• Linguistics: Definition of Language, Geneological and Morphological classification of Languages, Speech Mechanism and classification of sounds: Stops, Fricatives, Semi-Vowels and vowels (with special reference to Sanskrit sounds)
• Phonetic laws (Grimm, Grassman, Verner)
• Directions of semantic change and reasons of change
• Definition of Vākya and its types, general introduction of indo-european family of languages, difference between Vedic Sanskrit and classical Sanskrit, difference between Bhāșā and Vāk, difference between language and dialect

Sanskrit: Unit 06

• Definition: Saṁhitā, Saṁyoga Guṇa, Vṛddhi, Prātipadika, Nadī, Ghi, Upadhā, Apṛkta, Gati, Pada, Vibhāṣā, Savarṇa, Ti, Pragṛhya, Sarvanāmasthāna, Bha, Sarvanāma, Niṣthā
• Sandhi: AC Sandhi, Hal Sandhi, Visarga Sandh (according to Laghusiddhāntakaumudī), Subanta-Ajanta-Rāma, Sarva (in all genders), Viśvapā, Hari, Tri (in all genders), Sakhi, Sudhī, Guru, Pitṛ, Gau, Ramā, Mati, Nadī, Dhenu, Mātṛ, Jñāna, Vāri, Madhu
• Halanta: Lih, Viśvavāh, Catur (in all genders), Idam, Kim, Tad (in all genders), Rājan, Maghavan, Pathin, Vidvas, Asmad, Yuṣmad
• Samāsa: Avyayībhāva, Tatpuruṣa, Bahuvrīhi, Dvandva (according to Laghusiddhāntakaumudī), Taddhita-Apatyārthaka and Matvarthīya (according to Siddāntakaumudī ), Tiṅanta-Bhū, Edh, Ad, Us, Hu, Div, Suñ, Tud, Tan, Kṛ, Rudh, Krīñ, Cur
• Prayayānta: Nijant, Sannanta, Yańanta, Yańluganta, Nāmdhātu
• Kṛdanta: Tavya/ Tavyat , Anīyar, Yat, Nyat, Lyap, Satṛ, Sānac, Ktvā, Kta, Ktavatu, Tumun, Namul
• Strīpratyaya: According to Laghusiddhāntakaumudī
• Kāraka Prakarana: According to Siddāntakaumudī
• Parasmaipada and Atmanepada Vidhāna: According to Siddāntakaumudī
• Mahābhāșya (Paspaśāhnika): Definition of Sabda, relation between Sabda and Artha, purposes of the study of grammar, definition of Vyākaraṇa, result of the proper use of word, method of grammar
• Vākyapadīyam (Brahmakāṇḍa): Nature of Sphoṭa, nature of Sabda-Brahma, powers of Sabda-Brahma, relation between Sphoṭa and Dhvani, relation between Sabda and Artha, types of Dhvani, levels of language

Sanskrit: Unit 07

• General introduction of following: Bhāsa, Aśvaghośa, Kālidāsa, Sūdraka, Viśākhadatta, Bhāravi, Māgha, Harṣa, Bāṇabhaṭṭa, Daṇḍin, Bhavabhūti, Bhaṭṭanārāyaṇa, Bhilhaṇa, Shrῑharṣa, Ambikādatta Vyāsa, Panditā Kṣamārao, V. Raghavan, Shri Dhar Bhaskar Varnekar
• General introduction of following: Schools of sanskrit poetics-Rasa, Alaṅkāra, Rīti, Dhwani, Vakrokti, Aucitya, western poetics-Aristotle, Longinus, Croche

Sanskrit: Unit 08

• Poetry: Buddhacaritam (First Canto), Raghuvaṁśam (First Canto), Kirātārjunīyam (First Canto), Śiśupālavadham (First Canto), Naiṣadhīyacaritam (First Canto)
• Drama: Svapnavāsavadattām, Abhijñānaśākuntalam, Mṛcchakaṭikam, Uttararāmacaritam, Mudrārākṣasam, Uttararāmacaritam, Ratnāvalī
• Prose: Daśakumāracaritam (viii Ucchvāsa), Harṣacaritam (V Ucchvāsa), Kādambarī (Sukanāsopadeśa)
• Campū Kāvya-Nala Campū (I Ucchvāsa)
• Sāhityadarpaṇaḥ: Definition of Kāvya, refutation of other definitions of Kāvya, Sabdaśakti-Saṅketagraha; Abhidhā; Lakṣanā; Vyanjanā, Kāvyabheda (chapter fourth), Sravyakāvya (prose poetry and mix
• Kāvyaprakaśa: Kāvyalakṣhṇa, Kāvyaprayojana, Kāvyahetu, Kāvyabheda, Sabdaśakti, Abhihitānvayavāda, Anvitābhidhānvayavāda, concept of Rasa, discussion of Rasasūtra, Rasadoṣa, Kāvyaguṇa, Vyanjanāvriti (fifth chapter)
• Alaṁkāras: Vakrokti; Anuprāsa, Yamaka, Sleṣa, Upamā, Rūpaka, Utprekṣā, Samāsokti, Apahnuti, Nidarśanā, Arthāntaranyāsa, Dṛṣṭānta, Vibhāvanā, Viśeṣokti, Svabhāvokti, Virodhābhāsa, Saṅkara, Sansṛṣṭi
• Dhvanyāloka (I Udyota)
• Vakroktijīvitam (I Unmeṣa)
• Bharata-nāṭyaśāstram (first and sixth chapter)
• Daśarūpakam (first and third Prakāśa)
• Chanda: Aryā, Anuṣṭup, Indravajrā, Upendravajrā, Vasantatilakā, Upajāti, Vaṁśastha, Drutavilambita, Sālinī, Mālinī, Sikharṇī, Mandākrāntā, Hariṇī, Sārdūlavikrῑḍita, Sragdharā
• Kauṭilīya Arthaśātra (first-Vinayadikarika), Manusmṛti (I, II and VII Adhyāyas), Yājñavalkyasmṛti (Vyavahārādhyaya only)
• Paleography and inscriptions: (a) Brahmi script of Mauryan and Gupta periods, (b) inscription of Ashoka-major rock edicts, major pillar edicts, (c) post-Mauryan inscriptions-Sāranātha Buddhist image inscription of Kaniṣka’s regal-year, 3
• Paleography and inscriptions: (c) post-Mauryan inscriptions-Girnār rock inscription of Rudradāman, Hāthīgumphā inscription of Khāravela, (d) Gupta and post-Gupta inscriptions-Allahabad pillar inscriptions of Samudragupta
• Paleography and inscriptions: (d) Gupta and post-Gupta inscriptions-Mandasor pillar inscription of Yasodharman, Banāskherā copper plate inscription of Harṣa, paleography and inscriptions-Aihole stone inscription of Pulakeśīn II

Sanskrit: Unit 09

• General introduction of the followings: (a) Rāmāyaṇa-subject matter, age, society in the Rāmāyaṇa, Rāmāyaṇa as a source of later Sanskrit works and literal value of the Rāmāyaṇa, legends in the Rāmāyaṇa
• General introduction of the followings: (b) Mahābhārata-subject matter, age, society in the Mahābhārata, Mahābhārata as a source of later Sanskrit works and literal value of the Mahābhārata, legends in the Mahābhārata
• General introduction of the followings: (c) Purāṇa-definition of Purāṇa, Maha Purāṇa and Upa Purāṇas, Purāṇic cosmology and Purāṇic legends, (d) general introduction of main Smṛitis, (e) general introduction of Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra
• General introduction of the followings: (f) Paleography-history of the decipherment of Brāhmī script, theories of the origin of Brāhmī script, inscriptions-general introduction

Sociology: Unit 01

• Classical sociological traditions: Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Karl Marx
• Structure-functionalism and structuralism: Bronisław Malinowski, A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, Claude Lévi-Strauss
• Hermeneutic and interpretative traditions: G.H. Mead, Karl Manheim, Alfred Schutz, Harold Garfinkel, Erving Goffman, Clifford Geertz
• Post modernism, post structuralism, and post colonialism: Edward Said, Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Foucault, Jurgen Habermas, Anthony Giddens, Manuel Castells
• Indian thinkers: M.K. Gandhi, B.R. Ambedkar, Radha Kamal Mukherjee, G.S. Ghurye, M.N. Srinivas, Irawati Karve

Sociology: Unit 02

• Conceptualizing social reality: Philosophy of science, scientific method, and epistemology in social science, hermeneutic traditions, objectivity and reflexivity in social science, ethics, and politics
• Formulating research design: Reading social science research, data and documents, induction and deduction, fact, concept, and theory, hypotheses, research questions, objectives
• Quantitative and qualitative methods: Ethnography, survey method, historical method, comparative method
• Techniques: Sampling, questionnaire and schedule, statistical analysis, observation, interview, and case study, interpretation, data analysis, and report writing

Sociology: Unit 03

• Sociological concepts: Social structure, culture, network, status and role, identity, community, Diaspora, values, norms, and rules, personhood, habitus and agency, bureaucracy, power, and authority
• Social institutions: Marriage, family, and kinship, economy, polity, religion, education, law and customs
• Social stratification: Social difference, hierarchy, inequality, and marginalization, caste and class, gender, sexuality, and disability, race, tribe, and ethnicity
• Social change and processes: Evolution and diffusion, modernization and development, social transformations and globalization, social mobility

Sociology: Unit 04

• Rural and peasant society: Caste-tribe settlements, agrarian social structure and emergent class relations, land ownership and agrarian relations, decline of agrarian economy, depeasantization and migration, agrarian unrest and peasant movements
• Rural and peasant society: Changing inter-community relations and violence, urbanism, urbanity, and urbanization, towns, cities, and mega-cities, industry, service, and business, neighbourhood, slums, and ethnic enclaves
• Rural and peasant society: Middle class and gated communities, urban movements and violence

Sociology: Unit 05

• Political processes in India: Tribe, nation state, and border, bureaucracy, governance and development, public policy: Health, education and livelihoods, political culture, grass-root democracy, law and society, gender and development, corruption
• Political processes in India: Role of international development organizations
• Social movements and protests: Political factions, pressure groups, movements based on caste, ethnicity, ideology, gender, disability, religion and region, civil society and citizenship, NGOs, activism and leadership, reservations, and politics

Sociology: Unit 06

• Exchange, gift, capital, labour, and market, mode of production debates, property and property relations, state and market: Welfarism and neoliberalism, models of economic development, poverty and exclusion, factory and industry systems
• Changing nature of labour relations, gender and labour process, business and family, digital economy, e-commerce, global business and corporates, tourism, consumption

Sociology: Unit 07

• Social and cultural ecology: Diverse forms, technological change, agriculture, and biodiversity, indigenous knowledge systems and ethno-medicine, gender and environment, forest policies, adivasis, and exclusion, ecological degradation and migration
• Development, displacement, and rehabilitation, water and social exclusion, disasters and community responses, environmental pollution, public health, and disability, climate change and international policies, environmental movements

Sociology: Unit 08

• Theoretical approaches: Structure-functionalist, alliance, and cultural
• Gender relations and power dynamics, inheritance, succession, and authority, gender, sexuality, and reproduction, children, youth, and elderly, emotions and family, emergent forms of family, changing marriage practices, changing care and support systems
• Family laws, domestic violence and crime against women, honor killing

Sociology: Unit 09

• History of Technological Development, Changing notions of Time and Space, Flows and Boundaries, Virtual Community, Media: Print and Electronic, Visual and Social Media, E-Governance and Surveillance Society, Technology and Emerging Political Processes
• State policy, digital divide, and inclusion, technology and changing family relations, technology and changing health systems, food and technology, cyber crime

Sociology: Unit 10

• Signs and symbols, rituals, beliefs, and practices, changing material culture, moral economy, education: Formal and informal, religious organizations, piety, and spirituality, commodification of rituals, communalism and secularism
• Cultural identity and mobilization, culture and politics, gender, body, and culture, art and aesthetics, ethics and morality, sports and culture, pilgrimage and religious tourism, religion and economy, culture and environment, new religious movements