Bihar Police Constable 2025 Exam - Exam on July 20, 23, 27 & 20

English: Unit 01

• Central/ main point and supporting details etc and perceiving overall meaning and organization
• Sociopolitical and cultural issues along with the principals enshrined in the constitution

English: Unit 02

• Reasoning, drawing inferences
• Sociopolitical and cultural issues along with the principals enshrined in the constitution

English: Unit 03

• Bihar writers, Indian writers, commonwealth writers and native writers of English

English: Unit 04

• On environment, economics, sports, science, health and hygiene
• Adolescence, human values and human rights, cultural diversity and unity, reproductive health, art, and culture, mass media, travel and tourism, peace and harmony, etc
• General knowledge of practical value

English: Unit 05

• World fame poets (both native and non native poets of English), Indian poets, Bihari poets, commonwealth poets

English: Unit 06

• Notices, memorandum, formal and informal letters, application, reports, message, CVs, e-mail, formal and informal, etc

English: Unit 07

• Standard pieces of writing

English: Unit 08

• Topics covering different aspects of life including great personalities, informative and inspiring pieces

English: Unit 09

• Different tense forms for different kinds of narration (example media commentaries, report, programmes, etc
• Reported speech in extended text
• Passive forms in scientific and innovative writing
• Converting one kind of structures as well as other items to exemplify stylistic variations in different discourses
• Modal auxiliaries-uses based on semantic considerations
• Phrases and idioms
• Analysis
• Converting one kind of sentence/ clause into a different kind of structures as well as other items to exemplify stylistic variations in different discourses
• Synthesis

English: Unit 10

• Central/ main point and supporting details, etc and perceiving overall meaning, and organization
• Informative pieces on contemporary burning issues

History: Unit 01

• Meaning, scope, and relevance, importance of chronology, sources, periodisation
• Prehistoric cultures: Sites, tools and equipments

History: Unit 02

• Origin of human being and stages of prehistoric evolution
• Harappan civilization: Urban traits, material life, socio religious life

History: Unit 03

• Mesopotamia, Rome, China, Greece
• Emphasis on efforts to regulate the order (law codes), science, technology and philosophy
• Empire building endeavors, slavery and position of women
• Early Indian religions: Vedic, Buddhism, Buddhist sites of Bihar, Jainism, Vaishnavism, Shaivism

History: Unit 04

• Feudalism, states and church
• The Arabian experience
• Constructive aspects of feudalism
• Inner contradictions and decay of feudalism
• Political and economic history of the Mauryan: Rise of Magadh, growth of Patliputra, Mauryan stone pillars

History: Unit 05

• Ideas institutions and events
• Geographical discoveries, renaissance, reformation, inventions in science and technology
• Culture and economy from post Mauryan to Gupta period: Foreign influx, language and literature, trade and industries, science and technology-Aryabhatta

History: Unit 06

• The British experience: (a) Revolution of 1688, (b) industrial revolution
• The American war of independence
• The French revolution
• Economy society and culture during early medieval period: Varna and caste system, evolution of regional cultural identities, agrarian relations

History: Unit 07

• Europe: Greece, Italy, Germany, Turkey
• Asia: China, Japan, Iran, India
• Political changes under sultanate: A brief survey of the ruling dynasties and important rulers thereof

History: Unit 08

• Colonialism and neo-colonialism in Africa, Asia, and western world
• The first world war
• Indo-Islamic culture (1500-1700): Language and literature, art and architecture, dress and life style

History: Unit 09

• Capitalism, socialism/ communism, Fascism/ Nazism, the second world war
• Urban economy in medieval age: Crafts, trade, urban centers (emphasis on towns of Bihar)

History: Unit 10

• League of nations, UNO, non-aligned movement, Cold war, decolonization
• Bhakti and sufi movements: Leading saints and their sayings, characteristic features, contributions to Indian culture

History: Unit 11

• The Chinese experience, breakup of the USSR, globalization
• The rule of the east India company: Revenue settlements, economic impact, policies of expansion

History: Unit 12

• Causes, nature, effects and role of Kunwar Singh in Bihar

History: Unit 13

• Important personalities and organization, points of self introspection, dimensions of international consciousness development

History: Unit 14

• Non-cooperation movement, civil disobedience movement, quit India movement, the naval mutiny, NB-activates in Bihar must be mentioned

History: Unit 15

• Muslim league and the two nation theory, Wavell plan, Mountbatten plan, India independence act, Pangs of partition

History: Unit 16

• Making of the constitution, reorganization of states, five year plans and missed economy, non-alignment

Geography: Unit 01

• Nature and scope, science and spatial attributes, branches of geography, importance of physical geography (nature and scope)

Geography: Unit 02

• Origin and evolution of the earth
• Interior of the earth
• Wegener’s continental drift theory and plate tectonics
• Geological process earthquake, volcanoes

Geography: Unit 03

• Minerals and rocks, types of rocks and its characteristics
• Geomorphic process weathering and erosion
• Landforms and its types

Geography: Unit 04

• Composition and structure
• Elements of weather and climate
• Insolation: Angle of incidence of sun’s ray and distribution, heat budget
• Heating and cooling of atmosphere
• Conduction, convection, radiation
• Problems of global warming
• Green house effects
• Pressure belts
• Winds: Planetary, seasonal and local and its effects
• Air masses and fronts
• Cyclones: Tropical and temperate
• Condensation and evaporation process

Geography: Unit 05

• Hydrological cycle, study of submarine relief
• Distribution of temperature and salinity
• Movements of ocean water waves, tides and currents

Geography: Unit 06

• Ecosystems
• Role of man in ecological imbalance
• Human and environmental effects

Geography: Unit 07

• Meaning and scope, concept, classification and conservation

Geography: Unit 08

• Major natural regions of the world, equatorial region, monsoon region, tropical region, temperate grassland, human life

Geography: Unit 09

• Grains-rice, wheat and pulses, cash crops-cotton and sugarcane, plantation crops-tea, milk production, geographical conditions, distribution and world-trade of different crop’s production

Geography: Unit 10

• Utility and distribution of iron-ore, cotton-textile, factors of industrialization and its effects on the economy

Geography: Unit 11

• Nature and Scope

Geography: Unit 12

• Population of the world, distribution, density and growth
• Population change, spatial pattern and structure, determinant of population changes, age and sex ratio, rural urban composition
• Human development, concept, selected indicators, international comparison

Geography: Unit 13

• Primary activities: Concept and changing trends, gathering, pastoral mining, subsistence agriculture
• Secondary activities: Concept, manufacturing agro processing, house-hold, small scale, large scale
• Tertiary activities: Concept, trade, transport, and communication and trade
• Quaternary activities: Concepts knowledge based industry, information technology-USA, Britain, India its contribution

Geography: Unit 14

• Land transport: Road, railways, air, water
• Satellite communication, cyber zone, international technology-USA, Britain, India its contribution

Geography: Unit 15

• Types, characteristics and problem
• Rural and urban, morphology of cities, problems related to human settlements in developing country

Geography: Unit 16

• Location, neighborhood relations and place of India in the world

Geography: Unit 17

• Physiographic, relief, drainage systems, physical divisions

Geography: Unit 18

• Weather and climate, distribution of temperature, pressure, winds and rainfall. Indian monsoons, climate, vegetation, and soil-distribution
• Wildlife conservation, soil, major types ( ICAR classification ) their distribution and conservation

Geography: Unit 19

• Land resources: Agriculture land-use major crops and agricultural development and problems
• Water resources: Achievement and usages, problems, and conservation
• Mineral and energy resources: Metals and non-metals, minerals and its distribution, and conservation, conventional and non-conventional resources of energy

Geography: Unit 20

• Road, railway, water-ways, airways, gas and oil pipeline, national electricity grid

Geography: Unit 21

• Distribution, density and growth, composition of population, language, and religion, rural-urban population

Geography: Unit 22

• Flood and drought, earthquake and volcano, landslides, cyclones, Tsunami

Political science: Unit 01

• Nature, definition, and scope of political science
• Traditional and modern view, characteristics and differences
• Relation of political science with other social sciences-history, economics, sociology, psychology, geography, and philosophy
• Significance of the study of political science
• Indian government and politics-making of Indian constitution and its goal: Constitutional development, sources of constitution, constituent assembly, preamble

Political science: Unit 02

• Definition, essential elements of state, nature, justification, and importance of state
• Salient feature of Indian constitution

Political science: Unit 03

• Divine theory, force theory, social contract theory, evolutionary theory
• Working of federalism in India: Indian federation and its units, process of changes of name, boundary and territory of state. Controversial issues. Aim and characteristics of federal state. Unitary features

Political science: Unit 04

• Definition, characteristics, kinds, characteristics of monistic and pluralistic, impact of globalization
• Fundamental rights and duties: Meaning, importance, characteristics, amendments in fundamental rights

Political science: Unit 05

• Law: Meaning, source, type, relation between law and ethics, liberty: Meaning, type, equality: Meaning, type, relation between liberty and a equality
• Justice: Meaning, features, type, social justice, rights: Meaning, types, characteristics, difference theories, Laskis view of right
• Duties: Meaning, duty of an ideal citizen, relationship between rights and duties
• Directive principals of state policy: Nature and sources, difference between fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy, importance

Political science: Unit 06

• President: Election, powers, functions, real position, impeachment
• Vice-president: Election power and function
• Council of ministers: Composition (with special reference to coalition politics)
• Prime minister: Power, function, duties, role

Political science: Unit 07

• Lok sabha: Composition, power, function
• Rajya sabha: Composition, power, function

Political science: Unit 08

• Governor: Power, function, and position
• Council of ministers: Power, function, and role with special reference to coalition politics
• Chief minister: Power, function, duties, and role

Political science: Unit 09

• Bihar legislative assembly: Composition, power, and function
• Bihar legislative council: Composition, power, and function

Political science: Unit 10

• Supreme court of India: Organization and function
• Patna high court: Organization and functions
• Lok adalat, fast tract courts, family courts, PIL

Political science: Unit 11

• Election commission
• Electoral process: Maladies and reforms
• Importance of voting
• Party system and role opposition

Political science: Unit 12

• 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments
• Bihar panchayati raj (amendment) act-2006, rural and urban local government

Political science: Unit 13

• Communalism, regionalism, casteism, naxalism

Political science: Unit 14

• Determinants, basic principles with special reference to nuclear policy, NAM, SAARC, UNO

Physics: Unit 01

• Physics: Scope and excitement, nature of physical laws, physics, technology, and society
• Need of measurement: Unit of measurements, system of units, S.I. units, fundamental and derived units, length, mass and time measurements, accuracy and precision of measuring instruments, errors in measurement, significant figures
• Need of measurement: Regular and irregular errors. Dimension of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications. Dimension of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications

Physics: Unit 02

• Frame of reference, Motion in straight line, position time graph, speed and velocity, Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity time and position time graphs
• Relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment)
• Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion
• Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number, addition and subtraction of vectors, relative velocity. Unit Vector
• Scalar and vector quantities: Resolution of a vector in a plane-rectangular components. Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion, uniform circular motion

Physics: Unit 03

• Intuitive concept of force, Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion, momentum and Newton’s second law of motion, impulse, Newton’s third law of motion, law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces, static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road)

Physics: Unit 04

• Scalar product of vector work done by a constant force and a variable force, kinetic energy, work energy theorem, power
• Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces, conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies), non conservative forces, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimension

Physics: Unit 05

• Centre of mass of two-particles system, momentum, conservation and centre of mass motion, centre of mass of a rigid body, centre of mass of circular ring, disc, rod and sphere
• Vector product of vectors, momentum of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motion, moment of inertia, radius of gyration
• Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects (no derivation), statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications

Physics: Unit 06

• Keplar’s laws of planetary motion, the universal law of gravitation, acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude, and depth
• Gravitational potential energy, gravitational potential, escape velocity, orbital velocity of satellite, geostationary satellites

Physics: Unit 07

• Elastic behavior, stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’ moduls, bulk modulus, deformation, shear modulus of rigidity
• Pressure due to fluid column, Pascal’s law and its applications/ hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes
• Effect of gravity on fluid pressure
• Viscosity, Stoke’ law, terminal velocity, Reynolds's number, streamline and turbulent flow, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension, ideas of drops, bubbles and capillary rise

Physics: Unit 08

• Heat, temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, latent heat
• Heat transfer: Conduction, convection, and radiation, thermal conductivity, Newton’s law of cooling. Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics). Heat, work, and internal energy
• First law of thermodynamics
• Second law of thermodynamics, reversible, and irreversible processes
• Heat engines and refrigerators

Physics: Unit 09

• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure, kinetic energy and temperature, RMS speed of gas molecules, degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases
• Kinetic theory of gases: Concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s number

Physics: Unit 10

• Periodic motion: Period, frequency, displacement as a function of time, periodic functions, simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation, phase, oscillation of a spring-restoring force and force constant energy in SHM, kinetic and potential energies
• Periodic motion: Simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period) free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance
• Wave motion, longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion, displacement relation for a progressive waves, principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in string and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, beats
• Doppler effect

Physics: Unit 11

• Electric charges and their conservation, Coulomb’s law, force between two points charges, forces between multiple charges, superposition principal and continuous charge distribution
• Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field fue to a dipole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
• Electric flux, statement of Gauss; theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and out side)
• Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, dipole and system of charges, equi-potential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor
• Dielectric and electric polarization capacitors, and capacitance combination of capacitors in series and in parallel capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between plates, energy stored in a capacitor
• Van de Graff generator

Physics: Unit 12

• Electric current flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current, Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristic (linear and non linear), electrical energy and power
• Electrical resistivity and conductivity carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors, series and parallel combinations of resistors, temperature dependence of resistance, Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and EMF of a cell
• Combination of cells in series and in parallel
• Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge
• Potentiometer-principal and applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells, measurement of internal resistance of a cell

Physics: Unit 13

• Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment Biot-Sevart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
• Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids, force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic field, cyclotron
• Force on a current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
• Force between two parallel current carrying conductor-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
• Moving coil galvanometers, its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter voltage current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
• Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron
• Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnate) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis, torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines
• Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements, para, dia, and ferro-magnetic substances, with examples, electromagnets and factors affecting their strength, permanent magnets

Physics: Unit 14

• Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s law, induced EMF and current, Lenz’s law, Eddy currents, self and mutual inductance
• Need for displacement current: Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of AC/ voltage, reactance and impedance, LC, oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance, power in AC circuits, wattless currents
• Need for displacement current: AC generator and transformer

Physics: Unit 15

• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only), transverse nature of electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic spectrum/ radio waves, micro waves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, gamma rays including elementary facts about their uses

Physics: Unit 16

• Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal reflection and its application, optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens
• Combination of thin lenses in contact
• Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism, scattering of light-blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset
• Optical instrument: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia, and astigmatism) using lenses, microscopes and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers
• Wave optics: Wave fronts and Huygens's principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using waveforms. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens's principle, Interference
• Wave optics: Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe with, coherent sources and sustained interference of light, Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving powers of microscopes and astronomical telescope
• Wave optics: Polarization, plane polarized light, Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarized light and polaroids

Physics: Unit 17

• Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations
• Einstein’s photoelectric equation, particle nature of light
• Matter waves: Wave nature of particles, De-Broglie relation, Devission-Germer experiment

Physics: Unit 18

• Alpha-particle scattering experiments, Rutherford model of atom, Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum-composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars, isotones
• Radioactivity-alpha, beta, and gamma particle/ rays and their properties, radioactive decay law
• Mass energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion

Physics: Unit 19

• Semiconductors, semiconductor diode-I.V. characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier, I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode, Zener diode as a voltage regulator, junction transistor, transistor action
• Characteristics of a transistor, transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator, logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR), transistor as a switch, Boolean algebra (elementary ideas only)

Physics: Unit 20

• Elements of communication system (block diagram only), bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data), bandwidth of transmission medium propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation, need for modulation
• Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave
• Satellite communication system and its uses: Elementary ideas of electronic gadget used in our daily life like-mobile, fax, modem, computer and internet, remote sensing etc

Economics: Unit 01

• What is economics?, basic understanding of economics and economic phenomenon especially in context of the concept of scarcity and allocation of resources
• Definitions of economics: Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Lionel Robbins, Samuelson
• Meaning, scope, and importance of statistics in economics

Economics: Unit 02

• Collection of data-sources of data-primary and secondary; how basic data is collected; methods of collecting data; three important sources of secondary data
• Census of India, national sample survey organization and directorate of statistics and evaluation, Bihar, Patna
• Organization of data: Meaning and types of variables; frequency distribution
• Presentation of data: Tabular presentation and diagrammatic presentation of data-(i) geometric forms (bar diagrams and pie diagrams), (ii) frequency diagrams (histogram, polygon and ogive) and, (iii) arithmetic line graphs (time series graph)

Economics: Unit 03

• Measures of central tendency-mean (simple and weighted), median and mode
• Measures of dispersion-absolute dispersion (range, quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation), relative dispersion (coefficient of quartile-deviation, coefficient of mean deviation, coefficient of variation)
• Lorenz Curve: Meaning and its application
• Introduction of index numbers-meaning; what does an Index number show, measure or indicate; how you can construct index number; types-wholesale price index, consumer price index and index of industrial production, uses of index numbers
• Inflation and index numbers

Economics: Unit 04

• Development policies and experience (1947-90): A brief introduction of the state of economy of Bihar and Indian on the eve of independence. Common goals of five year plans. Main features
• Development policies and experience (1947-90): Problems and policies of-(i) agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy etc), (ii) industry (agro-based, industrial licensing, etc) and, (iii) foreign trade
• Economic reforms since-1991: Need and main features-liberalization, globalization, and privatization. An appraisal of SEZ and LPG policies. Impact of Bihar
• Current challenges facing economy of Bihar and India: Poverty-absolute and relative; meaning of poverty line; vicious circle of poverty; causes of poverty; government and non-government measures on poverty alleviations
• Current challenges facing economy of Bihar and India: Main programmes for poverty alleviation: A critical assessment. Rural development: Key issues-credit and marketing-role of cooperatives and self help groups; agricultural diversification
• Current challenges facing economy of Bihar and India: Rural development-alternative farming-organic farming. Population growth over the years; census of 2001; age, sex composition; density of population and occupational distribution
• Current challenges facing economy of Bihar and India: The current national policy on population. Human capital formation: How people become resource; role of human capital in economic development; growth of education sector in India
• Current challenges facing economy of Bihar and India: Employment-growth informalisation and other issues; problems and policies. Infrastructure: Meaning and tupes; case studies: Energy and health problems and policies-a critical assessment
• Current challenges facing economy of Bihar and India: The role of public distribution system in providing food security in Bihar; a critical examination of the PDS. Capital formation in Bihar; capital requirements for economic growth
• Current challenges facing economy of Bihar and India: Environment-sustainable economic development; limited availability of resources; environmental degradation
• Development experience of Bihar: A comparison with other states, Bihar and Punjab, Bihar and Maharashtra issues: Growth, sectoral development and other developmental indicators
• Development experience of India: A comparison with neighbours, India and Pakistan, India and China Issues: Growth, sectoral development, and other developmental indicators

Economics: Unit 05

• Introduction: What is microeconomics ?, central problems of an economy, production possibility curve and opportunity cost
• Consumer behaviour and demand: Consumer’s equilibrium-meaning and attainment of equilibrium through utility apporoach: One and two commodity cases; demand, market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule, demand curve
• Consumer behaviour and demand: Movement along and shifts in demand curve. Price elasticity of demand, measurement of price elasticity of demandpercentage, total expenditure and geometric method
• Producer behaviour and supply: Production function-returns to factor and returns to scale. Supply: Market supply, determinants of supply, supply schedule, supply curve movement along and shifts in supply curve, price elasticity of supply
• Producer behaviour and supply: Supply-measurement of price elasticity of supply percentage and geometric method. Cost and revenue: Short run costs-total cost, total variable cost, total fixed cost; average fixed cost
• Producer behaviour and supply: Cost and revenue-average variable cost and marginal costmeaning, and their relationship. Revenue-total, average and marginal revenue; opportunity cost: Definition, application
• Producer behaviour and supply: Producers’ equilibrium-meaning and its conditions in terms of total cost, and total revenue
• Forms of market and price determination: Forms of market-perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition-their meaning and features. Price determination under perfect competition-equilibrium price, effects of shifts in demand and supply
• Simple applications of tools of demand and supply curves: The teachers can be given the flexibility to choose the issues: rationing, floor and ceilings and food availability decline (FAD) theory
• Simple applications of tools of demand and supply curves: The teachers are encouraged to choose alternative examples that are simple and easy to understand

Economics: Unit 06

• National income and related aggregates: Macroeconomics-meaning, circular flow of income, concepts of GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP (at market price and factor cost), national disposable income (gross and net); private income
• National income and related aggregates: Macroeconomics-personal income and personal disposable income. Measurement of national income: Value added method, income method, and expenditure method
• Determination of income and employment: Aggregate demand, aggregate supply and their components. Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal), meaning of involuntary unemployment and full employment. Two sector model
• Determination of income and employment: Concept of investment multiplier and its working
• Determination of income and employment: Problems of excess and deficient demand-measures to correct excess and deficient demand-availability of credit, change in government spending
• Money and banking: Money-meaning, evolution and functions. Inflation: Cost-push; demand-pull; causes, effects of inflation on different groups of society; measures to control inflation. Central bank-meaning and functions
• Money and banking: Commercial banks-meaning and functions. Recent significant reforms and issues in Indian banking system: Privatization and modernization
• Government budget and the economy: Government budget-meaning and its components. Objectives of government budget. Classification of receipt-revenue and capital; taxes-types, classification of expenditure- revenue and capital
• Government budget and the economy: Plan and non plan and developmental and non-developmental. Balanced budget, surplus budget, and deficit budget: Meaning and implication. Revenue deficit, fiscal deficit and primary deficit: Meaning and implications
• Government budget and the economy: Fiscal deficit and primary deficit-measures to contain different deficits. Latest budget of Bihar and India
• International trade: Why international trade takes place, balance of payments accounts-meaning and components, foreign exchange rate-meaning (fixed and flexible), merits and demerits, determination through demand and supply
• International trade: A brief analysis about recent exchange rate issues