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Get UpdatesAgricultural Scientists Recruitment Board (ASRB) conducts a combined ASRB NET exam for determining the eligibility for the post of Assistant Professor/Lecturer in the State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) and Agricultural Universities (AUs). Before applying for ASRB NET, candidates must fulfill the eligibility criteria as prescribed by the authority. To appear in ASRB NET candidates must have a master’s degree in any discipline with specialization from any institute recognized by the government of India. The exam is held in an online Computer Based Test across 26 states in India. Selection in NET will be based on the marks scored in the online test and securing the minimum qualifying marks as prescribed by ASRB. Candidates who will clear the entrance tests are issued a NET certificate to apply for the vacancies available in State Agricultural Universities/Agricultural Universities.
| Full Exam Name | Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board National Eligibility Test |
| Short Exam Name | ASRB NET |
| Conducting Body | Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board |
| Frequency of Conduct | Once a year |
| Exam Level | National Level Exam |
| Languages | English, Hindi |
| Mode of Application | Online |
| Application Fee (General) | 1000 Rs [Online] |
| Mode of Exam | Online |
| Mode of Counselling | Online |
| Exam Duration | 2 Hours |
Past Dates and Events
24 Jul, 2023
Result | Mode: Online
26 Apr, 2023 - 30 Apr, 2023
Exam | Mode: Online
26 Mar, 2023 - 11 Apr, 2023
Application | Mode: Online
14 Mar, 2023
Advertisement | Mode: Online
The eligibility criteria for NET exams will be prescribed by ARSB. Candidates have to fulfil eligibility conditions regarding age limits, educational qualifications, number of attempts as prescribed for by the exam conducting authority.
ASRB NET Eligibility Criteria – Nationality
A candidate must be either a citizen of India or Nepal or Bhutan or a Tibetan refugee who came over to India before the 1st January, 1962, with the intention of permanently settling in India, or a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka and East African countries of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, (formerly Tanganyika and Zanzibar) Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ethiopia and Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India.
ASRB NET Eligibility Criteria - Age Limit
Candidates should have attained 21 years. There will be no upper age limit for appearing NET exam.
ASRB NET Eligibility Criteria - Educational Qualifications
Candidates must possess a Master’s degree or equivalent in the concerned Discipline
and specialization completed on or before June 24, 2019, from any Indian University
or they should have a qualification from a foreign University recognized as equivalent by the Government of India (GoI).
ASRB NET Eligibility Criteria - Number of Attempts
There is no restrictions or limits to appear in the ASRB NET examination.
Mode of Application : Online
Mode of Payment : Net Banking | Credit Card | Debit Card
The online application form of ASRB NET will be available online. The application process of ASRB NET includes five steps:
Part I - Registration and entering personal details
Part II - Educational Details
Part III - Uploading Of Photograph and Signature
Part IV - Payment of application fees
Part V - Slot Booking
Documents to be kept ready before filling the online form:
How to fill ASRB NET Application Form?
ASRB NET registration – Candidates have click on ‘New Registration’ such as Name, Father’s Name, E-mail Id, Date of Birth etc. On successful registration candidates will be provided with the registration No and password.
Educational Details
In this part, candidates have to mention whether they have appeared in the ASRB NET exam. Candidates have to enter discipline applied for, the name of the degree, the subject of specialization/name of the university, GPA, percentage, year of passing, employed or not or relative working in icar including its institute.
Uploading of Photograph and Signature
Candidates should upload the scanned image of photograph and signature. The maximum size should be 150 kB in .jpg format only. Scanned copy of signatures should be taken in Black/Blue ink on a white paper only in .jpg format only.
Payment of ASRB NET Application Fees
The application fee can be paid both in online and offline mode. Candidates can make online payment of fee through Debit Card/Credit Card/Net Banking payment from any bank.
Application Fees
1. General (Unreserved) - 500
2. Other Backward Class - (OBC) 500
3. Women/ Scheduled Caste (SC)/ Scheduled Tribe (ST)/ Divyang NIL - No
Slot availability checking
ASRB NET will be conducted online and the number of computers is limited at each centre. Therefore, candidates must submit their application form at the earliest since the slots for each centre and discipline are limited. If any discipline at any centre is full, candidates will have to select any other available slot/session as per their preferences depending upon the availability. No request for change of centre once selected and submitted will be considered.
Printout of ASR B NET application form and e-receipt - After payment, candidates must take a printout of the online application form and e-receipt of the payment for future reference. They should not send the print out to the ASRB office.
| Category | Quota | Mode | Gender | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | Online | Male | ₹ 1000 | |
| OBC, EWS | Online | Male | ₹ 500 | |
| SC, ST | Online | Male | ₹ 250 | |
| ST, OBC, EWS, General, SC | Online | Female | ₹ 250 | |
| ST, OBC, EWS, General, SC | PWD | Online | Female, Male | ₹ 250 |
Cell structure and function |
|---|
| Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell architecture, cell wall, plasma membrane, structure and function of cell organelles: Vacuoles, mitochondria, plastids, golgi apparatus, ER, peroxisomes, glyoxysomes |
| Cell division, regulation of cell cycle, protein secretion and targeting, cell division, growth, and differentiation |
Biomolecules and metabolism |
|---|
| Structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, synthesis of carbohydrate, glycolysis, HMP, citric acid cycle and metabolic regulation, oxidative phosphorylation, and substrate level phosphorylation, vitamins |
| Structure and function of plant, and animal hormones |
| Functional molecules, antioxidants, nutrient precursor, HSPs, antiviral compounds |
Enzymology |
|---|
| Enzymes, structure conformation, classification, assay, isolation, purification and characterization, catalysis specificity, mechanism of action, active site, regulation of enzyme activity, multienzyme complexes |
| Immobilized enzymes and protein engineering, immobilized enzymes, and their application |
Molecular genetics |
|---|
| Concept of gene, prokaryotes as genetic system, prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes, methods of gene isolation and identification, split genes, overlapping genes, and pseudogenes |
| Organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes and genomes including operan, exon, intron, enhancer promoter sequences, and other regulatory elements |
| Mutation-spontaneous, induced and site-directed, recombination in bacteria, fungi, and viruses, transformation, transduction, conjugation, transposable elements, and transposition |
Gene expression |
|---|
| Expression of genetic information, operon concept, transcription-mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, transcription unit, regulatory sequences and enhancers, activators, repressors, coactivators |
| Corepressors in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, inducible genes and promoters, transcription factors post transcriptional modification and protein transport, DNA-protein interaction, genetic code |
| Mechanism of translation and its control, post translational modifications |
Molecular biology techniques |
|---|
| Isolation and purification of nucleic acids |
| Nucleic acids hybridization: Southern, northern, and western blotting hybridization |
| Immune response monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and ELISA, DNA sequencing |
| Construction and screening of genomic and C-DNA libraries |
| Gel electrophoretic techniques |
| Polymerase chain reactor spectroscopy, rt PCR ultracentrifugation, chromatography, FISH, RIA, etc |
Gene cloning |
|---|
| Restriction enzymes and their uses |
| Salient features and uses of most commonly used vectors that is plasmids, bacteriophages, phagemids, cosmids, BACs, PACs, and YACs, binary vectors, expression vectors |
| Gene cloning and subcloning strategies, chromosome walking, genetic transformation, basis of animal cloning |
| Biology |
| Risk assessment and IPR |
Molecular biology |
|---|
| Ribosome structure and function |
| Protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| Post-translational modification |
| Gene regulation, RNA processing, and post transcriptional modifications |
| Bioprospecting, biofortification, gene pyramiding and gene fusion, ribozyme technology |
Plant molecular biology |
|---|
| Photoregulation and phytochrome regulation of nuclear, and chloroplastic gene expression |
| Molecular mechanism of nitrogen fixation |
| Molecular biology of various stresses, viz. abiotic stresses like drought, salt, heavy metals, and temperature; and biotic stresses like bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases |
| Signal transduction and its molecular basis, molecular mechanism of plant hormone action mitochondrial control of fertility, structure, organization and regulation of nuclear gene concerning storage proteins and starch synthesis |
Tissue culture |
|---|
| Basic techniques in cell culture and somatic cell genetics |
| Regulation of cell cycle and cell division |
| Clonal propagation |
| Concept of cellular totipotency |
| Bioprospecting, biofortification, gene pyramiding and gene fusion, ribozyme technology |
| Hybrid embryo culture and embryo rescue, somatic hybridization, and cybridization |
| Application of tissue culture in crop improvement |
| Secondary metabolite production |
| In-vitro, mutagenesis, cryopreservation, and plant tissue culture repository |
Plant genetic engineering |
|---|
| Isolation of genes of economic importance |
| Gene constructs for tissue-specific expression |
| Different methods of gene transfer to plants, viz. direct and vector mediated |
| Molecular analysis of transformants |
| Potential applications of plant genetic engineering for crop improvement, that is insect-pest resistance (insect, viral, fungal, and bacterial disease resistance), abiotic stress resistance, herbicide resistance, storage protein quality |
| Increasing shelf-life, oil quality, current status of transgenics, biosafety norms, and controlled field trials and release of transgenics (GMOs) |
Molecular markers and genomics |
|---|
| DNA molecular markers: Principles, type, and applications; restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA sequences (RAPD), simple sequence repeats (SSR) |
| DNA molecular markers: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), structural and functional genomics, gene mapping, genome mapping, gene tagging and comparative genomics, and application of genomics |
Systematics |
|---|
| History and development of entomology, evolution of insects, position of insects in the animal world, characteristics of phylum arthropoda, structural features of important arthropod groups such as trilobita, chelicerata, and mandibulata |
| Structural features of important classes of phylum arthropoda viz. arachnida, crustacea, chilopoda, diplopoda, and hexapoda |
| Classification of insects up to order level, habits, habitats, and distinguishing features of different order and important families |
Morphology |
|---|
| Body wall, its structure, outgrowths, endoskeleton, body regions, segmentation, sclerites, and sutures |
| Head and head appendages, types of mouth parts, antennae, their structure, and types |
| Thorax structure, thoracic appendages, and their modification |
| Wings, their modification, and venation, abdomen; structure, abdominal appendages both in pterygota and apterygota |
| External genitalia, general structure, and modification in important insect orders |
Embryology, internal anatomy, and physiology |
|---|
| Embryonic and post embryonic development, types of metamorphosis, physiology of ecdysis |
| General features and types of larvae and pupae |
| Structure, function, and physiology of digestive, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive, nervous, and excretory systems, sense organs; structure and types |
| Insect food and nutrition; minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, lipids, vitamins and their role in growth and development, artificial diets |
Ecology |
|---|
| Concept of ecology, environment and its components-biotic and abiotic factors and their effects on growth, development, population dynamics, distribution, and dispersal |
| Principle of biogeography and insects biodiversity |
| Biotic potential and environmental resistance |
| Ecosystems, agroecosystems analysis, their characteristics, and functioning |
| Intra and interspecific relationship; competition, predator-prey and host-parasite interactions, ecological niche |
| Life table studies, population models |
| Food chain and food web |
| Arthropod population monitoring, pest forecasting |
| Diapause and causes of pest outbreaks |
Biological control |
|---|
| Importance and scope of biological control, history of biological control: Biocontrol agents-parasites, predators, and insect pathogens |
| Important entomophagous insect orders and families |
| Ecological, biological, taxonomic, legal, and economic aspects of biological control, phenomena of multiple parasitism, hyperparasitism, superparasitism, and their applied importance |
| Principles and procedures of using exotic biocontrol agents |
| Utilization of natural biocontrol agents: Conservation, habitat management, and augmentation |
| Mass multiplication techniques and economics |
| Effective evaluation techniques, biocontrol organizations in world and India |
| Successful cases of biological control of pests |
Chemical control and toxicology |
|---|
| History, scope, and principles of chemical control |
| Insecticides and their classification |
| Formulations of insecticides |
| Susceptibility of insects to the entry of insecticides |
| Physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of different groups of insecticides: Chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphate, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, chlordimeform, chitin synthesis inhibitors, avermectins, nitroguanidine, phenylpyrazoles |
| Physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of different groups of insecticides: Botanicals (natural pyrethroids, rotenone, neem products, nicotine, pongamia spp. etc) |
| Combination insecticides |
| Problems of pesticide hazards and environmental pollution |
| Safe use of pesticides, precautions, and first aid treatments |
| Insecticides act 1968, registration and quality control of insecticides |
| Evaluation of toxicity, methods of toxicity testing, determination of LD₅₀, LT₅₀, RL₅₀, etc |
| Pesticides residues in the environment and their dynamics of movements, methods of residue |
| Pharmacology of insect poisons |
| Mode of action of different groups of insecticides; neuroactive (axonal and synaptic) poisons, respiratory poisons, chitin synthesis inhibitors |
| Metabolism of insecticides; activative and degradative metabolism, detoxification enzymes and their role in metabolism |
| Selectivity of insecticidal actions; insecticide resistance; mechanism, genetics, and management of insecticide resistance |
Host plant resistance |
|---|
| Physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of different groups of insecticides: Chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphate, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, chlordimeform, chitin synthesis inhibitors, avermectins, nitroguanidine, phenylpyrazoles |
| Host plant selection by phytophagous insects |
| Secondary plant substances and their defenses against phytophagous insect |
| Basis of resistance (antixenosis, antibiosis, tolerance) |
| Biotypes development and its remedial measures |
| Tritrophic interactions, induced resistance |
| Breeding for insect resistant plant varieties |
| Resistance development and evaluation techniques |
| Genetics of resistance: Vertical resistance, horizontal resistance, oligogenic resistance, polygenic resistance |
| Biotechnological approaches and development of transgenic insect resistant plants, its advantages and limitations |
| Case histories |
| Insect resistance to transgenic plants and its management |
Innovative approaches in pest control |
|---|
| Behavioral control: Pheromones-types and uses, advantages, and limitations |
| Hormonal control: Types and function of insect hormones, insect hormone mimics, advantages, and limitations |
| Chemosterilants, antifeedants, attractants, repellents; their types, method of applications, advantages, and limitations |
| Genetic control: Concepts and methods, case histories, advantages, and limitations |
| Potentialities of IPM |
Integrated pest management |
|---|
| History, concept, and principles of IPM |
| Components of IPM: Host plant resistance, agronomic manipulations, mechanical and physical methods, chemical methods, biocontrol agents utilization, genetic and behavioral control strategy, etc |
| IPM strategies for field and horticultural crops |
| IPM case histories |
| Concept of damage levels-economic threshold levels (ETL), economic injury levels (EIL) and their determination |
| System approach, agro ecosystem and cropping system vs. IPM |
| Constraints and strategies of IPM implementation |
Pesticide application equipments |
|---|
| Types of appliances: Sprayers, dusters, fog generators, smoke generators, soil injecting guns, seed treating drums, flame throwers, etc |
| Power operated sprayers and dusters |
| Types of nozzles and their uses |
| Maintenance of appliances |
| Aerial application of pesticides, principles of aerial application, factors affecting the effectiveness of aerial application |
| Equipments for aerial applications |
| Advantages and disadvantages of aerial application |
Pests of field crops and their management |
|---|
| Distribution, host range, biology and bionomics, nature of damage and management of arthropod pests of cereals, oilseed, pulses and fiber crops, sugarcane, and tobacco |
| Polyphagous pests: Locusts, termites, hairy caterpillars, cut worms, and white grubs |
Pests of horticultural crops and their management |
|---|
| Distribution, host range, biology and bionomics, nature of damage and management of arthropod pests of vegetables, fruits and plantation crops, spices, condiments, and ornamentals |
Pests of stored products and their management |
|---|
| Fundamentals of storage of grains and grain products |
| Storage losses, sources of infestation infection, factors influencing losses, insect and non-insect pests, their nature of damage and control |
| Microflora in storage environment and their control |
| Storage structures, bulk storage and bag storage, their relative efficacy, and demerits |
| Grain drying methods and aeration |
| Non-insect pests (rodents, birds, mites) of stored products and their control |
| Integrated management of storage pests |
Arthropod vectors of plant diseases |
|---|
| Common arthropod vectors viz., aphids, leafhoppers, plant hoppers, whiteflies, thrips, psyllids, beetles, weevils, flies, bees and mites and their relationship with the plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma |
| Mechanism of pathogen transmission: Active mechanical transmission, biological transmission |
| Toxicogenic insects, mites, and phytotoxemia |
| Some important arthropod vector transmitted diseases and their epidemiology in India |
| Management of vector and its effect on control of diseases |
Honey bees and beekeeping |
|---|
| Honey bees and their economic importance |
| Bee species, their behaviour, habit, and habitats |
| Bee keeping: Bee pasturage, hives and equipments, seasonal management |
| Bee enemies including diseases and their control |
Silkworms and sericulture |
|---|
| Silkworm species, their systematic position, and salient features |
| Rearing techniques of Mulberry-Muga-eri and Tasar silkworms |
| Nutritional requirements of silkworms |
| Sericulture: Rearing house and appliances, silkworm breeds, principles of voltism and nioultism, seed production, and its economics |
| Enemies and diseases of silkworms and their management |
| Sericulture organization in India |
Lac insect |
|---|
| Lac insect, its biology, habit, and habitats |
| Host trees: Pruning, inoculation, lac cropping techniques, and harvesting |
| Enemies of lac insect and their control |
Other useful insects |
|---|
| Pollinators, biocontrol agents of weeds, soil fertility improving agents, scavengers |
| Use of insects and insect products in medicines |
| Usefulness of insects in scientific investigations, insects as food |
Statistics and computer application |
|---|
| Frequency distribution, mean, mode, and median |
| Standard, normal, binomial, and Poisson's distribution, sampling methods and standard errors |
| Correlation and regression: Partial and multiple, tests of significance; t, F, chi- square, Duncan's multiple range tests |
| Design of experiments: Principles of Randomized block design, completely randomized block design, latin square design, split-plot designs |
| Probit analysis |
| Use of software packages like SPSS, SAS, etc for the above tests and designs of experiments for analysis |
History of microbial world |
|---|
| History, development, and scope of microbiology, evolution of microbial life |
| Theory of spontaneous generation |
| Prokaryotes, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes |
| Techniques used in identification and classification of bacteria |
| Important groups of prokaryotes-photosynthetic bacteria, blue green algae, chemoautotrophic bacteria, spore forming bacteria, mycoplasma, viruses, bacteriophages, and actinomycetes |
| Heterotrophic bacteria nitrobacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and cyanobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, halophiles, thermophiles acidophiles, and methanogens |
| Structure and classification of viruses, growth of viruses, lytic and lysogenic cycles, plant viruses, viroids |
Microbial ecology and physiology |
|---|
| Principles of microbial ecology, microbiology of ecosystems-soil, rhizosphere, phyllosphere, water-fresh and marine, and air |
| Microbial interactions-symbiosis, synergism, commensalism, parasitism, amensalism, antagonism and predation, adoption of microorganisms to various ecosystems |
| Microbial growth curve |
| Mathematical expression of growth-continuous and batch cultures |
| Diauxic and synchronous growth |
| Microbial nutrition |
| Bacterial metabolism-aerobic and anaerobic respiration, electron transport chain, microbial photosynthesis, oxidative and substrate level photophosphorylation |
| Biosynthesis of cell wall, protein breakdown by microbes |
Soil microbiology |
|---|
| Soil microorganisms: Major groups, decomposition of organic matter, soil health |
| Root exudates and rhizosphere effects |
| Manipulation of rhizosphere microflora in plant productivity |
| Microbial biomass |
| Nitrogen cycle: Ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification |
| Biological nitrogen fixation-symbiotic and asymbiotic |
| Biochemistry and genetics of nitrogen fixation |
| Microbial transformations of phosphorus, sulphur, and minor nutrients |
| Role of biofertilizers in agriculture and forestry |
| Bioremediation of problem soils, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their mode of action |
| Formation and composition of soil organic matter: Fulvic acid and humic acid |
Environmental microbiology and basic microbiological techniques |
|---|
| Isolation and preservation of different types of microorganisms |
| Methods of sterilization and disinfection |
| Microscopy: Optical, phase contrast, fluorescent, dark field, and electron |
| Microbial assay of vitamins, enzymes and antibiotics, pollution of soil, water, and air, role of microorganisms in pollution, sources of pollution and their impact on environment, microbiology of sewage and industrial effluents and their safe disposal |
| Management of solid and liquid organic wastes, composting, biogas, water purification, sewage treatment, water-borne diseases and effluent management |
Microbial biotechnology |
|---|
| Industrial production of metabolites-organic acids, alcohols, antibiotics |
| Fermentor designs and types |
| Control of fermentation process-batca, feed batch, and continuous |
| Downstream processing in fermentation industry |
| Production of single cell proteins and probiotics, hormones, biofertilizers, biopesticides |
| Phytoremediation |
| Microbiology of raw and processed foods |
| Fermented food-vinegar, wine sauerkraut, pickles, cheese, yogurt |
| Food preservation, contamination and spoilage, food-borne illness and intoxication |
| Food as substrate for microorganism, microflora of meat, fish, egg, fruits, vegetables, juices, flour, canned foods; biodegrading microbes, single cell protein for use as food and feed, bioactive food/ probiotics |
Plant taxonomy and biosystematics |
|---|
| Nomenclature, purpose, principles, and systems of classification; taxonomy of higher plants, floras, manuals, monographs, index, catalogues, and dictionaries, herbaria; concepts of biosystematics, evolution, and differentiation of species |
| Biosystematic and taxonomic tools; origin, evolution and biosystematics of selected crops (rice, wheat, rapeseed and mustard, cotton) |
Economically important plants-I |
|---|
| Origin, history, domestication, botany, genetic resource activities, cultivation, production and use of: Cereals-wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet and minor millets. Pulses: Pigeon pea, chickpea, black gram, green gram, cowpea, soyabean, pea |
| Origin, history, domestication, botany, genetic resource activities, cultivation, production and use of: Pulses-lentil, horse gram, lab-lab bean, ricebean, winged bean, French bean, lima bean, sword bean. Oilseeds: Groundnut, sesame, castor, rape seed |
| Origin, history, domestication, botany, genetic resource activities, cultivation, production and use of: Oilseeds-mustard, sunflower, safflower, niger, oil palm, coconut, and linseed |
Economically important plants-II |
|---|
| Origin, distribution, cultivation, production and utilization of economic plants of following groups such as fibers: Cotton, silk cotton, jute, sunn hemp, agave, flax, and mesta (kenoff); sugars: Sugarcane, sugarbeet, sugar palm, and sweet sorghum |
| Origin, distribution, cultivation, production and utilization of economic plants of following groups such as fibers: Fodders and green manure crops-plantation crops: Coconut, cocoa, tea; root and tuber crops: Potato, sweet potato, tapioca, aroids etc |
Economically important plants-III |
|---|
| Origin, distribution, classification, production, and utilization of fruits: Mango, banana, citrus, guava, grapes, and other indigenous fruits; apple, plum, pear, peach, cashew nut, and walnut; vegetables: Tomato, brinjal, okra, cucumber, cole crops |
| Origin, distribution, classification, production, and utilization of vegetables: Gourds etc; Fumigatories and masticatories: Tobacco, betelvine, arecanut; medicinal and aromatic plants: Sarpagandha, belladonna, cinchona, nux-vomica, vinca |
| Origin, distribution, classification, production, and utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants: Mentha and glycyrrhiza, plantago etc; narcotics-cannabis, datura, gloriosa, pyrethrum and opium; Dye-, tannin-, gum-, and resin-yielding plants |
| Origin, distribution, classification, production, and utilization of plant of agroforestry importance: Multipurpose trees/ shrubs, subabool; plant of agroforestry importance-acacia nilotica, poplar, sesbania, neem, etc |
| Origin, distribution, classification, production, and utilization of non-traditional economic plants: Jojoba, guayule, jatropha, carcass, etc |
Biodiversity and plant genetic resources (PGR) |
|---|
| Biosphere and biodiversity; plant species richness and endemism; concept and importance of plant genetic resources and its increasing erosion; centers of origin and diversity of crop plants, domestication, evaluation, bioprospecting |
| National and international organizations associated with PGR; convention on biological diversity (CBD), recent issues related to access and ownership of PGR, IPR, PBRs, farmers rights, sui-generis system, etc |
Germplasm augmentation |
|---|
| History and importance of germplasm collection, eco-geographical distribution of diversity, logistics of exploration and collection, use of flora and herbaria, random and selective sampling, genepool sampling in self and cross pollinated species |
| Concept, importance and ecogeographical considerations of introduction and exchange of plant germplasm; prerequisites conventions and achievements of PGR exchange |
Germplasm conservation |
|---|
| Principles and methods of conservation, in-situ and ex-situ methods, on-farm conservation; gene banks: Short-medium-and long-term conservation strategies; seed physiology and seed technology in conservation; seed storage behaviour (orthodox, recalcitrant) |
| Gene banks: Field genebanks, clonal repositories |
| Gene bank management, gene bank standard for various crops, ISTA, AOSA, IPGRI guidelines, documentation of information in gene bank |
Biotechnology in PGR |
|---|
| Plant conservation biotechnology, biotechnology in plant germplasm acquisition; plant tissue culture in disease elimination, in-vitro conservation and exchange; cryopreservation, transgenics-exchange, and biosafety issues |
| Biochemical and molecular approaches to assessing plant diversity |
Plant quarantine |
|---|
| Principles, objectives, and relevance of plant quarantine; regulations and plant quarantine set up in India; economic significance of seed borne pests, pathogens and weeds; detection and post entry quarantine operations |
| Salvaging of infested infected germplasm, domestic quarantine |
Germplasm characterization, evaluation, maintenance, and regeneration |
|---|
| Principles and strategies of PGR evaluation, approaches in germplasm characterization and diversity analysis, concept of core collection, descriptors, and descriptor states for data scoring |
| Maintenance of working and active collections of self-cross-pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops, perennials and wild relatives; principles and practices of regeneration in relation to mode of reproduction, concept of genetic integrity |
| Genetic shift, genetic drift and optimum environment; post-harvest handling of germplasm; PGR data base management |
General genetics and plant breeding |
|---|
| Mendelian inheritance |
| Cell structure and division, linkage, its detection, and estimation |
| Epistasis |
| Gene concept, allelism, and fine structure of gene |
| Extra chromosomal inheritance |
| DNA-structure, function, replication, and repair |
| Genetic code |
| Gene-enzyme relationship |
| Replication, transcription, and translation |
| Gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| Nuclear and cytoplasmic genome organization |
| Spontaneous and induced mutations and their molecular mechanisms |
| Crop domestication, evolution of crops, and centers of diversity |
| Emergence of scientific plant breeding |
| Objectives and accomplishments in plant breeding and the role of national and international institutes |
| Gametogenesis and fertilization |
| Modes of sexual and asexual reproduction and its relation to plant breeding methodology |
| Apomixis, incompatibility and male sterility systems and their use in plant breeding |
Economics botany and plant breeding methods |
|---|
| Origin, distribution, classification, description, and botany of cereals (wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, minor millets) |
| Pulses (pigeonpea, chickpea, black gram, green gram, cowpea, soyabean, pea, lentil, horse gram, lab-lab, rice bean, winged bean, lathyrus, lima bean); oilseeds (groundnuts, sesamum, castor, rapeseed mustard, sunflower, niger, linseed) |
| Fibers and sugar crops, fodder and green manures; breeding methods for self-pollinated, cross-pollinated and clonally propagated crops |
| Component, recombinational and transgressive breeding |
| Single seed descent |
| Populations, their improvement methods and maintenance, hybrid breeding, and genetic basis of heterosis |
| Ideotype breeding |
| Mutation breeding |
Genome organization and cytogenetics of crop plants |
|---|
| Chromosome structure, function, and replication |
| Recombination and crossing over |
| Karyotype analysis |
| Banding techniques |
| In-situ hybridization |
| Special types of chromosomes |
| Chromosomal interchanges, inversions, duplications, and deletions |
| Polyploids, haploids, aneuploids, and their utility |
| Wide hybridization and chromosomal manipulations for alien gene transfer |
| Pre-and post-fertilization barriers in wide hybridization |
| Genome organization and cytogenetics of important crop species-wheat, maize, rice, brassica, cotton, vigna, potato, and sugarcane |
| Principles and procedures of genome analysis |
| Cytogenetic techniques for gene location and gene transfer, construction and use of molecular marker based chromosome maps |
| Comparative mapping and genome analysis |
Quantitative and biometrical genetics |
|---|
| Quantitative characters |
| Multiple factors inheritance |
| Genetic control of polygenic characters |
| Genetic advance and types of selection and correlated response |
| Hardy weinberg law |
| Linkage disequilibrium |
| Genetic load |
| Polymorphism |
| Breeding value, heritability |
| Response to selection, correlated response |
| Estimates of variance components and covariance among relatives |
| Mating designs with random and inbred parents |
| Estimation of gene effects and combining ability |
| Effects of linkage and epistasis on estimation of genetic parameters |
| Maternal effects |
| Genotype-environment interactions and stability of performance |
| Heterosis and its basis |
| Mating system and mating design-diallel, line X tester, NC-1, NC-II and NC-III designs, approaches to estimate and exploit component of self and cross pollinated crops |
| Genotype X environment interaction and stability analysis |
Genetic engineering and biotechnological tools in plant breeding |
|---|
| Somatic hybridization, micropropagation, somaclonal variation in vitro mutagenesis |
| Artificial synthesis of gene |
| Genetic and molecular markers, generations of molecular markers and their application in genetic analyses and breeding |
| Molecular markers in genetic diversity analysis and breeding for complex characters |
| Gene tagging, QTL mapping and marker aided selection |
| Genome projects and utilization of sequence formation |
| Vectors |
| DNA libraries, DNA fingerprinting, DNA sequencing |
| Nucleic acid hybridization and immunochemical detection |
| Chromosome walking, recombinant DNA technology, gene cloning strategies |
| Genetic transformation and transgenics |
| Antisense RNA, RNAi, and micro RNA techniques in crop improvement |
Plant breeding for stress resistance and nutritional quality |
|---|
| Genetic basis and breeding for resistance to diseases and insect-pests |
| Breeding for vertical and horizontal resistance to diseases |
| Genetic and physiological basis of abiotic stress tolerance |
| Breeding for resistance to heat, frost, flood, drought, and soil stresses |
| Important quality parameters in various crops, their genetic basis and breeding for these traits |
| Role of molecular markers in stress resistance breeding: MAS, MARS, and MABB |
Plant genetic resources and their regulatory system; varietal release and seed production |
|---|
| Plant exploration, germplasm introduction, exchange, conservation, evaluation, and utilization of plant genetic resources |
| Convention on biological diversity and international treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture |
| Intellectual property rights |
| Biodiversity act |
| Plant variety protection and farmers’ rights act |
| System of variety release and notification |
| Types of seeds and seed chain |
| Seed production and certification |
Statistical methods and field plot techniques |
|---|
| Frequency distribution |
| Measures of central tendency, probability theory and its applications in genetics |
| Probability distribution and tests of significance |
| Correlation, linear, partial, and multiple regression |
| Genetic divergence |
| Multivariate analysis |
| Design of experiments-basic principles, completely randomized design, randomized block design and split plot design |
| Complete and incomplete block designs |
| Augmented design, grid, and honeycomb design |
| Hill plots, unreplicated evaluation |
| Data collection and interpretation |
History and economic importance |
|---|
| History and economic importance of nematology; diseases caused by plant-parasitic nematodes-symptomatology, biology |
| Distribution, and management of plant parasitic nematodes of economic importance: Pratylenchus, radopholus, hirschmanniella, meloidogyne, heterodera, globodera, rotylenchulus, tylenchulus, ditylenchus, anguina, aphelenchoides, tylenchorhynchus |
| Distribution, and management of plant parasitic nematodes of economic importance: Helicotylenchus, hoplolaimus, scutellonema, paratylenchus |
| Entomopathogenic nematodes |
Nematode taxonomy and morphology |
|---|
| Principles and concepts of taxonomy |
| Rules of nomenclature |
| Nematode phylogeny and systematics |
| Classification of soil and plant-parasitic nematodes, and their relationships with other related phyla |
| Detailed classification of plant-parasitic nematodes up to generic level with emphasis on genera of economic importance |
| General morphology and anatomy of nematodes |
| Various systems: Digestive, excretory, nervous, reproductive, etc, developmental biology of nematodes |
Nematological techniques |
|---|
| Methods of extraction of nematodes from soil and plant material |
| Microscopy-principles and types including electron microscopes |
| Methods of killing, fixing, preserving, staining, mounting, and measuring of nematodes |
| Techniques for histopathology and culturing of nematodes-plant parasitic, entomophilic and saprophytic including axenic methods |
| Experimental techniques for proving pathogenicity, estimation of crop losses, nematicide screening, screening, and evaluation for nematode resistance in crops |
| Molecular technique for nematode diagnostics |
| Techniques for mass culturing of nematode antagonistic bioagents |
Nematode ecology |
|---|
| Ecological classification and distribution of nematodes |
| Mode of nematode dispersal |
| Adaptations to parasitic mode of life |
| Soil as environment for nematodes |
| Effect of biotic and abiotic factors on nematode survival, activity, and reproduction |
| Nematode population dynamics |
| Nematode-induced plant damage and modeling |
| Community analysis |
Plant nematode relationships |
|---|
| Types of parasitism in nematodes |
| Nature of damage caused by various groups of plant parasitic nematodes and mechanisms involved |
| Pathotypes in nematodes |
| Mechanism of nematode resistance and tolerance in plants and its assessment |
| Physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in plants due to nematode infections |
Nematode physiology and cytology |
|---|
| Chemical composition of nematodes |
| Principles of nematode physiology |
| Physiological functions of cell; organelles |
| Physiology of respiration, digestion, excretion, reproduction, growth, and development |
| Physiology of muscular, nervous, and sensory responses |
| Physiology of moulting, hatching, and nematode survival |
| Chemoreception in nematodes |
| Nematode as biological models-caenorhabditis elegans |
| Cytological changes in plants due to infection including syncytia, giant cell formation and their modification, etc |
Nematode management |
|---|
| Principles and methods of nematode management-physical, cultural biological, chemical, and legislative, nematicides (including those of biological origin)-history, classification, formulations, application and mode of action |
| Host resistance for nematode management |
| Integrated nematode management |
| Role of biotechnology in nematode management |
Interactions of nematodes with soil organisms |
|---|
| Importance of interactions (interrelationships) of nematodes with soil organisms |
| Interactions of nematodes with bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycorrhizae, and other nematodes |
| Nematodes as vectors of viruses and other microorganisms |
Statistics |
|---|
| Frequency distribution |
| Measures of central tendency and dispersion: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation etc |
| Population distributions: Normal, binomial, and Poisson |
| Correlations: Partial and multiple |
| Tests of significance: T, F, and chi square and randomized block, Latin square and split plot designs, their analysis and interpretation |
Basic biochemistry and biomolecules |
|---|
| Scope and importance of biochemistry and molecular biology in plants |
| Structural and functional organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, viruses and bacteriophages, cell organelles function and their fractionation |
| Chemical bonding in biological systems, pH, and buffers |
| Thermodynamics and bioenergetics-concept of entropy, and free energy changes in biological reactions, redox reactions, role of high energy phosphates |
| Biomembranes |
| Classification structure, chemistry, properties and function of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids |
| Components of immune system, prostaglandins |
Intermediary metabolism |
|---|
| Anabolism, catabolism, and their regulation |
| Metabolism of carbohydrates-glycolytic pathway, HMP pathway, TCA cycle, glyoxylate pathway and gluconeogenesis |
| Biological oxidation-electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation |
| Lipid metabolism, degradation, and biosynthesis of fatty acids, ketogenesis, and causes of ketosis |
| Biosynthesis of sterols and phospholipids |
| Amino acid metabolism-catabolism of amino acids, transamination and deamination, urea cycle, biosynthesis of amino acids |
| Conversion of amino acids into bioactive compounds |
| Metabolism of nucleic acids-degradation and biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and nucleotides |
| Integration of carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism |
| Signal transduction mechanisms |
| Role of G-proteins, cyclic nucleotides and calcium in transduction |
| Disorders of lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, amino acid metabolism |
| Inborn errors of metabolism |
| Secondary metabolites, biotransformation, and over expression |
Enzymes, vitamins, and hormones |
|---|
| Major classes of enzymes, general properties, kinetics, active site and its mapping, activation energy and transition state |
| Mechanisms of enzyme action, inhibition, and activation |
| Coenzymes and cofactors |
| Isoenzymes and immobilized enzymes |
| Regulation of enzyme activity, allosteric regulation |
| Multi substrate reactions, kinetic experiments to determine the mechanism of multi substrate reactions |
| Isolation, purification, and measurement of enzyme activity |
| Enzyme units |
| Enzyme engineering |
| Role of enzymes in agriculture, industry, and medicine |
| Structure, mode of action and metabolic functions of vitamins |
| Deficiency diseases associated with vitamins |
| General description of nature hormones and disorders associated with endocrine glands, viz. Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads |
| Peptide and steroid hormones |
| Phyto hormones-auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid and new plant bioregulators like SA, brassino of |
Molecular biology |
|---|
| Structure of DNA and RNA replication, transcription and translation |
| Post-transcriptional and translational modifications |
| Transcriptional and translation control of prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| Features of genetic code in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| Gene expression-operon model, induction and repression, control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| Chloroplant and mitochondrial genomes |
| Replication of viruses |
| Mutagens, oncogenes, and carcinogenesis |
| General principles of recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes |
| Methods of gene transfer-plasmid and viruses as vectors, DNA and protein sequence analysis, oligonucleotide synthesis, genomic and cDNA library construction, site-directed ‘mutagenesis, transposon tagging, chromosome walking |
| Basics of genome organization and mapping, functional genomics |
| Gene silencing |
| Methods for the development of transgenic organisms |
| Computer application in molecular biology, primer designing, sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis |
| Benefits of gene manipulation in agriculture, nanobiotechnology, biochips |
Techniques in biochemistry |
|---|
| Principles of optical, phase contrast, muorescence and electron microscopy, spectrophotometry, UV and VIS, fluorimetry, turbidometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry |
| Radioisotopic techniques scintillation: Counters and autoradiography, and their application in biological sciences |
| Electrophoresis-general principles and application, gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis |
| Chromatographic techniques-paper, thin layer, column chromatography, GC and HPLC |
| Centrifugation-principles of sedimentation in various rotors, differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation and ultracentrifugation |
| Cell tissue and organ culture |
| Cryopreservation, PCR and application of RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellite and mitochondrial, and ribotyping techniques |
| Southern, northern, and western blotting, ELISA |
| Microarray and DNA chips |
| Preliminary methods of statistical analysis as applied to agricultural data-standard deviation, standard error, ANOVA, correlation, and regression |
Biochemistry of food-grains, fruits, and vegetables |
|---|
| Fundamentals of nutrition, concept of balanced diet |
| Nutritional quality of protein and its evaluation |
| Dietary fiber |
| Vitamins-biochemical functions and deficiency diseases |
| Fats and lipids-types of fatty acids and their significance in health |
| Biochemical composition and food value of various food grains (including cereals, pulses, oil seeds), fruits, and vegetables |
| Biochemistry of fruit ripening, biochemical aspects of post harvest technology, storage, and preservation |
| Biochemical basis of quality improvement of food grains, vegetables, and fruits |
| Antioxidants, nutraceuticals |
| Food toxins and anti-metabolites, food additives, storage proteins |
Photosynthesis |
|---|
| Photosynthesis-photosynthetic pigments, light reactions, photosystems |
| Photophosphorylation, dark reactions: C3, C4, and CAM pathways |
| Regulation of rubisco |
| Chemiosmotic coupling |
| Carbon cycle and its regulation, ton fluxes and conformational changes during photosynthesis |
| Photorespiration |
| Relationship between photosynthesis, photorespiration, and crop productivity |
| Chloroplasm morphology, structure, and biochemical anatomy |
| Cytosolic and organelle interactions |
| Nature and exchange of metabolites through translocators |
| Seed reserve biosynthesis |
Plant metabolic processes |
|---|
| Uptake and metabolism of mineral nutrients in plants |
| Sulphur metabolism |
| Nitrogen, cycle, nitrate, and nitrite reduction, denitrification, symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation |
| Biochemical and physiological role of hydrogenase |
| Chemoautotrophy in rhizobia and nitrifying bacteria |
| Cell cycle |
| Growth regulation in plants |
| Signal transduction and phytohormones |
| Molecular mechanisms of plant growth, hormone action |
| Role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides in cellular metabolism |
| Metabolism of cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates |
Plant molecular biology |
|---|
| General organization of nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes |
| Genomics and functional genomics |
| Tissue specific expression of genes |
| Molecular biology of various stresses-drought, salinity, and temperature |
| Signal transduction and its molecular basis: Molecular mechanism of plant hormone action |
| Structure, organization and regulation of nuclear genes |
| Genes involved in photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation |
| Regulation of chloroplast gene expression |
| Mitochondrial control of fertility |
| Molecular markers in plants and their uses |
Plant biotechnology/ genetic engineering |
|---|
| Totipotency, application of tissue culture for plant improvement, cryopreservation |
| Protoplasm fusion |
| General principles of gene cloning |
| Isolation and characterization of plant genes and promoters |
| Different methods of gene transfer-direct and vector mediated |
| Gene silencing |
| Site directed mutagenesis |
| Molecular analysis of transformants |
| Potential applications of plant genetic engineering for crop improvement-insect-pest resistance (insect, viral, fungal, and bacterial diseases) |
| Abiotic stress tolerance, herbicide resistance, storage protein quality improvement, increasing shelf-life, oil quality |
| Biosafety and IPR issues |
History and principles of plant pathology |
|---|
| Milestones in phytopathology with particular reference to India |
| Major epidemics and their social impacts |
| Historical developments of chemicals, legislative, cultural, and biological protection measures including classification of plant diseases |
| Physiologic specialization, Koch’s postulates |
| Growth, reproduction, survival, and dispersal of plant pathogens |
| Factors influencing infection, colonization, and development of symptoms |
Laboratory and analytical techniques |
|---|
| Preparation and sterilization of common media |
| Methods of isolation of pathogens and their identification |
| Preservation of microorganisms in pure culture |
| Methods of inoculation |
| Measurement of plant disease |
| Molecular detection of pathogens in seeds and other planting materials: Nucleic acid probes, southern, northern, and western hybridization, ELISA, ISEM, and PCR |
| Laboratory equipment and their use: Autoclave, hot air oven, laminar flow, spectrophotometer, electrophoresis, light and electron microscopy, incubator, ultracentrifuge, ELISA reader |
Physiological and molecular plant pathology |
|---|
| Altered metabolism of plants under biotic and abiotic stresses |
| Molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis: Recognition phenomenon, penetration, invasion, primary disease determinant |
| Enzymes and toxins in relation to plant disease |
| Mechanisms of resistance |
| Phytoalexins |
| PR proteins |
| Antiviral proteins |
| SAR, HR, and active oxygen radicals |
| Tissue culture |
| Somaclonal variation and somatic hybridization |
| Elementary genetic engineering |
| Management of pathogens through satellite, antisense-RNA |
| Ribozymes, coat protein, hypovirulence cross protection/ useful yenes and promoter technology biosafety and bioethics |
Mycology |
|---|
| Classification of fungi |
| Economic mycology, edible fungi and entomogenous fungi |
| Mycorrhizal associations |
| Cell organelles, their morphology, functions, and chemical composition |
Plant bacteriology |
|---|
| Identification and classification of bacteria |
| Morphology, ultra structure, and chemical composition of prokaryotic cell in relation to function |
| Growth curve, nutrition, and auxotrophic mutants |
| Resting cells in prokaryotic, elementary bacterial genetics, and variability: Transformation, conjugation, transduction |
| Biology of extrachromosomal elements: Plasmid borne genes and their expression-avr, her, vie, and pat genes |
| Bacteriophages: Lytic and lysogenic cycles |
| Prokaryotic inhibitors and their mode of action |
| Economic uses of prokaryotes |
| Morphology, biochemical characteristics, reproduction and life cycle of phytoplasma and other fastidious prokaryotes |
Plant virology |
|---|
| Nature, composition, and architecture of viruses and viroids |
| Properties of viruses |
| Variability in viruses |
| Satellite viruses and satellite RNA |
| Assay of plant viruses including biological, physical, chemical, serological and molecular methods |
| Conventional and biotechnological techniques used in detection and diagnosis |
| Behaviour of viruses in plants including infection, replication, and movement |
| Histopathological changes induced by viruses in plants, inclusion bodies |
| Transmission of viruses: Virus-vector relationships |
| Nomenclature and classification of viruses |
Plant disease epidemiology |
|---|
| Concepts in epidemiology |
| Development of disease in plant population |
| Monocyclic and polycyclic pathogens |
| Role of environment and meteorological factors in the development of plant disease epidemics |
| Survey, surveillance (including through remote sensing), and prediction and forecasting of diseases |
| Epidemic analysis and prediction models |
| Crop loss assessment: Critical and multiple point models |
Phanerogamic parasites and non-parasitic diseases |
|---|
| Diseases caused by phanerogamic parasites and their management |
| Diseases due to unfavourable soil environment, drought and flooding stress, etc |
| Nutritional deficiencies |
| Primary/ secondary air pollutants and acid rain |
Fungal diseases of crop plants |
|---|
| Fungal diseases of cereals, millets, oilseeds, pulses, fruits, vegetables, plantation, fiber, spices, and ornamental crops with special reference to etiology, disease cycle, perpetuation, epidemiology, and management |
| Post harvest diseases in transit and storage; aflatoxins and their integrated management |
Bacterial and viral diseases of crop plants |
|---|
| Crop diseases of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, plantation and fiber crops caused by bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas, and other fastidious prokaryotes |
| Mode of transmission and pathogen vector relationships |
| Epidemiology and management |
Management of plant diseases |
|---|
| General principles of plant quarantine |
| Exotic pathogens and pathogens introduced into India |
| Sanitary and phytosanitary issues under WTO, TRIPS, and PRA |
| Genetic basis of disease resistance and pathogenicity: Gene for gene hypothesis; parasite mediated frequency-dependent selection concept of QTL mapping; breeding for disease resistance |
| Production of disease free seeds and planting materials |
| Seed certification |
| Chemical nature and classification of fungicides and antibiotics: Their bioassay and compatibility with other agricultural chemicals; resistance to fungicides/ antibiotics; effect on environment |
| Spraying and dusting equipments, their care, and maintenances |
| Important cultural practices and their role in disease management, solarization, integrated disease management |
| Microorganisms antagonistic to plant pathogens in soil, rhizosphere and phyllosphere, and their use in the control of plant diseases; soil fungistasis |
| Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria |
Cell organelles and water relations |
|---|
| Cell organelles and their physiological functions, structure and physiological functions of cell wall, cell inclusions |
| Cell membrane structure and functions |
| Water and its role in plants, properties and functions of water in the cell, water relations, water potential of plant cells |
| Mechanism of water uptake by roots transport in roots, movement of water in plants, water loss from plants, energy balance, solar energy, input energy dissipation at crop canopy level |
| Evapotranspiration, plant factors influencing transpiration rate |
| Stomata, structure function-mechanism of stomatal movement, antitranspirants |
| Physiology of water high temperature and salinity stress in plants |
| Influence of water stresses at cell, organ, plant, and canopy levels |
| Indices for assessment of drought resistance |
Metabolic processes and growth regulation |
|---|
| Energy and work, free energy, and chemical potential, redox reactions and electrochemical potential |
| Enzyme classification and mechanism of action, factors affecting enzyme action |
| Gene expression and protein turnover |
| Photosynthesis, translocation and respiration as key processes regulating carbon metabolism and plant growth |
| Photosynthesis and bioproductivity |
| Photochemical process-chloroplast, its structure, CAM plants, and their significance |
| Rubisco structure and regulations, photorespiration and its significance, CO: fixation as a diffusive process, effect of environmental factors on photosynthetic rates |
| Synthesis of sucrose, starch, oligo, and polysaccharides |
| Translocations of photosynthates and its importance in, sink growth |
| Mitochondrial respiration, growth and maintenance respiration, cyanide resistant respiration, and its significance |
| Nitrogen metabolism |
| Inorganic nitrogen species (N, NO, NH) and their reduction, protein synthesis, nucleic acids |
| Sulphate uptake and reduction |
| Lipid metabolism-storage, protective, and structural lipids |
| Secondary metabolites and their significance in plant defence mechanism |
| Growth and differentiation, hormonal concept of growth and differentiation, plant growth hormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene, ctc), biosynthesis of growth hormones and their metabolism, synthetic growth regulators |
| Growth retardant, apical dominance, senescence, fruit growth, abscission, photo-morphogenesis, photoreceptors, phytochrome, physiology of flowering, photoperiodism, and vernalisation |
Crop productivity and modeling |
|---|
| Role of crop physiology in agriculture, crop growth, and productivity, crop growth models describing yield (Duncan/ passioura), phenology-crop productivity |
| Growth factors related to biomass-concept of growth rates-canopy photosynthesis (leaf area) and net assimilation rates as determining factors |
| Light interception as a major function of leaf area-index, LAD canopy architecture-light extinction coefficient relative growth rate |
| Net assimilation rate |
| Biomass and yield relations |
| Assimilate partitioning, yield and yield structure analysis |
| Concept of source and sink, factors influencing source, and sink size and productivity |
| Environmental factors determining crop growth |
| Light, temperature, and VPD, effect of photoperiod and thermoperiod on duration of growth stages |
| Ideotype concept-selection-indices for improving crop productivity |
Abiotic stress responses in plants |
|---|
| Abiotic stresses affecting plant productivity |
| Basic principles of a crop improvement programme under stress, interactions between biotic and abiotic stresses |
| Drought 21 characteristic features, water potential in the soil-plant-air continuum |
| Development of water deficits, energy balance concept, transpiration and its regulation-stomatal functions/ VPD |
| Physiological process affected by drought |
| Drought resistance mechanisms: Escape, dehydration postponement (drought avoidance), dehydration tolerance, and characteristics of resurrection plants |
| Osmotic adjustment, osmoprotectants, stress proteins |
| Water use efficiency as a drought resistance trait |
| Molecular responses to water deficit stress perception, expression of regulatory and function genes and significance of gene products |
| Stress and hormones-ABA as a signaling molecule-cytokinin as negative signal |
| Oxidative stress: Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-role of scavenging systems (SOD, catalase etc) |
| High temperature stress: Tolerance mechanisms-role of membrane lipids in high temperance tolerance |
| Functions of HSPs chilling stress; effects on physiological processes |
| Crucial role of membrane lipids |
| Salinity: Species variation in salt tolerance |
| Salinity effects at cellular and whole plant level, tolerance mechanisms |
| Breeding for salt resistance |
| Heavy metal stress: Aluminum and cadmium toxicity in acid soils |
| Role of phytochelatins (heavy, metal binding proteins) |
Plant growth regulators and plant development |
|---|
| Plant growth regulators-hormones, endogenous growth substances and synthetic chemicals |
| Endogenous growth regulating substances other than hormones |
| Brassinosteroids, triacontanol, phenols polyamines, jasmonates, concept of death hormone |
| Classification, site of synthesis, biosynthetic pathways and metabolism, and influence on plant growth and development by auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene |
| Concept of hormone action-hormone receptors and signal transduction hormone mutants |
| Hormonal regulation of gene expressions at various developmental stages of plant-flowering, seed maturity, seed dormancy |
| Action of hormones on cellular functions: Auxins-cell elongation, retardation of abscission of plant parts, gibberellins-stem elongation, germination of dormant seeds, cytokinins-cell division, retardation of senescence |
| Abscisic acid-stomatal closure and induction of drought resistance, ethylene-fruit ripening, acceleration of senescence of leaves |
| Interaction of hormones in regulation of plant growth and development processes |
| Synthetic growth regulators, growth retardants, apical dominance, senescence, fruit growth, abscission |
| Growth and differentiation, hormonal concept of growth and differentiations |
| Rooting of cuttings-flowering-physiological and molecular aspects of control of reproductive growth |
| Apical dominance, senescence, and abscission |
| Fruit growth and development, physiological, and molecular aspects of ripening processes and improving post harvest life of fruits |
| Induction and breaking dormancy in seeds and buds |
| Synthetic growth regulators |
| Practical utility in agriculture and horticulture |
| Herbicides, classification, and their mode of action |
Mineral nutrition |
|---|
| Importance of mineral nutrition in plant growth |
| Classification and essentiality criteria |
| General mechanisms-concept of apparent free space and nature of biomembranes |
| Dual mechanism and other concepts of ion uptake |
| Short distance transport-pathway from external solution (apoplasm) to sieve across the root cortical cells-factors contributing to xylem loading |
| Long distance transport in xylem and phloem, xylem unloading in leaf cells |
| Uptake and release of mineral nutrients by foliage |
| Rhizosphere and root biology, root growth, influence 0° micro-organism in nutrient acquisition, release and uptake by plant roots |
| Yield and mineral nutrition-concept of nutrient use efficiency, mineral nutrition under adverse soil situations-drought, salinity, acidity etc |
| Heavy metal toxicity and concept of phytoremediation |
| Interaction of phytohormones and nutrients |
| Molecular aspects-uptake and transport, role of transporter genes, genetics of nutrient uptake, identification and transfer of genes for tolerance to nutrient deficiencies, etc |
Climate and climate change |
|---|
| Climate-analytical methods to determine long term changes in environment-tree ring, cellulose, stable carbon isotope discrimination, stable ₁₈O discrimination for hydrological changes |
| Likely changes in climate in future and its impact on crop and ecosystems |
| The greenhouse gases and global warming |
| CO₂ as an important greenhouses gas, global carbon deposits, fluxes in the sinks and sources |
| Approaches, to contain atmospheric CO₂ level |
| Effect of elevated CO₂ on plant growth and development |
| Methane as a greenhouse gas |
| Prediction on global warming, GCA models, effects on climate and biota |
| High temperature and CO: interaction on plant growth’ and productivity, ionizing radiation UV-B chlorofluorocarbon (CRC)-their impact on ozone layer-ozone hole and alteration in UV-B radiation |
| Effects of UV-B radiation on plant ecosystem, repair and acclimation to UV-B damage |
| Carotenoids and their role in membrane stabilization |
| Air pollution, SO₂, NO, methane, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate and their effect on ecosystem |
| Industrial and domestic effluent their effect, on aquatic ecosystem, plant growth, and development |
Seed physiology |
|---|
| Structure of seeds and their storage |
| Seed development patterns and source of assimilates for seed development |
| Pathway of movement of assimilates in developing grains of monocots and dicots |
| Chemical composition of seeds |
| Storage of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in seeds |
| Hydration of seeds |
| Physiological processes |
| Seed respiration, mitochondrial activity mobilization of stored resource in seeds |
| Chemistry of oxidation of starch, proteins and fats |
| Utilization of breakdown products by embryonic axis |
| Control processes in mobilization of stored reserves |
| Role of embryonic axes |
| Gibberellin and a-amylase and other hydrolytic activity |
| Seed maturation phase and desiccation damage, role of LEA proteins |
| Seed viability |
| Seed dormancy |
| Means to overcome seed dormancy |
Physiology of flowering and reproduction |
|---|
| Evolutionary history of flowering plants (angiosperms) |
| Semelparous and iteroparous reproduction, monocarpic and perennial life, etc |
| Flowering phenomenon, effect of plant age, juvenility-transition to flowering |
| Flowering nature and classification of plants |
| Photoperiodic responses and the mechanisms in short and long day plants |
| Theories related to flowering |
| Endogenous substances and flowering |
| Gene expression in flowering |
| Control of flowering |
| Thermoperiodism-photo and thermo-period interactions |
| Vernalization-mechanism |
| Photomorphogenesis, photoreceptors, phytochrome, cryptochrome, physiology of flowering, photoperiodism, and vernalization |
| Optimization in flowering response-to environmental features (light, temperature, stress) etc |
| Plant reproductive physiology |
| Mating strategy in plants, molecular techniques to understand mating patterns, self-incompatibility responses, physiological processes mediating fertilization (pollen-stigma interactions), seed and fruit development |
| Seed and fruit abortion and means to overcome it |
| Molecular biology of seed development, physiological basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration |
| Physiology of heterosis |
Physiology of horticultural and plantation crop species |
|---|
| Growth and development of horticultural and plantation crop species |
| Juvenility, shoot growth, types of shoots, patterns of shoot growth, cambial growth, and its regulation |
| Physiological aspects of pruning and dwarfing |
| Growth measurements |
| Water relations of tree species |
| Water uptake and transport |
| Concepts of transpiration rate and water use efficiency |
| Sexual and asexual propagation |
| Rootstock and scion interactions |
| Physiology of flowering in perennial species, photoperiodism, and thermoperiodism |
| Physiological aspects of fruit crops: Mango, banana, grapes, citrus, papaya, and pineapple etc |
| Physiological aspects of plantation crops: Tea, coffee, cardamom, coconut, and black pepper |
Post-harvest physiology |
|---|
| Senescence and ageing in plants |
| Ethylene-the senescence hormone, leaf senescence |
| Monocarpic plant senescence |
| Biochemistry and molecular biology of flower senescence |
| Gene expression during senescence |
| Concept of physiological maturity of seeds-post harvest changes in biochemical constituents in field crops-loss of viability, loss of nutritive value, environmental factors influencing post-harvest deterioration of seeds |
| Physiological and biochemical changes during fruit ripening and storage |
| Senescence and post harvest life of cut flowers |
| Physical, physiological, and chemical control of post-harvest deterioration of fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers and its significance during storage and transport |
| Molecular approach in regulation of fruit ripening |
| Transgenic technology for improvement of shelf-life, edible vaccine |
Morphogenesis, tissue culture, and plant transformation |
|---|
| Morphogenesis; the cellular basis of growth and morphogenesis; polarity in tip growing cells and diffusive growing cells |
| Control of cell division and differentiation, phytochromes, different forms, physiological effects and gene regulation, and cellular totipotency, physiology and biochemistry of differentiation, in organ cell, tissue and cultures |
| Micropropagation strategies, application of tissue culture in agriculture, horticulture, forestry and industry: Plant transformation; transformation vectors, concept of selectable, and scorable markers |
| Agrobacterium mediated transformation, binary vectors, biolistics |
| Electroporation, selection of putative transgenic plants, genetic analysis |
| PCR, southern analysis evaluation of transgenic plants |
Seed biology |
|---|
| Floral biology, mode of reproduction, sporogenesis, pollination, fertilization, embryogenesis, fruit, and seed development |
| Apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony and somatic embryoids, and synthetic seeds |
| Seed structure of monocot and dicot |
| Seed maturation and longevity in orthodox and recalcitrant seed |
| Chemical composition of seed |
| Seed dormancy-types, causes and mechanisms of induction and release, factors affecting, methods to overcome dormancy and its significance in agriculture |
| Seed germination-requirements, imbibition pattern, physiological, and biochemical changes, and role of hormones |
Seed production |
|---|
| Introduction to crop breeding methods |
| Variety testing, release, and notification |
| Genetic purity concept and factors responsible for deterioration of varieties |
| Maintenance breeding |
| General system of seed multiplication |
| Seed production agencies |
| Identification of seed production areas and factors affecting it |
| Compact area approach in seed production |
| Seed production planning, equipment, input, and manpower requirement |
| Factors affecting pollination and seed act viz., temperature, humidity, wind velocity, insect pollinators, and supplementary pollination |
| Male sterility, self-incompatibility and their role in hybrid seed production |
| Principles and methods of seed production of varieties and hybrids of cereals like wheat, paddy, sorghum, pearl millet and maize; pulses like chickpea, pigeon pea, green gram, black gram, soybean and cowpea; oilseeds like groundnut, brassica, sesame |
| Principles and methods of seed production of varieties and hybrids of oilseeds like sunflower and castor; fiber crops like cotton and jute; vegetables crops like tomato, brinjal, okra, chilli, important cole and cucurbitaceous crops |
| Principles and methods of seed production of varieties and hybrids of important forage legumes and grasses and seed crop management, time of harvesting and threshing/ extraction methods |
| Seed production technology of plantation crops like coffee, tea, rubber, cocoa, cardamom and pepper |
| Disease free clonal propagation of crops like potato, sugarcane sweet potato, tapioca, colocasia, betel vine, fruit crops like mango, citrus, banana, guava, sapota, pineapple, grape, apple, pear, plum, peach |
| Disease free clonal propagation of crops like apricot and seed production and clonal propagation of annual and perennial flowers like rose, gladiolus, chrysanthemum, marigold, dahlia, phlox and petunia, clonal standards and degenerations |
| Micro propagation |
Seed processing |
|---|
| Principles of seed processing |
| Seed drying principles and methods |
| Precleaning, grading, treatment, pelleting, and packaging |
| Seed invigoration and enhancement treatment, and their applications |
| Seed processing machines like cleaner cum grader, specific gravity separator, indented cylinder, seed treater, weighing, and bagging machines, their operation, and maintenance |
| Seed quality maintenance during processing |
Seed quality control |
|---|
| Seed legislation-seeds act 1966, seed rules 1969 and new seed bill 2004, seed law enforcement |
| Seed certification-history, concept, organization, phases, and minimum certification standards |
| Field inspection principles and methods |
| Inspection at harvesting, threshing and processing |
| Pre-and post quality testing or genetic purity |
| Seed certification schemes, concepts, and procedures |
| Seed testing concepts and objectives, its role in seed quality control, seed sampling, seed moisture testing, purity analysis, germination testing, tolerance tests, and equipment |
| Seed testing procedures for principal agri horticultural crops |
| Quick viability tests |
| Seed vigour, its significance, and testing methods |
| Testing for genuineness of varieties-principles and methods based on seed, seedling, and plant characters, biochemical techniques namely electrophoresis of proteins and isoenzymes, and DNA fingerprinting |
| International seed testing association (ISTA), its role in development of seed testing procedures, rules and seed quality assurance for international seed trade |
Seed storage |
|---|
| Requirements and types of seed storage |
| Factors affecting seed storage and role of moisture, temperature, RH, and moisture equilibrium |
| Viability nomographs |
| Seed deterioration causes and methods of control |
| Physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in seed ageing |
| Seed drying and packaging needs |
| Storage structures |
| Methods of stacking and their impact |
| Short and medium term storage |
| Controlled storage |
| Germplasm storage |
| Cryopreservation |
| Design features of short, medium, and long-term seed storage buildings |
| Operation and management of seed stores |
Seed health |
|---|
| Significance of seed health |
| Mode and mechanism of transmission of microorganisms-fungi, bacteria, and viruses |
| Procedures for seed health test and rules |
| Externally and internally seed-borne pathogens, mode of infection, development and spread, methods of detection of seed borne diseases |
| Important seed-borne diseases of cereals, oilseeds, pulses, fiber crops, vegetables and their control measures |
| Quarantine and international procedures of phytosanitary certificates |
| Important storage pests, their identification, monitoring, and detection |
| ET value, nature and extent of damage, natural enemies, and management |
| Use of pesticides, botanicals, mycotoxins for seed treatments |
| Carry over infestation, principles of fumigation and safe use of fumigants |
Seed industry development and marketing |
|---|
| Trends in national and international seed industry development |
| International seed trade federation (ISF) and Indian seed associations |
| Economics of seed production |
| Market survey, demand forecasting, pricing policies, marketing channels, planning, and sales promotion |
| Buyer behaviour and role of government, semi government, cooperative and private sectors in seed trade |
| Responsibilities of seed companies and dealers in seed act |
| Seed import and export |
Protection of plant varieties |
|---|
| Plant variety protection (PVP) and its significance |
| Protection of plant varieties and farmers right act, 2001, its essential features |
| International union for the protection of new varieties of plants (UPOV) and its role in development of plant breeders rights and seed industry development |
| Impact of PVP on seed supply system |
| DUS testing principles and application |
| Biodiversity act |
| Criteria for protection of essentially derived varieties (EDVs) and genetically modified (GM) varieties |
Breeding |
|---|
| Principles-evolution of varieties, origin, distribution, genetic resources, genetic divergence- patents and plant variety protection in India; generic inheritance-of flower colour, doubleness, flower size, fragrance, post harvest life |
| Breeding methods suitable for sexually and asexually propagated flower crops and ornamental plants-introduction, selection, domestication, polyploid and mutation breeding for varietal development, role of heterosis, production of hybrids, male sterility |
| Incompatibility problems, seed production of flower crops; breeding constraints and achievements made in commercial flowers-rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold, tuberose, crossandra, carnation, dahlia, gerbera, gladioli, orchids, anthurium, aster |
| Breeding constraints and achievements made in commercial flowers-heliconia, liliums, nerium; breeding constraints and achievements made in ornamental plants-petunia, hibiscus, bougainvillea |
| Breeding constraints and achievements made in ornamental plants-flowering annuals (zinnia, cosmos, dianthus, snapdragon, pansy) and ornamental foliages-introduction and selection of plants for waterscaping and xeriscaping |
Production technology of cut flowers |
|---|
| Scope of cut flowers in global trade, global scenario of cut flower production, varietal wealth and diversity, area under cut flowers and production problems in India-patent rights, nursery management, media for nursery, special nursery practices |
| Growing environment, open cultivation, protected cultivation, soil requirements, artificial growing media, soil decontamination techniques, planting methods, influence of environmental parameters, light, temperature, moisture |
| Humidity and CO₂ on growth and flowering; flower production-water and nutrient management, fustigation, weed management, rationing, training and pruning, disbudding, special horticultural practices, use of growth regulators |
| Physiological disorders and remedies, IPM and IDM, production for exhibition purposes; flower forcing and year round flowering through physiological interventions, chemical regulation, environmental manipulation; cut flower standards and grades |
| Harvest indices, harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling, pre-cooling, pulsing, packing, storage and transportation, marketing, export potential, institutional support, agra export zones; crops: Cut rose, cut chrysanthemum, carnation, gerbera |
| Crops: Gladioli, tuberose, orchids, anthodium, aster, lilies, bird of paradise, helicon, alstroemeria, alpinia, ornamental’ ginger, bromeliads, dahlia, gypsophila, limonium, statice, stock, cut foliages |
Production technology for loose flowers |
|---|
| Scope of loose flower trade, significance in the domestic market/ export, varietal wealth and diversity, propagation, sexual and asexual propagation methods, propagation in mist chambers, nursery management, pro-tray nursery under shade nets |
| Transplanting techniques; soil and climate requirements, field preparation, systems of planting, precision farming techniques; water and nutrient management, weed management, rationing, training and pruning, pinching and disbudding |
| Special horticultural practices, use of growth regulators, physiological disorders and remedies, IPM and IDM; flower forcing and year round flowering, production for special occasions through physiological interventions, chemical regulation |
| Harvest indices, harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling and grading, packing and storage, value addition, concrete and essential oil extraction, transportation and marketing, export potential, institutional support, agri export zones: Crops-jasmine |
| Agri export zones: Scented rose, chrysanthemum, marigold, tuberose, crossandra, nerium, hibiscus, barleria, celosia, gomphrena, non-traditional flowers (nyctanthes, tabernaemontana, ixora, lotus, lilies, tecoma, champaka, pandanus) |
Landscaping |
|---|
| Landscape designs, styles of garden, formal, informal and free style gardens, types of gardens, English, Mughal, Japanese, Persian, Spanish, Italian, Vanams, Buddha garden; urban landscaping |
| Landscaping for specific situations, institutions, industries, residents, hospitals, roadsides, traffic islands, damsites, IT parks, corporates; garden plant components, arboretum, shrubbery, fernery, palmatum, arches and pergolas, edges and hedges |
| Climbers and creepers, cacti and succulents, flower borders and beds, ground covers, carpet beds, bamboo groves; production technology for selected ornamental plants; lawns, establishment and maintenance, special types of gardens, vertical garden |
| Roof garden, bog garden, sunken garden, rock garden. herbs, annuals, clock garden, colour wheels, temple garden, sacred groves; bio aesthetic planning, ecotourism, theme parks, indoor gardening, therapeutic gardening, non-plant components, water scaping |
| Xeriscaping, hardscaping |
Protected floriculture |
|---|
| Prospects of protected floriculture in India; types of protected structures-greenhouses, polyhouses, shade houses, rain shelters, etc, designing and erection of protected structures; low cost/ medium cost/ high cost structures-economics of cultivation |
| Location specific designs; structural components; suitable flower crops for protected cultivation; environment control-management and manipulation of temperature, light, humidity, air, and CO₂; heating and cooling systems, ventilation |
| Naturally ventilated greenhouses, fan and pad cooled greenhouses, light regulation; containers and substrates, soil decontamination, layout of drip and fertigation system, water and nutrient management, weed management, physiological disorders |
| IPM and IDM; crop regulation by chemical methods and special horticultural practices (pinching, disbudding, deshooting, deblossoming, etc); steking and netting, photoperiod regulation; harvest indices, harvesting techniques |
| Post-harvest handling techniques, precooling, sorting, grading, packing, storage, quality standards |
Value addition |
|---|
| Prospects of value addition, national and global scenario, production and exports, women empowerment through value added products making, supply chain management; types of value added products, value addition in loose flowers, garlands, veni, floats |
| Floral decorations, value addition in cut flowers, flower arrangement, styles, Ikebana, morebana, free style, bouquets, button-holes, flower baskets, corsages, floral wreaths, garlands, etc |
| Selection of containers and accessories for floral products and decorations; dry flowers-identification and selection of flowers and plant parts; raw material procurement, preservation and storage |
| Techniques in dry flower making-drying, bleaching, dyeing, embedding, pressing; accessories; designing and arrangement-dry flower baskets, bouquets, pot-pourri, wall hangings, button holes, greeting cards, wreaths; packing and storage |
| Concrete and essential oils; selection of species and varieties (including non-conventional species), extraction methods, packing and storage, selection of species and varieties, types of pigments, carotenoids, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, betalains |
| Significance of natural pigments, extraction methods; applications |
Turfing and turf management |
|---|
| Prospects of landscape industry; history of landscape gardening, site selection, basic requirements, site evaluation, concepts of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil pertaining to turf grass establishment |
| Turf grasses-types, species, varieties, hybrids; selection of grasses for different locations; grouping according to climatic requirement-adaptation; turfing for roof gardens; preparatory operations |
| Growing media used for turf grasses-turf establishment methods, seeding, sprigging/ dibbling, plugging, sodding/ turfing, turf plastering, hydro-seeding, astroturfing; turf management-irrigation, nutrition, special practices, aerating, rolling |
| Turf management-soil top dressing, use of turf growth regulators (TGRs) and micronutrients, turf mowing-mowing equipments, techniques to minimize wear and compaction, weed control, biotic and abiotic stress management in turfs |
| Establishment and maintenance of turfs for playgrounds, viz., golf, football, hockey, cricket, tennis, rugby, etc |
Computer aided designing (CAD) for outdoor and indoors aping |
|---|
| Exposure to CAD (computer aided designing)-applications of CAD in landscape garden designing, 2D drawing by AUTOCAD, 3D drawing by ARCHICAD, 3D drawing by 3D MAX software, creating legends for plant and non-plant components |
| Basics of photoshop software in garden designing; 2D drawing methods, AUTOCAD basics, coordinate systems in AUTOCAD LT 2007, point picking methods, toolbars and icons, file handling functions, modifying tools, modifying comments, isometric drawings |
Computer aided designing (CAD) for outdoor and indoor escaping |
|---|
| Drafting objects; using patterns in AUTOCAD drawing, dimension concepts, hyperlinking, script making, using productivity tools, etransmit file, making sample drawing for outdoor and indoor garden by AUTOCAD 2D drawing techniques, drawing web format design |
| Making layout; 3D drawing methods, ARCHICAD file system, tools and infobox, modification tools, structural elements, GDL objects (grid dimensional linking), creation of garden components through ARCHICAD; ARCHICAD organization tools |
| Dimensioning and detailing of designs, attribute settings of components, visualization tools for landscape preview, data management, plotting and accessories for designing, inserting picture using photoshop |
| Making sample drawing for outdoor and indoor gardens |
Tropical and dry land fruit production |
|---|
| Commercial varieties of regional, national and international importance, ecophysiological requirements, recent trends in propagation, rootstock influence, planting systems, cropping systems, root zone and canopy management, nutrient management |
| Water management, fertigation, role of bioregulators, abiotic factors limiting fruit production, physiology of flowering, pollination fruit set and development, honeybees in cross pollination, physiological disorders-causes, and remedies |
| Quality improvement by management practices; maturity indices, harvesting, grading, packing, storage and ripening techniques; industrial and export potential, agricultural export zones (AEZ), and industrial supports |
| Crops: Mango and banana, citrus and papaya, guava, sapota and jackfruit, pineapple, anonas and avocado, aonla, pomegranate, and ber, minor fruits of tropics |
Subtropical and temperate fruit production |
|---|
| Commercial varieties of regional, national, and international importance, ecophysiological requirements, recent trends in propagation, rootstock influence planting systems, cropping systems, root zone and canopy management, nutrient management |
| Water management, fertigation, bioregulation, abiotic factors limiting fruit production, physiology of flowering, fruit set and development, abiotic factors limiting production, physiological disorders-causes and remedies |
| Quality improvement by management practices; maturity indices, harvesting, grading, packing, precooling, storage, transportation and ripening techniques; industrial and export potential, agricultural export zones (AEZ), and industrial support |
| Crops: Apple, pear, quince, grapes, plums, peach, apricot, cherries, litchi, loquat, persimmon, kiwifruit, strawberry, nuts-walnut, almond, pistachio, pecan, hazelnut, minor fruits-mangosteen, carambola, bael, wood apple, fig, jamun, rambutan, pomegranate |
Biodiversity and conservation |
|---|
| Biodiversity and conservation; issues and goals, centers of origin of cultivated fruits; primary and secondary centers of genetic diversity; present status of gene centers; exploration and collection of germplasm |
| Conservation of genetic resources-conservation in situ and ex-situ |
| Germplasm conservation-problem of recalcitrancy-cold storage of scions, tissue culture, cryopreservation, poller and seed storage: Inventory of germplasm, introduction of germplasm, plant quarantine; intellectual property rights, regulatory horticulture |
| Detection of genetic const tuition of germplasm and maintenance of core group; GIS and documentation of local biodiversity geographical indication |
| Crops: Mango, sapota, citrus, guava, banana, papaya, grapes, jackfruit, custard, apple, ber, aonla, malus, prunus sp, litchi, nuts, coffee, tea, rubber, cashew, coconut cocoa, palmyrah, arecanut, oil palm, and betelvine |
Canopy management in fruit crops |
|---|
| Canopy management-importance and advantages; factors affecting canopy development; canopy types and structures with special emphasis on geometry of planting, canopy manipulation for optimum utilization of light |
| Light interception and distribution in different types of tree canopies; spacing and utilization of land area-canopy classification; canopy management through rootstock and scion; canopy management through plant growth inhibitors |
| Training and pruning and management practices; canopy development and management in relation to growth, flowering, fruiting and fruit quality in temperate fruits guava, citrus and ber |
Breeding of fruit crops |
|---|
| Origin and distribution, taxonomical status-species and cultivars, cytogenetic, genetic resources, blossom biology, breeding systems, breeding objectives, ideotypes, approaches for crop improvement-introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding |
| Polyploid breeding, rootstock breeding, improvement of quality traits, resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stresses, biotechnological interventions, achievements, and future thrust in the following selected fruit crops |
| Crops: Mango, banana, and pineapple, citrus, grapes, guava, and sapota, Jackfruit, papaya, custard apple, aonla, avocado and ber, mangosteen, litchi, jamun, phalsa, mulberry, raspberry, kokam and nuts, apple, peat, plums, peach, apricot |
| Crops: Cherries and strawberry |
Post harvest technology |
|---|
| Maturity indices, harvesting practices for specific market requirements, influence of pre-harvest practices, enzymatic and textural changes, respiration, transpiration; physiology and biochemistry of fruit ripening |
| Ethylene evolution and ethylene management, factors leading to post-harvest loss, pre-cooling; treatments prior to shipment, viz., chlorination, waxing, chemicals, biocontrol agents, and natural plant products |
| Methods of storage-ventilated, refrigerated, MAS, CA storage, physical injuries and disorders; packing methods and transport, principles and methods of preservation, food processing, canning, fruit juices, beverages, pickles, jam, jellies, candies |
| Dried and dehydrated products, nutritionally enriched products, fermented fruit beverages, packaging technology, processing waste management, food safety standards |
Growth and development |
|---|
| Growth and development-definition, parameters of growth and development, growth dynamics, morphogenesis; annual, semi-perennial and perennial horticultural crops, environmental impact on growth and development, effect of light |
| Photosynthesis and photoperiodism vernalisation, effect of temperature, heat units, thermoperiodism; assimilate partitioning during growth and development, influence of water and mineral nutrition during growth and development, biosynthesis of auxins |
| Gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroids, growth inhibitors, morphactins, role of plant growth promoters and inhibitors; developmental physiology and biochemistry during dormancy, bud break, juvenility |
| Vegetative to reproductive interphase, flowering, pollination, fertilization and fruit set, fruit drop, fruit growth, tipening and seed development; growth and developmental process during stress-manipulation of growth and development |
| Impact of pruning and training, chemical manipulations in horticultural crops, molecular and genetic approaches in plant growth development |
Biotechnology of fruit crops |
|---|
| Harnessing biotechnology in horticultural crops, influence of plant materials, physical, chemical factors and growth regulators on growth and development of plant cell, tissue, and organ culture; callus culture-types, cell division, differentiation |
| Callus culture-morphogenesis, organogenesis, embryogenesis; use of bioreactors and in vitro methods for production of secondary metabolites, suspension culture, nutrition of tissues and cells, regeneration of tissues, ex vitro |
| Establishment of tissue cultured plants; physiology of hardening-hardening and field transfer, organ culture-meristem, embryo, anther, ovule culture, embryo rescue, somaclonal variation, protoplast culture and fusion |
| Construction and identification of somatic hybrids and cybrids, wide hybridization, in vitro pollination and fertilization, haploids, in vitro mutation, artificial seeds, cryopreservation, rapid clonal propagation |
| Genetic engineering and transformation in horticulture crops, use of molecular markers |
| In-vitro selection for biotic and abiotic stress, achievements of biotechnology in horticultural crops |
Protected fruit culture |
|---|
| Greenhouse-world scenario, Indian situation: Present and future, different agro-climatic zones in India, environmental factors and their effects on plant growth; basics of greenhouse design, different types of structures-glasshouse, shade net |
| Poly tunnels-design and development of low cost greenhouse structures; interaction of light, temperature, humidity, CO₂, water on crop regulation-greenhouse heating, cooling, ventilation and shading |
| Types of ventilation-forced cooling techniques-glazing materials-micro irrigation and fertigation; automated greenhouses, microcontrollers, waste water recycling, management of pest and diseases-IPM |
Production of plantation crops |
|---|
| Role of plantation crops in national economy, export potential, IPR issues, clean development mechanism, classification, and varietal wealth |
| Plant multiplication including in vitro multiplication, system of cultivation, multitier cropping, photosynthetic efficiencies of crop at different tiers, rainfall, humidity, temperature, light and spoil pH on crop growth, and productivity |
| High density planting, nutritional requirements, physiological disorders, role of growth regulators and macro and micro nutrients, water requirements, fertigation, moisture conservation, shade regulation, weed management, training and pruning |
| Crop regulation, maturity indices, harvesting |
| Cost benefit analysis, organic farming, mani farming |
| Crops: Coffee and tea, cashew and cocoa, rubber, palmyrah and oil palm, coconut and areca nut, wattle and betel vine |
Production technology of spice crops |
|---|
| Introduction, importance of spice crops-historical accent, present status-national and international, future prospects, botany and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial varieties/ hybrids, site selection, layout |
| Sowing/ planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercropping, mixed cropping, intercultural operations, weed control, mulching, physiological disorders, harvesting, post harvest management |
| Plant protection measures and seed planting material and micro-propagation, precision farming, organic resource management, organic certification, quality control, pharmaceutical significance and protected cultivation of: Black pepper, cardamom, clove |
| Pharmaceutical significance and protected cultivation of: Cinnamon, and nutmeg, allspice, turmeric and garlic, coriander, fenugreek, cumin, fennel, ajwain, dill, celery, tamarind, garcinia, and vanilla |
Agronomy of medicinal, aromatic, and under-utilized crops |
|---|
| Importance of medicinal and aromatic plants in human health, national economy, and related industries, classification of medicinal and aromatic plants according to botanical characteristics and their uses |
| Export potential and indigenous technical knowledge; climate and soil requirements; cultural practices |
| Yield and important consequences of medicinal plants (mulethi, isabgol, rauwolfia, poppy, aloe vera, shatavari, stevia, safed musli, kalmegh, asafoetida, nux vomica, rosadle, etc); climate and soil requirements; cultural practices |
| Yield and important constituents of aromatic plants (citronella, palmarosa, mentha, basil, lemon grass, rose, patchouli, geranium); climate and soil requirement cultural practices |
| Yield of underutilized crops (fenugreek, grain amaranth, coffee, tea, and tobacco); post harvest handling-drawing, processing, grading, packing and storage, value addition and quality standards in herbal products |
Breeding of plantation crops and spices |
|---|
| Species and cultivars, cytogenetics, survey, collection, conservation and evaluation, blossom biology, breeding objective, approaches for crop improvement, introduction, selection hybridization, mutation breeding, polyploid breeding |
| Improvement of quality traits, resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stresses, molecular aided breeding and biotechnological approaches, marker-assisted selection, bioinformatics, IPR issues, achievements, and future thrusts |
| Crops: Coffee, tea, cashew, cocoa, rubber, palmyrah palm, oil palm, coconut, arecanut, black pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, fenugreek, coriander, fennel, celery, carom (ajwain), nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, and allspice |
Breeding of medicinal and aromatic crops |
|---|
| Plant biodiversity, conservation of germplasm, IPR issues, major objectives of breeding of medicinal and aromatic crops, scope for introduction; cytogenetic background of important medicinal and aromatic crops |
| Scope for improvement of medicinal and aromatic crops through selection, intra and Interspecific hybridization, induced autotetraploid, mutation breeding and biotechnological approaches; breeding for yield and quality improvement in medicinal plants |
| Breeding for high herbage yield, essential oil and quality components, secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic crops; genetic of active principles and essay techniques useful in evaluation of breeder's material |
| Breeding problem in seed and vegetatively propagated medicinal and aromatic crops; achievements and prospects in breeding of medicinal crops, viz. cassia angustifolia, catharanthus roseus, gloriosa superba, coleus forskohlii, stevia, withania somnifera |
| Achievements and prospects in breeding of medicinal crops, viz. papaver somniferum, plantago ovata, dioscorea sp; prospectus in breeding of medicinal crops, viz. Chlorophytum sp, rauvolfia serpentina, aloe vera, ocimum sp, phyllanthus amarus, solanums |
| Prospectus in breeding of aromatic crops viz., geranium, vetiver, lemon grass, palmarosa, citronella, rosemary, patchouli, eucalyptus, artemisia, and mint |
Processing of plantation crops, spices, medicinal and aromatic plants |
|---|
| Commercial uses of spices and plantation crops |
| Processing of major spices-cardamom, black pepper, ginger, turmeric, chilli, and paprika, vanilla, cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, allspice, coriander, fenugreek, curry leaf |
| Extraction of oleoresin and essential oils; processing of produce from plantation crops, viz. coconut, arecanut, cashewnut, oil palm, palmyrah palm, date palm, cocoa, tea, coffee, and rubber |
| Processing of medicinal plants, viz. dioscorea, gloriosa, stevis, coleus, ashwagandha, tulsi, isabgol, safed musli, senna, aloe, and catharanthus |
| Different methods of drying and storage |
| Microbial contamination of stored product |
| Influence of temperature and time combination on active principles; extraction and analysis of active principles using TLC/ HPLC/ GC |
| Distillation, solvent extraction from aroma plant-davana, mint, rosemary, rose, citronella, lavender, jasmine, etc |
| Study of aroma compounds and value addition |
| Nano-processing technology in medicinal and aromatic plants |
Organic spice and plantation crop production technology |
|---|
| Importance, principles, perspective, concept, and component of organic production of spices and plantation crops; organic production of spice crops and plantation crops viz. pepper, cardamom, turmeric, ginger, cumin, vanilla, coconut, coffee, cocoa, tea |
| Organic production of spice crops and plantation crops viz. arecanut, managing soil fertility, pest and diseases, and weed problems in organic farming system; crop rotation in organic horticulture; processing and quality control for organic foods |
| Methods for enhancing soil fertility, mulching, raising green manure crops |
| Indigenous methods of compost panchagavya, biodynamics, preparation, etc; pest and disease management in organic farming; ITKs in organic farming |
| Role of botanicals and biocontrol agents; GAP and GMP-certification of organic products; organic production and export-opportunity and challenges |
Production technology of cool season vegetable crops |
|---|
| Introduction, botany, and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial varieties/ hybrids, sowing/ planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercultural operations, weed control, mulching |
| Physiological disorders, harvesting, post-harvest management, plant protection measures and seed production of: Potato, cole crops: Cabbage, cauliflower, knoll kohl, sprouting broccoli, brussels sprout, root crops: Carrot, radish, |
| Plant protection measures and seed production of: Root crops-turnip and beetroot, bulb crops: Onion and garlic, peas and broad bean, green leafy cool season vegetables |
Production technology of warm season vegetable crops |
|---|
| Introduction, botany, and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial varieties/ hybrids, sowing/ planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercultural operations, weed control, mulching |
| Physiological disorders, harvesting, post harvest management, plant protection measures, economics of crop production and seed production of: Tomato, eggplant, hot and sweet peppers, okra, beans, cowpea and cluster bean, cucurbitaceous crops |
| Economics of crop production and seed production of: Tapioca and sweet potato, green leafy warm season vegetables |
Breeding of vegetable crops |
|---|
| Origin, botany, taxonomy, cytogenetics, genetics, breeding objectives, breeding methods (introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation), varieties and varietal characterization, resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stress, quality improvement |
| Molecular marker, genomics, marker assisted breeding and QTLs, biotechnology and their use in breeding in vegetable crops-issue of patenting, PPVFR act |
| Potato and tomato, eggplant, hot pepper, sweet pepper and okra, peas and beans, amaranth, chenopods and lettuce, gourds, melons, pumpkins, and squashes, cabbage, cauliflower, carrot, beetroot, radish, sweet potato, and tapioca |
Growth and development |
|---|
| Cellular structures and their functions; definition of growth and development, growth analysis and its importance in vegetable production; physiology of dormancy and germination of vegetable seeds, tubers, and bulbs; role of auxins, gibberellins |
| Cytokinins and abscisic acid: Application of synthetic hormones, plant growth retardants and inhibitors for various purposes in vegetable crops; role and mode of action of morphactins, antitranspirants, anti-auxin |
| Ripening retardant and plant stimulants in vegetable crop production; role of light, temperature and photoperiod on growth, development of underground parts, flowering and sex expression in vegetable crops; apical dominance |
| Physiology of fruit set, fruit development, fruit growth, flower and fruit drop; parthenocarpy in vegetable crops; phototropism, ethylene inhibitors, senescence and abscission; fruit ripening and physiological changes associated with ripening |
| Plant growth regulators in relation to vegetable production; morphogenesis and tissue culture techniques in vegetable crops |
| Sex expression in cucurbits and checking flower and fruit drops and improving fruit set in solanaceous vegetables |
| Growth analysis techniques in vegetable crops |
Seed production |
|---|
| Introduction; modes of propagation in vegetables; seed morphology and development in vegetable seeds; floral biology of these plant species; classification of vegetable crops based on pollination and reproduction behavior; steps in quality seed production |
| Identification of suitable areas/ locations for seed production of these crops; classification based on growth cycle and pollination behavior; methods of seed production |
| Comparison between different methods example seed-to-seed vs. root-to-seed method in radish; seed multiplication ratios in vegetables; pollination mechanisms; sex types, ratios, and expression and modification of lowering pattern in cucurbits |
| Nursery raising and transplanting stage; seed production technology of vegetables viz. solanaceous, cucurbitaceous, leguminous, malvaceous, cole crops, leafy vegetables, root, tuber and bulb crops, and spices |
| Harvesting/ picking stage and seed extraction in fruit vegetables; clonal propagation and multiplication in tuber crops example, potato, sweet potato, colocasia, tapioca; seed-plot technique in potato tuber seed production |
| Hybrid seed production technology of vegetable crops; TPS (true potato seed) and its production technique; hybrids in vegetables; maintenance of parental lines; use of male sterility and self incompatibility in hybrid seed production |
| Environmental factors related to flowering/ bolting in vegetable crops, share of vegetable seeds in seed industry; importance and present status of vegetable industry; intellectual property rights and its implications |
| Impact of PVP on growth of seed industry |
Systematics of vegetable crops |
|---|
| Principles of classification; different methods of classification; salient features of international code of nomenclature of vegetable crops; origin, history, evolution, and distribution of vegetable crops, botanical description of families |
| Genera and species covering various tropical, subtropical and temperate vegetables; cytological level of various vegetable crops; descriptive keys for important vegetables; importance of molecular markers in evolution of vegetable crops |
| Molecular markers as an aid in characterization and taxonomy of vegetable crops |
Production technology of underexploited vegetable crops |
|---|
| Introduction, botany, and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial varieties/ hybrids, owing/ planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercultural operations |
| Weed control, mulching, physiological disorders, harvesting, post harvest management, plant protection measures and seed production of: Asparagus, artichoke, and leek; Brussels sprout, Chinese cabbage, broccoli, kale, and artichoke |
| Plant protection measures and seed production of: Amaranth, celery, parsley, parsnip, lettuce, rhubarb, spinach, basella, bathu (chenopods) and chekurmanis; elephant foot yam, lima bean, winged bean, vegetable pigeon pea, jack bean and sword bean |
| Plant protection measures and seed production of: Sweet gourd, spine gourd, pointed gourd; oriental pickling melon and little gourd (kundra) |
Post harvest technology of vegetable crops |
|---|
| Importance and scope of post harvest management of vegetables; maturity indices and standards for different vegetables; methods of maturity determinations; biochemistry of maturity and ripening, enzymatic and textural changes |
| Ethylene evolution and ethylene management, respiration, transpiration, regulation methods; harvesting tools, harvesting practices for specific market requirements; post-harvest physiological and biochemical changes |
| Disorders-chilling injury in vegetables, influence of pre-harvest practices and other factors affecting post harvest losses, packaging house operations, commodity pretreatments-chemicals, wax coating, prepackaging and irradiation; packaging of vegetables |
| Post harvest, diseases, and prevention from infestation, principles of transport; methods and practices of storage-ventilated, refrigerated, MA, CA storage, hypobaric storage, pre-cooling and cold storage, zero energy cool chamber; storage disorders |
Scope of biochemistry and molecular biology in animal sciences |
|---|
| Structural and functional organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, viruses, and bacteriophages |
| Compartmentalization of metabolic processes within the cell and fractionation of subcellular components |
| Structure and functions of biomembranes with special reference to active transport of ions and metabolites |
| Extra and intracellular communication |
| General description of cell culture, hybridoma, and animal cloning techniques |
Structure and properties of biologically important carbohydrates |
|---|
| Important carbohydrates including storage and structural polysaccharides, mucopolysaccharides, blood group substances, peptidoglycans, and bacterial polysaccharides |
| Structure and properties of fatty acids, acyl glycerol, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, sterols, bile acids, and prostaglandins |
| Basic principles of isolation, estimation, and analysis of carbohydrates and lipids |
Amino acids, structure and properties |
|---|
| Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins |
| Glycoproteins, lipoproteins, nucleoproteins, fibrous, and globular proteins |
| Structure and functions of immunoglobulins, myoglobin, and hemoglobin |
| Physical and chemical properties of proteins |
| Structure of different types of nucleic acids |
| Acid base properties, sedimentation behaviour, hyperchromic effect, base sequencing and restriction analysis of dna |
| Computer applications in molecular biology, primer designing, sequence analysis, and phylogenetic analysis |
Major classes of enzymes, general properties, kinetics, and mechanism of their action |
|---|
| Activation energy and transition state, coenzymes, and cofactors |
Major classes of enzymes, general properties, kinetics and mechanism of their action |
|---|
| Regulation of enzyme activity and enzyme inhibition |
| Isoenzymes and enzymes of clinical significance |
| Applications and scope of enzymes in bioprocess technology and genetic engineering |
Bioenergetics, biological oxidation, respiratory chain, and oxidative phosphorylation |
|---|
| Citric acid cycle and ATP generation |
| Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogenesis |
| Biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids |
| Volatile fatty acids as source of energy in ruminants |
| Ketogenesis and cause of ketosis in ruminants |
| Biosynthesis of sterols and phospholipids |
| Catabolism of amino acids, transamination and determination, urea cycle |
| Integration of carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism |
| Conversion of amino acids into other bioactive compounds |
| Biosynthesis of nutritionally non-essential amino acids |
| Metabolism of purines and pyrimidines |
| Disorders of lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, and amino acid metabolism |
| Inborn errors of metabolism and scope of gene therapy in combating genetic disorders |
Mechanism of storage, transmissions and expression of genetic information |
|---|
| DNA replication and control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| Rna synthesis and factors regulating transcription |
| Biosynthesis of proteins |
| Features of genetic code in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| Wobble hypothesis, post-translational modification, degeneracy, and regulation of translation |
| Basic principles of recombinant dna technology and its scope in animal health and production |
| Recombinant proteins and vaccines, safety, ethical issues, and IPRs in molecular biology |
Structure and metabolic functions of water soluble and lipid soluble vitamins |
|---|
| Trace elements and their role in biological processes |
| Deficiencies and nutritional significance of vitamins and trace elements in domestic animals and poultry, nutraceuticals, and probiotics |
| General description of nature of hormones, receptors, and mechanisms of their action |
| Metabolic function of different hormones and associated disorders due to hypo or hyper secretions of major endocrine glands viz. pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads |
Blood composition and biochemical constituents of erythrocytes, leucocytes, and platelets |
|---|
| Important plasma proteins and their functions |
| Haemoglobin in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport |
| Role of kidneys in acid base balance |
| Composition and metabolism of muscle, connective, tissue, cartilage, bone, nervous, tissue, adipose tissue, and mammary tissue |
| Clinical significance of iron, iodine calcium, and phosphorus metabolism in domestic animals and poultry |
| Biochemical tests for hepatic and renal functions |
| Urine composition and analysis |
Basic principles and use of latest photometric, chromatographic, electrophoretic, and radioisotopic methods of biochemical analysis |
|---|
| Methods of isolation, purification, and characterization of proteins, DNA, and RNA |
| Basic principles of RIA, ELISA, PCR, RFLP, and DNA fingerprinting NA probes, vectors, microarray, imaging, applications of nanotechnology, proteomics |
| Determination of enzymes, hormones, vitamins, and other biochemical constituents with special reference to disease diagnosis in domestic animals |
Environmental pollution in relation to animal health and production |
|---|
| Biotechnology in pollution control |
| Biochemical basis of pollutant tolerance, host defence mechanisms including antigenic and non-antigenic interactions |
| Free radicals, carcinogenesis, and role of liver and kidneys in detoxification |
| Oncogenes and mechanism of immunosuppression in cancer therapy and organ transplantation |
Cell biology |
|---|
| Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell architecture |
| Molecular organization and functions of cell membrane |
| Organization and functions of the cytoplasm, cell organelles, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus, nucleolus, and subnuclear structures |
| Protein secretion and targeting |
| Intracellular digestion |
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
| Cell division, cell cycle, cell growth, and differentiation |
| Control of cell proliferation and self regulation |
| Cell motility |
| Cell trafficking and signaling |
| Apoptosis and molecular pathways |
Molecular biology |
|---|
| Structure and chemical composition of nucleic acids |
| DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
| Genome organization |
| Structure and functions of DNA polymerases |
| Molecular mechanisms of DNA repair |
| Synthesis and processing of different types of RNA |
| Rna polymerases |
| Protein biosynthesis |
| Genetics of mitochondria and plasmids |
| Transposons and intervening sequences |
| Minisatellites and microsatellites |
| Molecular mechanism of spontaneous and induced mutations |
| Recombination in bacteria, viruses, and fungi |
| Molecular mechanism of genetic recombination, transduction, transformation, and conjugation |
Gene structure and regulation of gene expression |
|---|
| Organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome |
| Repeated and non-repeated DNA sequences |
| Structure and function of gene |
| Expression of genetic information, transcription-mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, transcription unit, regulatory sequences and enhancers, transcription factors, post-transcriptional modifications |
| DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions |
| Genetic code |
| Overlapping genes |
| Mechanism of translation and its control, post-translational modifications |
| Control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| Gene mining |
Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology |
|---|
| Isolation and purification of DNA and RNA from prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
| Reverse transcription and cDNA synthesis |
| Restriction endonucleases, DNA and RNA modifying enzymes |
| Generation of DNA fragments, cloning and expression vectors-plasmids, cosmids, phages, phagemid, shuttle vectors, BAC, YAC, MAC |
| Eukaryotic vectors-viral vectors (vaccinia, retro, adeno, baculo) and yeast expression system |
| Cloning and expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts |
| DNA libraries (genomic and cDNA) |
| Screening and characterization of DNA clones |
| Transformation of bacterial cells |
| Transfection in animal cells |
| In-situ mutagenesis |
| Site directed mutagenesis |
| Antibody engineering |
| Production of diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines using r-DNA technology |
| Nano-delivery system |
| Genetically modified animal/ fish |
| Genetic manipulation of gut microbes |
| Single cell Protein |
| Reverse genetics |
| RNA interference (RNAi, siRNA, peptide nucleic acid) |
| Gene silencing |
| Genetically modified microbes for environment improvement, bioremediation, fermentation |
| Safety aspects and regulations associated with recombinant DNA technology |
| Ethical issues related to use of biotechnology products |
| Patenting and intellectual property rights |
Cell culture and hybridoma technology |
|---|
| Development and applications of cell and organ culture techniques |
| Nutrient requirements for cells of animal and fish origin |
| Media for culturing cells |
| Growth supplements |
| Primary cultures and established cell lines |
| Stationary, roller, and suspension culture techniques |
| Large-scale production of cells using bioreactors, microcarriers, and perfusion techniques |
| Characterization and maintenance of cells, karyotyping, cryopreservation, and revival |
| Detection of contaminants in cell cultures |
| Cell viability and cytotoxicity assays |
| Isolation and culture of lymphocytes |
| Micro-manipulation of cells |
| Cell fusion, somatic cell hybrids, sub-cloning of cells |
| Principles and methods of hybridoma technology |
| Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies and their applications |
Reproductive biotechnology and related techniques |
|---|
| Superovulation |
| Embryo collection and evaluation |
| Embryo splitting, sexing, transfer, and their applications |
| Semen sexing |
| Cryopreservation of gamete and embryos |
| Synthetic hormones for induced breeding in fishes |
| Androgenesis, gynogenesis, triploidy, and polyploidy in fishes |
| In-vitro artificial fertilization |
| Embryo cloning |
| Nuclear transplantation |
| Transgenic technology |
| Production of transgenic animals/ fish and gene farming |
| Gene knockout techniques |
| Identification and transfer of genes influencing production and disease resistance |
| Stem cells and their applications in animal and fish health and production |
Molecular biology techniques |
|---|
| Quantization of protein and nucleic acids |
| Gel electrophoretic techniques |
| Isolation of plasmids |
| Molecular cloning |
| Nucleic acid probes |
| GFP from jellyfish and its applications |
| Nucleic acid hybridization including in-situ hybridization and FISH techniques |
| Autoradiography |
| Blotting techniques |
| Nucleic acid sequencing methods including next generation sequencing (NGS) |
| Protein purification methods |
| RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP |
| DNA fingerprinting |
| Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) |
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR |
| Microarray techniques |
| Biosensors |
| Bioinformatics in biotechnology (protein and nucleic acid data banks, sequence alignment, sequence editing, phylogenetic tree analysis using in silico tools) |
Overview of genetics |
|---|
| History and development of genetics |
| Classic researches and pioneer scientists in genetics |
| Mendelism and its deviations |
| Chromosomes and heredity |
| Sex in relation to chromosomes and genes |
| Linkage and crossing over |
| Artificial transmutation of genes |
| Penetrance and expressivity |
| Multiple factor inheritance |
| Gene modifiers |
| Non-chromosomal genes and their inheritance, chromosomal aberrations |
| Mosaicism and chimerism |
Advanced genetics |
|---|
| Fine structure of chromosomes and chromosomal banding |
| Gene and mechanism of gene action |
| DNA replication |
| Central dogma |
| Protein synthesis |
| Genetic code and DNA cloning |
| Recombinant DNA Technology |
| Pcr |
| Gene banks |
| Split gene |
| Genetic control of hormone coordination, metabolism, and metabolic diseases |
| Use of biotechnological tools in improving animal productivity |
| Application of immunogenetics |
| Biochemical polymorphism |
| Chromosomal studies in livestock improvement programmes |
| Development of clones in relation to animal productivity and maintaining biodiversity |
| Production of transgenic animals |
| Gene mixing for useful functions |
Overview of breeding |
|---|
| Brief history of domestication of livestock |
| Important breeds of livestock and poultry with special reference to economic characters |
| Evolution of genetic systems |
| Isolating mechanisms and origin of species/ subspecies, their adaptation |
| Mating systems for different livestock and poultry |
| Genetic and phenotypic consequences and applications of inbreeding and outbreeding |
| Genetic basis of heterosis and its use |
| Diallel and polyallele crossing |
| Reciprocal and reciprocal-recurrent-selection |
| Combining ability |
| Developments in population and production of livestock and poultry in India |
| Status of animal genetic resources in India |
Genetic properties of population |
|---|
| Population vs. individual |
| Inheritance and continuity of population |
| Effective population size |
| Biodiversity |
| Description of animal population |
| Value and means; average effect of gene and gene substitution |
| Components of total phenotypic variance of a population |
| Resemblances between relatives |
| Concept of heritability, repeatability; and phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations |
| Methods of estimation, uses, possible biases, and precision of estimates |
Population genetics |
|---|
| Gene and genotypic frequencies and factors affecting them |
| Hardy Weinberg law and consequences of it |
| Prediction of selection response by different methods |
| Selection for threshold characters |
| Indirect selection and correlated response |
| Theoretical basis of change of population mean and variance on inbreeding and cross breeding |
| Genotype-environment interaction |
| Metric characters under natural selection |
| Quantitative trait loci and their applications |
| Marker-assisted selection |
Genetic strategies |
|---|
| Purpose-wise breeding strategies for livestock and poultry under different agro-climatic zones of India |
| Evaluation of past genetic improvement programmes for livestock and poultry in India |
| Bottlenecks in implementation of livestock breeding programmes in India |
| Evaluation and characterization of various indigenous breeds of livestock and poultry |
| Ex-situ and in-situ conservation of animal and poultry genetic resources |
| Development of new breeds/ strains for better productivity in animals |
| Open nucleus breeding system in livestock improvement in India |
| Biotechnology and its role in improving animals and poultry production |
| Role of artificial insemination/ frozen semen/ embryo transfer/ ONBS/ MOET technology in animal breeding |
| Formulation of breeding programmes: Purpose-wise, breed-wise, region-wise for different species of livestock and poultry |
| Programmes for genetic improvement of non-descript livestock population of different species |
| Evaluation and current recommendations of cross breeding programmes of cattle, sheep, and goat in India |
Selection and selection experiments |
|---|
| Basis and methods of selection |
| Construction of selection indices |
| Different methods of sire evaluation |
| Selection differential and intensity of selection |
| Prediction of response |
| Improvement of response |
| Effect of selection on variance |
| Realize heritability |
| Long- term and short-term objectives of selections |
| Selection experiments in livestock and poultry |
| Role of control population in selection experiments |
| Selection for disease resistance and development of general and specific disease resistant strains/ breeds |
| Purpose based selection and breeding of domestic animals and poultry |
| Genetic-slippage |
| Estimation of genetic divergence and its implications in livestock improvement programmes |
| Selection for better feed conversion efficiency in meat animals and poultry |
Genetic laboratory techniques |
|---|
| Culturing drosophila stock |
| Study of drosophila with markers |
| Gene sequencing |
| Blood group typing |
| Karyotyping and chromosomal mapping |
| Concept of recombinant DNA techniques cloning and gene mapping |
| Nucleic acid hybridization |
| Development of breed descriptors at molecular level for different livestock and poultry breeds |
| Biochemical polymorphism analyses-blood groups, transferrins, milk proteins |
| Collection and storage of samples for DNA fingerprinting; isolation and quantification of DNA from blood and semen; restriction enzyme digestion of genome DNA, analysis and transfer of DNA from agarose electrophoresis; nucleic acid hybridization |
| Analysis of DNA fingerprinting, PCR-RFLP assay |
| Cryogenic preservation of animal germplasm |
Research techniques for quantitative animal genetics |
|---|
| Use of computers in handling animal breeding data |
| Estimation of variances and covariances |
| Development of statistical models for analyses of breed data and to quantify environmental variance |
| Estimation of inbreeding and relationship |
| Estimation of inbreeding rate in a closed herd/ flock |
| Estimation and interpretation of genetic and phenotypic parameters |
| Development of efficient selection programmes and procedures |
| Estimation of genetic gains |
| Designing and evaluation of breeding strategies like reciprocal recurrent selection, diallel, and polyallele crossing |
| Designing field based progeny testing programmes |
| Development of efficient methods and traits for genetic evaluation of males under indigenous conditions |
| Data bank concept |
Laboratory animal breeding |
|---|
| Laboratory animal species viz. mice, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog and monkey-their chromosome numbers-genome size-major genes |
| Physiological, nutritional, reproduction parameters, maintenance protocol-pedigree recording, planned mating |
| Selection and mating methods/ systems-monogamous, polygamous, and others |
| Genetic control and monitoring-record keeping-ethics and legislation for management and use of laboratory animals |
| Nomenclature for different strains, inbred lines (SPF line, knockout mice, etc)-animal model for human disease |
| Specific utility of different laboratory species for different requirements |
Energy and proteins |
|---|
| Nutritional significance of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins |
| Cell-wall fractionation |
| Available energy from organic nutrients |
| Partitioning of dietary energy |
| Basal metabolic rate |
| Energy retention |
| Factors affecting energy utilization |
| Direct and indirect calorimetry |
| Dietary lipids-their digestion, absorption, and metabolism |
| Essential fatty acids |
| Effect of dietary fat on milk and body composition |
| Proteins-digestion, absorption, and utilization |
| Comparative efficiency of amino acids as energy source |
| Essential and critical amino acids |
| Protein evaluation |
| Metabolizable protein concept |
| Protein energy interrelationship |
| Energetic of protein utilization for maintenance and different productive functions |
Minerals, vitamins, and feed additives |
|---|
| Minerals: Classification of minerals, physiological functions, deficiency symptoms and toxicity-inter-relationships, synergism and antagonism, requirements, different sources and bioavailability, role of chelated minerals |
| Vitamins: Physiological functions and coenzyme role-deficiency symptoms, hypervitaminosis |
| Requirements, sources, and vitamin analogues, antivitamins, feed additives: Nutritional role |
| Prebiotics-probiotics, phytochemicals other metabolic modifiers |
| Role of phytochemicals as growth promoters |
Rumen ecosystem and functions |
|---|
| Rumen and its environment |
| Development of functional rumen |
| Digestion kinetics in reticulorumen |
| Role of rumen microbes, significance of ramen fungi-defaunation, and transfaunation |
| Microbial fermentation in rumen |
| VFA production, inter-conversion, and utilization |
| Dietary protein breakdown |
| Microbial protein synthesis |
| NPN compounds and their utilization |
| Ammonia toxicity-role of slow release urea compounds |
| Manipulation of rumen fermentation |
| Biohydrogenation and utilization of dietary lipids |
| Methanogenesis and methane inhibitors |
Non-ruminant nutrition |
|---|
| Comparative gastrointestinal physiology of monogastrics-digestion and metabolism of organic nutrients in poultry and swine |
| Significance of minerals and vitamins in monogastrics |
| Inter relationship in nutrient sparing activity |
| Feeding systems |
| Role of feed additives-factors affecting nutritional quality and performance |
| Special nutritional needs of rabbits, horses, and companion animals |
Nutrient requirements |
|---|
| Energy protein requirements for maintenance and productivity in ruminants and non-ruminants |
| Colostrum feeding of calf, mineral, and vitamin requirements |
| Dry matter intake in relation to productivity |
| DM: Water intake ratio |
| Palatability |
| Nutritional intake and energy density |
| Feeding standards-NRC, ARC, Kearl, and Indian |
| Nutrient requirements under temperate and tropical environment |
| Feeding strategies during stress and natural calamities-ration formulation, least cost rations |
Forage conservation and evaluation |
|---|
| Natural and cultivated forges-their composition and nutritive values |
| Nutritive value Index |
| Forage quality evaluation in range animals-role of indicator methods, advances in silage and haymaking, factors affecting quality of conserved forages, quality criteria and grading of silage and hay under tropics, artificial drying of forages |
Feed processing and technology |
|---|
| Methods of feed processing-physical, chemical, and biological effect of processing on nutritional quality and utilization |
| Pelleted and extruded feeds |
| Quality control of raw feedstuffs and finished feeds: Significance of BIS (standards) |
| Handling and storage of raw and finished feeds |
| Methods to improve shelf life of fat rich feeds, by-products newly introduced commercial crops including residues of genetically modified feeds |
| Alternative feed resources |
| Current approaches in enriching tropical feed resources-concept of total mixed ration and advances in complete diet formulation |
Antimetabolites and toxic principles |
|---|
| Naturally occurring anti-nutritional factors and common toxins in feeds and forages |
| Methods of detoxification |
| Health hazards due to residual pesticides in feeds and forages-environmental pollutants |
Elements of research methodology |
|---|
| Principles of animal experimentation-experimental designs in nutritional research |
| Modern methods of feed evaluation-in vitro, gas production and nylon bag techniques, rumen simulation techniques-rustee tracer techniques in nutrition research, role of NIR spectroscopy, feed microscopy in quality evaluation of feedstuffs |
Clinical nutrition |
|---|
| Role of nutrition to control digestive and metabolic disorders (milk fever, ketosis, ruminal acidosis-laminitis, bloat), metabolic profile tests |
| Role of nutrition in immunity, nutrition, and reproduction, nutrients as antioxidants |
| Role of nutrition in management of GI parasites |
Cellular basis of animal physiology |
|---|
| Animal cell ultrastructure, composition, and functions |
| Physicochemical laws and membrane phenomena |
| Body fluid and its dynamics |
| Transport of through biological membrane |
Blood and circulation |
|---|
| Composition of blood, structure, and functioning of its constitutes |
| Blood coagulation and anticoagulants |
| Hemoglobin and its polymorphism |
| Anaemias |
| Reticuloendothelial system |
| Body defense mechanism and immunogenesis |
| Electrophysiology of heart |
| Electrocardiography-principles and interpretation |
| Hemodynamics and concerned biophysical principles |
| Capillary fluid exchange and lymphatic circulation |
| Neural and humoral control of heart and blood vessels |
| Cardiac output and vascular reflexes |
| Autoregulation mechanism in the heart regional circulation-coronary, pulmonary, cerebral, muscle, kidney and skin, blood brain barrier |
| Circulatory shock and hypertension and cardiac failure |
Respiration |
|---|
| Mechanics of respiration |
| Neural and chemical control of respiration |
| Gaseous transport and exchange |
| Hypoxia |
| Physiology of hypo-barrism and high altitude |
| Work and exercise physiology |
| Respiration in birds |
Excretion |
|---|
| Modern concepts of urine formation |
| Control of renal circulation |
| Secretion and absorption in renal tubules |
| Regulation of acid-base balance by blood buffers, lungs, and kidneys |
| Hormonal and renal regulation of body fluids and electrolyte balance |
| Physiology of micturition |
| Uremia and other renal disorders |
| Renal functions in birds |
Digestion |
|---|
| Control of motility and secretion of alimentary canal |
| Gastric hormones and reflexes in the control of digestive functions |
| Control of rumen motility |
| Digestion in ruminant and monogastric animals |
| Absorption from rumen and the digestive tract |
| Manipulation of rumen microflora to enhance fibre digestion and microbial protein synthesis |
| Nitrogen recycling and rumen bypass mechanisms |
| Post-ruminal digestion |
| Physiology of rumen disorders |
| Avian digestion (different features) |
Muscle physiology |
|---|
| Muscle types and their intra-cellular contractile mechanisms |
| Electrophysiology of muscles |
| Neuromuscular junction |
| Excitation contraction coupling, its biochemical, and ionic mechanisms |
| Molecular basis of muscle contraction |
| Rigor mortis |
Nervous system |
|---|
| General organization of nervous system |
| Neuron structure and function |
| Excitability and transmission of impulse in neuron and muscle |
| Junctional transmission |
| Neurotransmitters |
| Reflex action |
| Initiation of impulses from sense organ/ receptors |
| Functions of spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum |
| Limbic system and cerebral cortex |
| Hypothalamus and its autonomic functions in endocrine, and visceral regulation |
| Ascending and descending tracts |
| Cerebral cortex, its role in motor, and sensory functions |
| Physiology of learning and memory |
| Physiology of pain |
| Special senses (hearing, vision, taste, smell, etc) |
Endocrinology |
|---|
| Hormones |
| Hormone receptors |
| Mechanism of hormone action at cellular and subcellular levels |
| Feedback control of hormone secretion |
| Hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis |
| It should include-(i) hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis controlling secretions from thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and gonals, (ii) endocrine control of general metabolism |
| Releasing and inhibiting factors |
| Pineal gland and its hormones |
| Hormones of hypophysis and all other endocrine glands |
| Mechanisms of different hormone actions |
| Endocrine disorders |
Reproduction |
|---|
| Gonadal hormones and their functions in male and female |
| Neuroendocrine-gonadal axis and feedback regulation |
| Male spermatogenesis |
| Accessory sex glands |
| Sexual behaviour erection, ejaculation etc |
| Semen evaluation |
| Factors affecting reproduction |
| Artificial insemination-collection, preservation and transport, and semen diluents |
| Freezing of semen |
| Oogenesis |
| Follicular development |
| Ovulation |
| Corpus lutetium |
| Reproductive cycles in animals |
| Factors affecting reproductive cycles |
| Female reproductive hormones |
| Oestrous synchronization, superovulation |
| Sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction |
| Sperm and ovum transport in female genital tract |
| Fertilization, implantation |
| Maternal recognition of pregnancy, maintenance of pregnancy, and its hormonal control |
| Physiology of placenta |
| Physiology of parturition and its hormonal control |
| Embryo transfer-collection, preservation, transport, and transfer of embryos |
| Oocytculture |
| In-vitro fertilization |
| Mammary gland growth before puberty, during pregnancy and after parturition, and its hormonal control |
| Lactation-hormonal control of lactation and milk let-down |
| Maintenance and cessation of lactation |
| Mammary gland involution |
| Milk precursors and synthesis of milk constituents |
| Methods of studying mammary uptake of nutrients, ultra structure of lactating mammary gland |
| Milk composition in different animals |
| Avian reproduction-ovulation, egg formation, oviposition, and their hormonal control |
| Spermatogenesis and semen composition |
Physiology of growth |
|---|
| Concept and definition |
| Growth regulation and factors affecting prenatal and postnatal growth |
| Role of growth in production |
| Growth curve and growth measurement, body conformation, and evaluation of carcass quality |
Climate physiology |
|---|
| Physiology of climate stress |
| Effects of stress on production and reproduction |
| Neural and hormonal regulation of body temperature in homeotherms |
| Mechanism of adaptation |
| Photoperiodicity and biological rhythms |
| Design of shelters/ animal houses for different class of livestock for different climate conditions |
Behavioral physiology |
|---|
| Different types of behaviour in animals like feeding, grazing, drinking, and thermoregulatory behaviour, neuroendocrine control of behaviour in livestock |
Veterinary gynaecology |
|---|
| Biology of sex |
| Development of female genitalia |
| Functional anatomy of female reproductive system of farm animals |
| Growth, puberty, and sexual maturity |
| Reproductive cycles (estrous cycle) in female farm animals |
| Oogenesis and folliculogenesis |
| Follicular dynamics and ovulation |
| Transport and survival of gametes, fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and maternal recognition of pregnancy |
| Development of foetus and foetal membranes |
| Placenta-classification and functions |
| Gestation and pregnancy diagnosis in farm animals |
Reproductive endocrinology |
|---|
| Reproductive hormones, classification, synthesis, chemical composition, and mechanism of action |
| Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, gonadotropic, gonadal, placental, and pineal gland hormones |
| Prostaglandins, pheromones, growth factors, and hormone antagonists, and their significance in animal reproduction |
| Hormonal assays |
| Hormonal regulation of male and female reproduction |
| Clinical uses of hormones |
Accidents during gestation |
|---|
| Pregnancy, pseudocyesis, ectopic pregnancy, abnormalities of fertilization and foetal development, superfecundation, and superfetation |
| Abortion-bacterial, viral, mycotic, protozoal, physical, toxic and miscellaneous causes, diagnosis and prevention, dropsy of foetal membrane and foetus, maceration, mummification, pyometra, antepartum vagino-cervical prolapse |
| Uterine torsion, and displacement of uterus |
Veterinary obstetrics |
|---|
| Pelvis and pelvimetry |
| Parturition-signs approaching parturition, initiation and stages of parturition, induction of parturition, and postpartum period |
| Presentation, position, and posture |
| Causes and forms of dystocia and its treatment |
| Epidural anesthesia |
| Obstetrical maneuvers including fetotomy and caesarean section |
| Postpartum complications in domestic animals, retention of placenta, uterine prolapse, endometritis, metritis, septic metritis |
| Post parturient metabolic disorders |
Andrology |
|---|
| Comparative anatomy of male reproductive system |
| Thermoregulation of testis and blood testis barrier, growth, puberty, and sexual maturity |
| Spermatogenesis including cycle of somniferous epithelium and spermatogenic wave |
| Sperm morphology and ultra-structure of spermatozoa, sperm transport, maturation and storage in male genital tract, secretions of male reproductive tract including accessory glands and their role in reproduction, sexual/ mating behaviour |
| Semen and its composition, biochemistry of semen and sperm metabolism, sperm abnormalities and its classification, sperm separation, and spermatozoa karyotyping |
Male infertility |
|---|
| Fertility, infertility, and sterility in male domestic animals |
| Causes and forms of male infertility |
| Testicular hypoplasia, cryptorchid, testicular degeneration, orchitis, affections of epididymis, vas deferens, penis, prepuce and accessory glands, and their management, tumors of the male reproductive tract, nutritional infertility, vices in the males |
| Evaluation of male for breeding soundness, reproductive health status |
| Effect of parental drugs and vaccines on semen quality |
Frozen semen technology and artificial insemination |
|---|
| History and development of artificial insemination |
| Advantages and disadvantages of artificial insemination and frozen semen, selection of bulls for artificial insemination purpose |
| Management of breeding bulls, methods of semen collection in different domestic animals, semen evaluation including latest techniques for evaluation of motility and fertilization |
| Ideal extenders, extenders for liquid semen |
| Preservation of semen at various temperatures |
| Processing and preservation of liquid semen |
| Extenders for frozen semen, principles and techniques of semen freezing |
| Cold shock and ultra-low temperature shock |
| Cryoprotectants |
| Semen additives |
| Evaluation of frozen semen |
| Transport and storage semen |
| Handling of frozen semen, liquid nitrogen, and its containers |
| Insemination techniques |
| Planning and organization of semen bank |
Reproductive technology |
|---|
| Synchronization of estrous cycle in domestic animals, control of ovulation |
| Embryo transfer technology-history, advantages, and disadvantages, superovulation, collection, evaluation, preservation, and transfer of oocytes/ embryos |
| History of in vitro maturation and fertilization |
| Recovery of oocytes in-vitro and in-vivo, maturation, fertilization, culture, evaluation, preservation and transfer of oocytes/ embryos |
| Micromanipulation of embryos |
| Embryo splitting and cloning |
| Stem cells and production of transgenic animals |
| Sex determination and gene insertion |
| Establishment of laboratory for ETT, IVM, IVF, and IVC |
| Use of ultrasonography, laparoscopy, and ovum-pick technology in farm animals |
Infertility in cows and buffaloes |
|---|
| Fertility, infertility, and sterility |
| Evaluation of herd fertility |
| Incidence and economic role of infertility, forms of infertility, congenital and hereditary defects, infectious diseases |
| Pathological conditions of ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, and vulva |
| Management causes of infertility |
| Hormonal causes of infertility, anestrus, repeat breeding, cystic ovarian degeneration, sexual health control, and reproductive health programmes |
| Breeding soundness examination of cows and buffaloes |
Reproduction and infertility in ovine/ caprine |
|---|
| Puberty, sexual maturity, breeding season, oestrous cycle, breeding and conception, gestation, parturition, periparturient, and obstetrical complications |
| Synchronization of estrous cycle |
| Embryo transfer |
| Causes of infertility and their management |
Reproduction and infertility in swine |
|---|
| Estrous cycle, synchronization of oestrous cycle, hormonal control of reproduction |
| Various forms of infertility in swine and their management |
| Various obstetrical problems and their management |
Equine reproduction |
|---|
| Physiology and pathology of equine reproduction |
| Research techniques and methodology for the study of equine reproduction |
| Equine andrology |
| Reproductive behaviour and management of stallion |
| Semen collection, examination, and artificial insemination |
| Pregnant mare behaviour |
| Application of modern reproductive techniques in equine reproduction |
| Equine infertility |
Canine and feline reproduction |
|---|
| Functional anatomy of dog and cat reproductive system, estrous cycle and endocrinology of estrous cycle and detection of optimum breeding time |
| Exfoliative vaginal cytology |
| Methods of pregnancy diagnosis, contraception |
| Medical termination of pregnancy |
| Infertility in bitches, disorders of estrous cycle, pseudopregnancy, pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, tumors of reproductive tract |
| Difficult whelping-types and methods of handling dystocia |
| Caesarean section |
| Ovarian hysterectomy |
| Periparturient complications |
| Semen collection, evaluation, techniques of artificial insemination, infertility in male including testicular tumors-cryptorchid, affections of prostate |
Milk constituents, their normal contents, and physical and chemical nature |
|---|
| Specific compositional differences among milk from various species; variations in milk composition due to breed, feed, season, stage of lactation and mastitis; colostrum and abnormal milks, physical properties of milk; acid base equilibrium |
| Oxidation-reduction potential, density, viscosity, interfacial tension, freezing point, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, refractive index, milk buffer capacity, physical equilibrium among milk salts |
| Effect of various treatments on salt equilibrium; salt balance and its importance in processing of milk; water activity, and its effect on shelf life; colloids, properties and colloidal stability of milk |
| Emulsions, foams, and gels formation, their stability and importance in dairy processing |
| Lactose-structure, isomers, physical, chemical, and biochemical properties |
| Browning mechanisms |
| Estimation and biosynthesis |
| Lactose intolerance |
| Significance of carbohydrates in milk and milk products |
| Distribution of trace elements in milk and their technological and nutritional importance; water soluble vitamins-molecular structure and their levels in milk and milk products, biological significance, and factors affecting their levels |
Levels, distribution, isolation, and genetic polymorphism of different milk proteins |
|---|
| Casein micelles-structure, size distribution, stability and physico-chemical properties; casein models |
| Amino acid composition and physico-chemical properties of different fractions of caseins; whey process, denaturation of milk proteins as influenced by temperature, pH, and additives |
| Biosynthesis, structure, function, and physico-chemical properties of α-lactalbumin and ß-lactoglobulin, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, lactoferrins, lipoproteins, and fat-globule membrane proteins and their importance; milk protein allergenicity |
| Role in immune response, chemistry of milk enzymes and their significance with reference to milk processing and milk products |
| Kinetics of chemical reactions and enzyme kinetics; casein hydrolysate, coprecipitates, and whey protein concentrates; bioactive peptides |
Milk lipids |
|---|
| Classification, composition, structure, and general physical and chemical properties |
| Auto-oxidation-definition, theories, factors affecting, prevention, and measurement |
| Antioxidants-mechanism of reaction and estimation |
| Lipolysis |
| Fatty acids-profile, properties, and affecting factors |
| Unsaponifiable matter |
| Cholesterol-structure, forms, importance, and level in milk |
| Chemistry of phospholipids and their role in milk and milk products |
| Fat-soluble vitamins-chemistry, physiological functions, levels in milk, cream, butter, and ghee |
| Biosynthesis of milk fat |
| Cla biosynthesis and its nutritional and health benefits |
Milk adulteration and detection methods |
|---|
| Estimation methods for antibiotics, pesticides, heavy metals, lactose, lactate, protein, total solid, lat, salt, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorous, iron, citric acid in milk, and milk products |
| Estimation of vitamin A, total phospholipids and free fatty acids in ghee |
| Estimation of starch in food |
| Measurement of bod and cod in dairy waste |
Cream |
|---|
| Size distribution of fat globules, creaming phenomenon, composition, and properties of cream and dry cream |
| Chemistry of neutralization and ripening |
| Butter mechanism of churning during butter preparation |
| Desi and creamery butter composition, properties, microstructure, grading, standards, and defects |
| Ghee-compositional differences in ghee prepared by different methods and variations in ghee and butter oil, analytical constants, and factors affecting them |
| Differences in cow and buffalo ghee |
| Hydrolytic and oxidative deterioration of ghee, their causes, and prevention |
| Adulteration of ghee and methods of detection |
| Ghee grading, antioxidants: Natural and synthetic |
| Physico-chemical characteristics of buttermilk and ghee residue |
Heat stability of milk as affected by various milk constituents and additives |
|---|
| Role of protein-protein interaction and age gelation of uht milk |
| Physical and chemical changes during preparation of concentrated milk and subsequent storage |
| Compositional differences between condensed and evaporated milk |
| Dried milk; structure and physico-chemical properties |
| Physical properties of instat powder, infant food |
| Spoilage of milk powder and its control |
| Khoa: Composition and changes during manufacture |
| Composition and changes during preparation of chhana and paneer |
cheese |
|---|
| Composition and varietal differences |
| Chemistry of rennin action |
| Influence of acidity, renneting, and heat on the process of cheese manufacture |
| Changes during manufacture and ripening |
| Role and mechanism of action of stabilizers and emulsifiers, rheological properties and defects of cheese |
| Milk clotting enzymes from different sources-microbial, animal, and plant |
| Theories and metabolic pathways of fermentation |
| Dahi, yoghurt, and acidophilus milk: Composition and specific differences, chemical changes during fermentation, flavour development |
| Composition of lassi and buttermilk |
| Nutritional and therapeutic significance of fermented milk products |
Ice-cream |
|---|
| Composition and physical structure, changes during ageing, freezing, hardening, and defects |
| Role and mechanism of stabilizers and emulsifiers |
| Kulfi: Composition and differences with ice-cream |
Definition of quality, quality control, and assurance |
|---|
| Standards, statutory, and voluntary organization |
| PFA act, sampling, labelling, PFA and AGMARK, BIS, 1809000 standards for milk products |
| Total quality management, sensory evaluation of milk and milk products |
| Calibration of glasswares (lactometer, butyrometer, milk pipette, thermometer) used in quality control laboratory, legal requirements of packaging material and product information, nutrition labelling |
Spectroscopy |
|---|
| UV-vis spectrophotometry, IR |
| Separation techniques: TLC, GLC, HPLC, Ion exchange, size exclusion, affinity chromatography, analytical sedimentation, sedimentation equilibrium, isopycnic ultracentrifugation |
| Ultrafiltration |
| Precipitation by salting out agents |
| Electrophoresis-PAGE, SDS-PAGE, radio-tracers technique |
| Flame photometry and potentiometry (principle, various electrodes, electrometric measurements of pH, buffers) |
Microflora associated with milk and milk products and their importance |
|---|
| Morphological, natural, physiological, spoilage, and pathogenic characteristics of commonly occurring microbes in milk and milk products; newer approaches for classification of microorganisms |
| Types of microbes in normal and mastitic milk and importance of somatic cell counts; food poisoning, food infections, toxi-infections and other milk borne diseases; emerging food borne pathogens associated with milk and milk products |
| Epidemiological studies using dna fingerprinting techniques like rapd, rflp, dgge, tgge, rep-pcr, etc |
| Sources of microbial contamination of raw milk and their relative importance in influencing quality of milk during production, collection, transportation, and storage |
| Microbial and chemical changes in raw milk during chilling and refrigeration |
Bacteriological aspects of processing techniques |
|---|
| Bactofugation, thermisation, pasteurization, sterilization, boiling |
| UHT, pulsed field treatment and membrane filtration of milk |
| Types of spoilages in heat-treated milks |
| Enumeration of heat resistant microbes |
| Germination and sporulation of bacterial spores; prevention of post-processing contamination in heated milk |
| Identification of sources of contamination in heat treated milks |
| D, F, and Z values for various microbes |
| Heat induced damage and repair in bacterial cells |
| Role of resuscitation in recovery of heat injured microbial cells; bacteriological grading of raw and heat-treated milk |
| Microbiological spoilage aspects of thermally processed milks; role of psychrotrophic, thermoduric, thermophilic bacteria and their metabolites in milk spoilage, biofilms |
Naturally occurring preservative systems in milk |
|---|
| LP system, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, lactoferrin, etc |
| Preservation of milk and milk products by physical (irradiation) and chemical agents; food grade biopreservatives (GRAS), bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria; nisin and other antimicrobials produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) |
| Application of bacteriocins as food grade biopreservatives in enhancing shelf life of foods; enhancing antimicrobial potentials of LAB by recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering |
| Residues of antibiotics, detergents, sanitizers, pesticides, and aflatoxins in milk, mode of action on microbes and biological consequences-as well as their detection by newer approaches like charm test, HPLC, ELISA, and biosensor based techniques |
Microbiological quality of fat rich products (cream and butter) |
|---|
| Frozen dairy products (ice-cream); concentrated dairy products (evaporated and sweetened condensed milk) and dried milks (roller and spray dried milks and infant foods) |
| Factors influencing the microbiological quality of above products during their production, processing, handling, storage and distribution; microbial defects associated with these products and their control |
| Microbiological safety in relation to potential pathogens and their public health significance; national and international microbiological standards for dairy products (BIS, ICMSF, codex alimentarius standards) |
Lactic acid bacteria (lab) as starters |
|---|
| Types of starter cultures and their classification; identification of LAB based on conventional and molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA sequencing |
| Ribotyping, PCR, and DNA fingerprinting; microbiology of starter cultures; single and multiple strain cultures, and custom cultures; associative growth of starter cultures; concepts of starter growth and metabolism of lactose and citrate |
| Production of taste and aroma compounds by starters in fermented milks and milk products; changes caused by starters in milk during growth; modem trends in propagation, production, and preservation of starter cultures; production of starter concentrates |
| DVS starters: Judging of starter quality and activity; starter defects; starter failure; intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with starter failure; bacteriophages of dairy starters and their impact on dairy industry |
| Prevention and control of starter failures |
| Genetics and molecular biology of acid, flavour, and therapeutic properties of LAB |
| Role of plasmids in their metabolism; genetic manipulation of LAB for ameliorated performance; food grade cloning and expression vectors; LAB as hosts for expression for heterologous proteins and development of food grade oral vaccines |
| Lab genome projects |
Dairy products as functional/ health foods |
|---|
| LAB as probiotics in development of health foods; selection criteria, colonization, and functional properties; antibacterial and therapeutic properties of probiotic cultures; survival and stability of probiotics in health foods, gut, and their tracking |
| Concept of probiotics and synbiotics; genetic markers of probiotic functions and their application for mass screening; genomics of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria; cloning and sequencing of probiotic gene; sequence analysis |
| Blast, clustal w and clustal x |
| Pairwise and multiple alignment; homology and phylogenetic tree/ dendrograms; LAB as nutraceutical ingredients-a source of vitamin synthesis and exopolysaccharide production; bioactive peptides and their role as nutraceuticals in dairy foods |
Role of starters |
|---|
| Role of starters in the preparation of yoghurt, koumiss, kefir, cultured buttermilk, and whey based beverages and other fermented products |
| Therapeutic properties of fermented foods; microbial defects in these products, safety and their prevention and control; microbiology of hard, semi-hard and soft varieties of cheese |
| Role of starter culture and non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) during preparation and ripening of cheese; accelerated ripening of cheese; production and use of microbial rennet substitutes; recombinant chymosin and its application |
| Defects in cheese, microbiological safety and their prevention and control |
Microbiological quality of indigenous dairy products |
|---|
| Khoa and chhana based sweets, burfi, peda, rasogulla, gulab jamun, kheer, kulfi, shrikhand, paneer, dahi, lassi, ghee, etc |
| Sources of microbial contamination, their role in spoilage of these products and their microbiological safety, prevention and control: Role of personnel and environmental hygiene at the level of production and processing |
| Need for microbiological standards for assessing the quality and safety of indigenous products; concept of TQM and HACCP implementation in improvement of quality and safety of indigenous products |
| Current role of modified packaging for extending the shelf stability of indigenous dairy products, antimicrobial packaging, controlled and modified atmosphere (CAP/ MAP) based technologies |
Preparation of byproducts from dairy effluents by microbial fermentation |
|---|
| Cleaning and sanitization of equipments, machineries and other contact surfaces used in production and processing of milk and milk products; types of detergents and their mechanisms of soil removal from the surfaces |
| Efficacy of sanitizers including gaseous disinfectants and evaluation of sanitizing disinfectant properties; factors affecting activity of detergents and sanitizers; built detergents, commercial detergents and combined detergent-sanitizers |
| Biological consequences of dairy waste disposal; disposal of dairy effluents after microbial treatment; BOD and COD analysis in dairy effluents; microbiological quality of air and water used in dairy plants |
Microbiological aspects of quality control and quality assurance in production of milk and milk products |
|---|
| Good manufacturing practices (GMP) and the relevance and sanitary standard operating procedures (SSOP); importance of total quality management (TQM) in dairy industry; application of HACCP programme in dairy industry |
| Safety concerns of biofilm formation on equipment surfaces and their control measures; risk assessment approaches and role of productive microbiology in dairy foods |
| Conventional and current methods like impedance, ATP luminescence, pyruvate, etc in detection of food pathogens; application of immunological, PCR, real time PCR, DNA probes, microarrays (biochips) and biosensors, etc for detection of food pathogens |
| Biosafety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)/ foods |
Market milk |
|---|
| Status of dairy industry in India |
| Recent policy changes related to dairy sector (MMPO and WTO) |
| Principles and practices for production of high quality milk |
| Methods of milk procurement, payment, quality assessment, detection of adulterants, handling, and transportation of milk |
| Methods of raw milk preservation |
| Physical properties and chemical composition of milk of cow, buffalo, and other species of milch animals; their importance in milk processing |
| Centrifugal separation, clarification, and bactofugation and factors affecting their efficiency |
| Homogenization process and its implications in dairy processing; efficiency of homogenization and factors affecting it |
| Thermal processing of milk |
| Principles and methods of pasteurization and sterilization |
| UHT processing and aseptic packaging |
| Special milks |
| Principles of production, processing and marketing of toned, double toned, reconstituted, recombined, flavoured, and filled milks |
Fat rich dairy products |
|---|
| Basic principles and recent concepts in production and processing of different types of cream, butter, margarine, fat spreads, butter oil, and ghee |
| Fractionation of fat and its application |
| Health aspects of milk fat |
| Cholesterol reduced and cholesterol-free dairy products |
Frozen milk products |
|---|
| Trends in the frozen milk products industry in India |
| Definition, classification, and composition of ice-cream and other frozen desserts |
| Role of milk constituents and other ingredients, processing steps, packaging, and storage methods on quality of ice cream |
| Technological aspects of manufacture of plain, fruit, soft-serve, low fat and diabetic ice-creams and novelties |
| Indigenous frozen desserts, kulfi, malai-ka-baraf, etc; their production techniques and quality |
| Distribution of frozen desserts |
| Newer ingredients for use in the ice-cream industry |
Cheese and fermented milk products |
|---|
| Status and scope of cheese industry |
| Fermented milk products-their nutritional and therapeutic value |
| Definition and classification of cheese and fermented milks |
| Milk in relation to cheese making |
| Manufacture of cheddar, gouda, mozzarella, and swiss cheeses |
| Role of starter cultures in cheese quality |
| Types of rennet for cheese manufacture |
| Physical and chemical changes during cheese ripening |
| Manufacture of processed cheese, cheese spread, and cheese foods |
| Mechanization of cheese-making process |
| Modern concepts in accelerated cheese ripening |
| Storage and defects |
| Production and storage of dahi, yoghurt, shrikhand, lassi, and mishti dohi |
| Probiotic dairy products |
Concentrated and dried milk products |
|---|
| Milk in relation to processing and manufacture of concentrated and dry milks |
| Principles and methods of manufacture, storage, and defects in sweetened condensed milk |
| Evaporated milk |
| UHT sterilized concentrated milk |
| Whole milk powder |
| Skim milk powder, high-fat powders, and ice-cream powder |
| Instantization of milk powder |
| Newer technologies and formulations for infant foods and weaning foods, malted milk, and malted milk foods |
Indigenous milk products |
|---|
| Status and role of traditional dairy products in Indian dairy industry, and economy |
| Characteristics of various traditional products, their prospects, and constraints |
| Methods of production; physico-chemical changes during manufacture; quality attributes, shelf-life, preservation and packaging |
| Process innovations relating to khoa, chhana, paneer, rabri, kheer, Khoa, and chhana-based sweets |
Utilization of milk byproducts |
|---|
| Status, availability, and utilization of dairy by products |
| Associated economic and pollution problems |
| Manufacture of casein, sodium, and calcium-caseinates, edible casein, hydrolysates, coprecipitates, whey protein concentrates, whey beverages, whey syrups, and lactose |
| Use of buttermilk |
| Development/ formulation of new products based on dairy byproducts |
Packaging of milk and milk products |
|---|
| Present status and scope |
| Role of packaging and package design considerations |
| Evaluation of packaging materials and package performance |
| Packaging materials and systems for liquid, concentrated, dried, frozen, and fat-rich dairy products |
| Special packaging methods such as vacuum, shrink, and aseptic packaging |
| Modified atmosphere packaging |
| Package standards, regulations, and quality control |
Cleaning and sanitation |
|---|
| Properties of important dairy detergents and sanitizers |
| Choice of detergents and sanitizers guiding principles and limiting factors |
| Basic principles in formulating the cleaning and sanitizing procedures for dairy equipments |
| Automation in cleaning and sanitization processes including CIP |
| Quality of water in detergency |
Advances in dairy technology |
|---|
| Radiation preservation of milk and milk products |
| Theory and application of microwave heating, Ohmic heating, and high pressure processing |
| Immobilization of enzymes and their use in dairy and food industry |
| Theory of ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and microfiltration techniques |
| Selection and types of membranes |
| Application of membrane technology in dairy and food industry |
| Fouling, cleaning, and sanitization of membranes |
| Emulsions, foams, and gels |
| Electrodialysis and ion exchange in dairy applications |
| Processing of cereals and legumes for incorporation in milk and milk products |
| Use of milk solids in bakery and confectionery products |
| Application of biotechnology in dairy industry |
Legal and quality aspects for milk and milk products |
|---|
| Safety aspects of milk with reference to mycotoxins, antibiotics, pesticides, weedicides, and heavy metals |
| PFA, BIS, and agmark standards for milk and milk products |
| Quality systems such as HACCP, ISO certification, etc |
Basic and general aspects of livestock products |
|---|
| Composition and physico-chemical properties of cow and buffalo milk |
| Milk proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and other minor constituents of milk |
| Nutritive value of milk |
| Reception of milk-platform tests, filtration, and clarification, chilling, separation, standardization, pasteurization, and homogenization |
| Cleaning and sanitation of dairy equipments |
| Present status and future prospects of meat and poultry industry |
| Structure, composition, physical biochemical and nutritive aspects, and functional properties of different kinds of meat, fish, poultry, and eggs |
| Sensory evaluation and organoleptic properties of livestock products |
| Postmortem aspects of muscle as meat |
| Ageing of meat and chemical changes |
| Meat in human health |
| Bacteria, yeasts, 1 molds, parasites important in food microbiology |
| General principles of spoilage |
| Chemical and deteriorative changes caused by microorganisms |
| Contamination and spoilage of meat, fish, poultry, and eggs |
| Food poisoning and foodborne infections |
| Assessment of microbial condition and wholesomeness of different livestock products |
| National and international microbial standards |
Abattoir and poultry processing plants |
|---|
| Origin and source of animal foods |
| Lay out, construction, design, organization, operation, and maintenance of abattoirs and poultry processing plants |
| Pre-slaughter care and slaughtering techniques for different animals and birds |
| Ante-mortem and postmortem inspection |
| Judging and grading of animals and birds on foot and on rail |
| Condemnation and disposal of unfit material |
| Disposal of slaughterhouse effluents |
| Sanitation, plant operation, and maintenance |
| Sanitary standards for meat packing plants, meat cutting, and deboning |
| Adulteration and misrepresentation of meat |
| State, municipal, and other regulations pertaining to meat trade |
| Meat food products order |
| Processing and utilization of various animal and poultry by-products, slaughterhouse and poultry plant offals |
| Methods of utilization of blood, fat, hides, and skin, horns, hooves, wool, hair, feather, glands, and other by-products |
| Importance and utilization of by-products in industry, application of computer science in abattoir operation |
| Robot technology and its application in meat and poultry industry |
Processing and preservation |
|---|
| Principles of processing of dairy products |
| Special milk: Sterilized milk, flavoured milk, homogenized milk, soft curd milk, vitaminized/ irradiated milk, fermented milk, standardized milk, reconstituted/ dehydrated milk, recombined milk, toned, double toned milk, skimmed milk, humanized milk |
| Processing of dairy products: Butter, butter oil, ice-cream, cheese, cream, condensed milk, dried milk, dried milk products, etc |
| Indigenous dairy products: Ghee, khoa, dahi, makkhan, chhana, paneer, khurchan, lassi, organic milk |
| Principles of preservation of livestock products |
| Equipment and technology of processing and preservation |
| Industrial food preservation, chilling, freezing, freeze drying, dehydration, canning irradiation, pasteurization, curing, smoking, use of chemical additives and antibiotics |
| Cooking methods including microwave cooking |
| Tenderization and use of enzymes for processed foods |
| Production of value added products, process methods, process optimization, and quality control |
| Development and preservation self stable (camed and dehydrated) intermediate moisture, textured, cured, fermented fabricated meat and poultry products |
| Sanitation, regulation, and inspection of processed meat foods |
| Effect of processing on nutritional, chemical, microbiological, and organoleptic qualities of livestock products |
| Economics of pre costing and product development |
| Application of biotechnology in processing and preservation of meat, poultry, and fish products |
| Bioactive products and biogenic amines |
Wool, mohair, and fur |
|---|
| Basic aspects of wool science |
| Shearing, physical, and chemical characteristics, processing, grading, standardization, storage, and marketing of wool, mohair, and fur (national and international) |
Packaging |
|---|
| Principles of packaging |
| Types of packaging materials |
| Characterization, methods, and systems of packaging |
| Gas packing, vacuum packing, modified atmosphere packaging, shrink and stretch packing, industrial packaging |
| Aseptic and retort pouches |
| Standardization and quality control of packaging material |
| Product attributes and packaging requirements for different livestock products |
| Latest trends in packaging of meat, poultry, eggs, wool, and fish products |
Quality control |
|---|
| Grades and grading of livestock products |
| Stress factors affecting meat quality-PSE, DFD, hot boning, cold shortening, and electrical stimulation |
| Regulatory and inspection methods-municipal and state laws |
| Bureau of Indian standards and international standards of fresh meat and poultry including their products and by-products |
| Detection of antibiotics, chemical residues, heavy metals, and toxins in meat |
| Techniques for detection of adulteration of meat |
| HACCP concept of quality control of meat, fish, poultry, and eggs |
Marketing |
|---|
| Livestock production and supply characteristics |
| Meat consumption and related demands |
| Types of market and trends in marketing livestock products and by-products, wholesale, retail, and future trends |
| Consumer aptitude, education and awareness, and popularization of new products |
| Corporate bodies in regulation of markets, marketing boards, cooperative agencies, internal trade and development of international market for livestock products |
| Organization, operation, and sanitation of meat, poultry, fish, and egg retailing units |
| Fast food chains and super markets |
| Situation and outlook and methods for promotion and marketing of livestock products |
General |
|---|
| Present status and future prospects of livestock and poultry development in India |
| Animal production systems in different agro-climatic zones of the country |
| Sustainability issue in relation to environment |
| Effect of industrialization and mechanization of agriculture on livestock sector |
| Breeds of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pigs, equine, camels, rabbits, and poultry |
| Various livestock and poultry development programmes operative in the country |
| Animal behaviour vis-a-vis adaptation and production |
| Principles of domestication and behavioral factors favouring domestication |
| Mating behaviour in various species of livestock and poultry |
| Agonistic behaviour-causes and control |
| Social order in farm animals |
| Adaptation of livestock and poultry in tropics, deserts cold, and high altitudes |
| Mixed farming, arable farming, integrated, and specialized farming systems |
| Biotechnology in animal improvement |
Breeding management |
|---|
| Basic principles of inheritance |
| Concept of heritability, repeatability, and selection |
| Important methods of selection and systems of breeding in farm animals and birds |
| Importance of maintaining breeding records and their scientific interpretation |
Feeding management |
|---|
| Nutrients and their functions |
| Nutritional requirements and feeding managements of different categories of livestock and poultry |
| Feed additives including antibiotic and probiotic feeding in farm animals and birds |
| Formulation and compounding of rations for various categories of livestock and poultry |
| Least cost ration formulation |
| Systems of feeding livestock and birds |
| Feeding standards for livestock and poultry |
| Feed conversion efficiency of various categories of livestock and poultry |
| Processing and storage of conventional and non-conventional feed ingredients |
| Agro-industrial by-products in animal feeds |
Reproduction management |
|---|
| Reproductive systems of farm animals and birds |
| Climate and nutrition affecting reproductive performance in farm animals |
| Importance of early pregnancy diagnosis |
| Methods of heat detection |
| Artificial insemination |
| Estrous prediction and synchronization |
| Causes of disturbed fertility and its prevention in farm animals |
| Management factors affecting reproductive efficiency |
| Summer and winter management problems and their solutions |
Shelter management |
|---|
| Housing systems, selection of site and layout of animal and poultry houses |
| Space requirement for livestock and poultry, housing designs in different agro-climatic regions |
| Macro and micro-climatic changes affecting designs of animal and poultry houses |
| BIS (standards) for livestock and poultry housing |
| Construction of cheap animal and poultry housing utilizing local resources |
| Automation in livestock farming |
| Disposal of animal wastes under urban and rural conditions |
| Disposal of carcasses |
Health management |
|---|
| General approach to livestock health programmes |
| Prevention of diseases |
| Hygiene and sanitation on animal farm |
| Symptoms of ill health, important infectious diseases of livestock and poultry and their control |
| Vaccination schedules in animals and poultry |
| Internal and external parasites and their control |
| Accidental health disorders and their control |
| Common disinfectants used on animal farms |
| Concept of first aid at farms |
| Segregation and quarantine management for large animals and birds quarantine act, zoonotic diseases, labour health programme |
Production and management of cattle and buffalo |
|---|
| Cattle and buffalo production trends and factors affecting them |
| Prenatal and postnatal care and management of cattle and buffalo |
| Care of neonates and young calves |
| Management strategies for reducing mortality in calves, age at first calving, and calving intervals |
| Management to improve reproductive efficiency in cattle and buffalo |
| Feed conversion efficiency for growth and milk production |
| Water requirement of dairy animals |
| Herd registration |
Production and management of other animals |
|---|
| Draft animals: Population dynamics of various categories of draft and work animals in India. Characteristics of draft animals. Estimating draft capacity of different species. Harness for various types of draft animals. Training of work animals |
| Draft animals: Feeding, care, and management of draft animals. Management of camel with special reference to rearing, feeding, and watering. Behavioural studies of various draft animals. Economics of draft animals vis-a-vis machine power |
| Sheep and goat: Selection of breeds and breeding systems for improving wool, mohair, meat, and milk. Feeding practices for economic rearing. Scope of intensive milk and meat production from goat. Mutton and wool production from sheep |
| Sheep and goat: Low cost shelter management. Sheep and goat reproduction. Health management |
| Poultry: Brooding of chicks. Management of growing, laying, and breeding flocks. Shelter management. Biosecurity and environmental considerations. Cage layer management and well being of birds. Light management. Hatchery business management |
| Poultry: Management during stress. Chick sexing. Maintenance of farm records health and sanitation problems. Prevention and disease control. Poultry shows. Handling care of table eggs and processing of birds for meat |
| Equine: Care and management of horses, feeding and breeding systems, shelter management, shoeing, preparation and management of race horses |
| Swine: Importance of pig as a meat animal. Selection of breeds and breeding systems for improving pig production. Feeding strategies for pigs. Care and management of pregnant sows and unweaned pigtlets. Reproduction problems in pigs and remedial measures |
| Rabbit: Economic importance. Important fur and meat type breeds. Housing, handling, feeding, watering, breeding, management, sanitation, and health care of rabbits |
Wildlife management |
|---|
| Status of wildlife in India and its conservation |
| Biological and ecological basis of management of wildlife |
| Breeding and feeding of wildlife in captivity |
| Health management |
Forage production and conservation |
|---|
| Classification of feeds and forages |
| Feed and fodder resources used for feeding of livestock and poultry |
| Nutritive value of feeds and fodders |
| Conservation and preservation of feeds and fodders |
| Annual and perennial fodder crops |
| Strategies for round the year fodder production |
| Pasture development and management |
| Enrichment of poor quality roughages |
Economies and marketing of livestock and poultry and their products |
|---|
| Economic principles as applied to livestock production |
| Production functions |
| Farm size, resources, and product combinations |
| Cost concepts |
| Effect criteria in use of resources in livestock production, maintenance of evaluation of different production records |
| Insurance and financing of livestock enterprises |
| Project formulation for setting up livestock farms |
| Different approaches to marketing of livestock and its products |
| Present status of cattle fairs and methods of selling livestock |
| Market news and information |
| Determination of prices of livestock products |
| Vertical integration in livestock products industries |
Poultry genetics and breeding |
|---|
| Phylogeny of poultry species, class, breed, variety, and strains of chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and other species of poultry |
| Mendelian traits in poultry |
| Inheritance of qualitative traits in poultry and their usefulness |
| Inheritance of comb, plumage, and other qualitative traits |
| Sex-linked and sex influenced traits, their inheritance, and usefulness |
| Economically important traits and their modes of inheritance |
| Gene action influencing the traits |
| Lethal and semi-lethal traits in poultry and their mode of inheritance |
| Quantitative traits |
| Inheritance of egg number, egg weight, growth rate, livability, fertility, hatchability, egg quality, and other economic traits |
| Heritability and their estimates |
| Genetic correlations, their computation, and application |
| Selection methods for genetic improvement-natural, artificial, directional, disruptive, and stabilizing |
| Individual selection and family selection |
| Mass selection, combined selection, and indirect selection |
| Construction of selection indices |
| Exploitation of additive and non-additive gene effects |
| Selection for specific characters |
| Recurrent and reciprocal recurrent selection |
| Part record versus complete record selection |
| Genotype and environment interaction |
| Relative merits and demerits of different methods of selection |
| Different mating systems-diallel mating, pair mating, pen mating, and block mating |
| Artificial insemination-collection and insemination techniques, dilution, diluents, and cryopreservation of semen |
| Inbreeding and outbreeding |
| Pure-line breeding |
| Cross-breeding |
| Hybridization and hybrid vigour in improving economic traits, 3-way and 4-way crossing, and development of hybrids |
| Modern trends in commercial poultry breeding |
| Major genes and their usefulness in poultry breeding in tropics |
| Dwarf gene and its usefulness in broiler breeding |
| Practical breeding programmes for developing broilers and layers |
| Selection for disease resistance |
| Immunogenetics |
| Blood group systems |
| Biochemical polymorphism and usefulness in poultry breeding |
| Development of transgenic chicken |
| Different molecular techniques for estimation of genetic diversity and similarity among breeds and lines of poultry |
| Scope of integrating quantitative and molecular approaches for genetic selection in poultry |
Poultry nutrition |
|---|
| Various nutrients and their role in poultry |
| Nutrient requirements of different species of poultry as per bureau of Indian standards and national research council of the USA |
| Partition of energy |
| Estimation of ME and TME essential and critical amino acids and their inter-relationships |
| Evaluation of protein quality |
| Essential fatty acids |
| Essential vitamins and minerals and their functions |
| Nutrients deficiency, toxicity, synergism, and antagonism |
| Naturally occurring toxicants, their adverse effects on poultry, and methods to overcome them |
| Fungal exotoxins of feed origin, their adverse effects on poultry, and methods to overcome them |
| Different systems of feeding wet mash, dry mash, crumble and pellet feeding |
| Restricted and phase feeding programme |
| Male separate feeding |
| Factors influencing the feed intake |
| Feed ingredients and sources of various nutrients |
| Quality control and BIS specifications for feed ingredients |
| Unconventional feedstuffs and their utilization for economic feed formulation |
| Feed formulation for different species and groups |
| Least cost feed formulation and linear programming |
| Non-nutrient feed additives |
| Antibiotics, probiotics-direct feed microbials, antimicrobials, anticoccidials, performance-promoters, antioxidants, flavouring agents, colouring agents and other non-nutrient feed additives |
Avian physiology |
|---|
| Homeostasis and its regulation; characteristics features of endocrine glands; regulation of feed and water intake; feed passage rate in GI tract in relation to digestion and absorption efficiency |
| Functional regulation of digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients; endocrine control and variable factors influencing growth process; mechanisms that determines the sex and allows the development of left ovary and oviduct only |
| Physiological control of age at sexual maturity, ovarian follicular hierarchy, atresia, ovulation, oviposition, pause, clutch size, and secretion of egg components; photoperiodism and its role in optimization of reproductive functions |
| Physiology of avian testes, spermatogenesis, semen ejaculation and its characteristics |
| Fate of sperm in oviduct and fertilization; respiratory system-mechanisms of gaseous exchange; thermoregulatory and stress mechanisms; physio-biochemical stress responses and remedial approaches |
| Factors influencing reproductive functioning |
Poultry products technology |
|---|
| Structure, chemical composition, and nutritive value of egg |
| Various measures of egg quality |
| Shell, albumen, and yolk quality assessment |
| Factors influencing egg quality traits |
| Mechanism of deterioration of egg quality |
| Weight and quality grades of egg as per BIS, agmark, and USDA standards |
| Egg processing and storage |
| Different methods of preservation of table eggs and their relative merits and demerits |
| Preparation of various egg products and their uses |
| Processing, packing, preservation, and grading of poultry meat |
| Further processing and fast food preparation |
| Physical, chemicals, microbial, and organoleptic evaluation of meat quality |
| Processing and utilization of egg and poultry processing waste |
Poultry management |
|---|
| Poultry industry in India-past, present, and future prospects |
| Statistics of egg and meat production in India |
| Major constraints facing the poultry industry |
| Selection, care, and storage of hatching eggs |
| Principles and methods of incubation |
| Concept of modern hatcheries |
| Factors essential for incubation of eggs |
| Testing of eggs |
| High altitudes and hatchability of eggs |
| Embryonic communication |
| Photo acceleration and embryonic growth |
| Factors influencing hatchability and production of quality chicks |
| Analyzing hatchability problems |
| Hatchery hygiene |
| Fumigation procedure |
| Prevention of hatchery borne diseases |
| Utilization and disposal of hatchery waste |
| Prerequisite of good hatchery |
| Lay out of a modern hatchery |
| Equipments required in a modern hatchery |
| Single and multi-stage incubators |
| Hatchery business |
| Sexing, handling, packaging, and transportation of chicks |
| Principles and methods of brooding |
| Space required for brooding, rearing, feeding, and watering |
| Preparation of brooder house to receive young chicks |
| Forced feeding of turkey poults |
| Brooding of quails, ducklings, and turkey poults |
| Managements during growing period |
| Overcrowding, culling |
| Management of replacement pullets for egg production and breeding stocks |
| Management of layers and breeders |
| Light management |
| Debeaking, dubbing, and other farm routines |
| Littre management |
| Broodiness and forced moulting in layers |
| Management of turkey, ducks, quails, and guinea fowl |
| Summer and winter management |
| Farm location and site selection |
| Ideal layout of poultry houses for different systems of rearing |
| Design of poultry houses like brooder, grower, broiler, layer, and cage house, poultry processing unit, feed mill, etc |
| Environmentally controlled and open poultry houses |
| Types of construction materials used |
| Cross-ventilation and ridge ventilation |
| Effect of pollution on production performance of birds |
| Ammonia control in poultry houses |
| Type of brooders, feeders, waters, laying nests, cages, etc |
| Automation in poultry production |
Economics and marketing |
|---|
| Economic principles as applied to poultry production |
| Production functions |
| Farm size-resources and product combinations, efficiency criteria in use of resources in poultry production |
| Cost concept |
| Maintenance and evaluation of different production records |
| Insurance and financing of poultry enterprises |
| Project formulation for setting up of poultry farms and hatcheries |
| Production and requirement of poultry products in India and for exports |
| Various marketing channels |
| Transportation of eggs and chicken |
| Marketing approaches |
| Horizontal and vertical integration in poultry industry and their importance |
| Price spread in marketing of poultry and poultry products |
| Role of cooperatives in poultry farming |
Poultry health management |
|---|
| Common diseases of poultry-bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan, parasitic and other emerging diseases of poultry, their prevention, control, and treatment |
| Metabolic and nutrient deficiency diseases and disorders |
| Vaccination programmes |
| Deworming programmes, control of coccidiosis, worms, ectoparasites, and flies |
| Medication procedures |
| Cleaning and disinfection of poultry houses |
| Drinking water sanitation |
| General farm sanitation and hygiene |
| Safe disposal of dead brics and farm waste |
| Stress control |
| Heat stroke |
| Cold shock |
| Vices of poultry and their control |
| Biosecurity measures in poultry farms |
General medicine |
|---|
| Epidemiology and its ingredients |
| Definitions of diseases known as-infectious, contagious, sporadic, epizootic, enzootic, panzootic, exotic, zoonotic, etc |
| Meaning and purpose of segregation, isolation, quarantine, etc, role of occurrence, prevalence, incidence, morbidity rate, mortality rate, case fatality rate, mode of transmission, vectors, spread, economics, etc in terms of epidemiology of diseases |
| General systemic states like-bacteremia, septicemia, pyemia, toxemia, hyperthermia, hypoglycemia, allergy, anaphylaxis, shock, dehydration, stress, sudden death, anasarca, anaemia, pica, etc |
Diagnosis of animal diseases |
|---|
| History taking |
| General clinical examination |
| Special clinical examination-electrocardiography, paracentesis, rumen fluid examination, haematology, blood biochemistry, urinalysis, ophthalmoscopy, otoscopy, endoscopy, ultrasonography, biopsies, etc |
Gastroenterology |
|---|
| Specific conditions of organs of gastrointestinal system with special emphasis to: Simple/ acid/ alkaline indigestion, GI ulcers, choke, tympany, colic, impaction, traumatic reticulitis/ peritonitis, abomasal displacement, ascites, jaundice, hepatitis |
| Specific conditions of organs of gastrointestinal system with special emphasis to: Enteritis, gastritis, etc |
Diseases of cardiovascular and pulmonary system |
|---|
| Principles of circulatory failure, acute heart failure, congestive heart failure, peripheral circulatory failure |
| Myocardial and valvular diseases |
| Epistaxis |
| Pulmonary congestion and oedema |
| Emphysema |
| Pneumonia |
| Pleurisy, URI aspiration pneumonia |
Diseases of urinary, nervous, musculoskeletal, and integumentary systems |
|---|
| Nephrosis, nephritis |
| Pyelonephritis |
| Cystitis |
| Urolithiasis |
| Uremia |
| Cerebral anoxia |
| Encephalitis |
| Encephalomalacia |
| Meningitis |
| Encephalomyelitis |
| Paralysis |
| Urticaria |
| Dermatitis |
| Photosensitisation |
| Seborrhoea |
| Conjunctivitis |
| Otitis |
| Kerato-conjunctivitis |
| Corneal ulcers |
| Eczema |
| Impetigo |
| Alopecia |
Production and deficiency diseases |
|---|
| Metabolic profile test, milk fever, Downers cow syndrome, ketosis, hypomagnesaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hypomagnesaemia, post-parturient haemoglobinuria, azoturia |
| Fat cow syndrome, rickets, osteomalacia, osteodystrophia fibrosa |
| Trace mineral and vitamin deficiency |
Common toxicities |
|---|
| Sources, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, post-mortem findings, diagnosis and treatment of conditions occurring in the following classes of poisonings: Metal corrosives/ irritants. Plant poisonings. Water-borne toxicities. Pesticide poisonings |
| Sources, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, post-mortem findings, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions occurring in the following classes of poisonings: Insect bites and stings. Snake bite. Environmental pollution hazards |
| Sources, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, post-mortem findings, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions occurring in the following classes of poisonings: Radiation hazards and injuries |
Infectious diseases (bacterial and mycoplasmal) |
|---|
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Mastitis, strangles. Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats. Clostridial diseases |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Ulcerative lymphangitis in horses and cattle. Listeriosis, leptospirosis, erysipelas |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Colibacillosis, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, brucellosis, TB, JD, actinomycosis |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Actinobacillosis, glanders, and mycoplasmal diseases |
Infectious diseases (viral, chlamydial, rickettsial, and fungal) |
|---|
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Hog cholera. African swine fever. Leucosis FMD, RP. PPR. BMC BSE. Bovine viral diarrhea |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Mucosal diseases. Bluetongue. Influenza. Maedi. Pulmonary adenomatosis. Rabies. Encephalomyelitis |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Pseudorabies, louping ill, caprine arthritis, encephalitis, scrapie, visna, contagious ecthyma |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Pox, papillomatosis, distemper. Infectious canine hepatitis. Parvovirus enteritis |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Feline panleukopenia. Anaplasmosis, heart water diseases, contagious ophthalmia., aspergillosis |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Ringworm, bursattee, lymphangitis, babesiosis, theileriosis, coccidiosis, trypanosomosis |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Toxoplasmosis |
Parasitic diseases |
|---|
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Major conditions produced by nematode, cestode, and trematode infestations |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Major conditions produced by arthropod parasites |
Poultry diseases |
|---|
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of poultry: Newcastle disease, IBD, ILT, mycoplasmosis, coccidiosis, salmonellosis, necrotic enteritis |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of poultry: Malabsorption. Leucosis. Marek’ disease, mycotoxicosis, avian encephalomyelitis |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of poultry: Hydropericardium syndrome. Avian influenza, psittacosis-ornithosis, TB, histomoniasis |
| Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of poultry: Spirochaetosis, trichomoniasis, etc., parasitic diseases of poultry |
Veterinary jurisprudence and ethics |
|---|
| Judicial procedure |
| Duties of veterinarian particularly as an expert evidence |
| Vetro-legal aspects of wounds |
| Vetro-legal aspect of death in general, due to diseases, drowning, near drowning, electrocution, lightening, etc |
| Post-mortem examination of a vetro-legal, cases |
| Collection and dispatch of materials for forensic science examination |
| Common offense against animals |
| Common frauds in dealing with livestock and livestock products |
| Animal Insurance |
| Identification of animal species for vetro-legal purposes |
| Determination of time since death |
| Examination of blood and semen stains |
| Blood grouping in animals and its vetero-legal significance |
| Veterinary ethics: Code of conduct, professional ethics, and etiquette for veterinarian |
| Laws: Role of veterinarian. Legal enactment in IPC related to animals and veterinarians. Prevention of cruelty to animal act, Indian veterinary council act. Wild life (protection) act. Glanders and Farcy act, livestock importation act |
| Laws: Dangerous drug act and prisoning act. Legal provisions related to animals, animal diseases, and drugs |
Special therapeutic approaches |
|---|
| Veterinary fluid therapy with fluid, electrolyte, plasma expanders, packed cell transfusions, etc |
| Clinical assessment of their requirement and doses |
| Blood transfusion with blood groups in animals-their therapeutic significance |
| Blood matching methods |
| Oxygen therapy |
Prevention and control of diseases |
|---|
| General principles of control of diseases |
| Role of OIE in disease control |
| Internationally recognized control methods of designated diseases |
| Prevention and control methods for national, area and herd based control programmes of diseases like TB, JD, rabies, brucellosis, HS, anthrax, BQ, mastitis, FMD, bluetongue, etc |
Common diseases of zoo, laboratory animals, and wildlife |
|---|
| Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of wildlife and zoo animals: Shock, stress, diseases of cardiovascular system, capture myopathy, metabolic and nutritional diseases, toxicosis by chemicals and plants, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis |
| Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of wildlife and zoo animals: Pasteurellosis, anthrax, rabies, FMD, RP, Kyasanur forest diseases (KFD), surra, helminthiasis |
| Clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of laboratory animals: Tyzzer’s diseases, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, strepto and staphylococcosis, pseudomoniasis, corneybacteriosis, mycoplasmosis (MRM), herpesvirus infection, pox diseases |
| Clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of laboratory animals: Coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, helminthic infection, dermatophytosis, scabies, dermatitis, metabolic, and nutritional deficiencies |
| Clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of laboratory animals: Management related diseases of mice, rat, guinea pig, hamster, and rabbit |
General bacteriology |
|---|
| Milestones in the development of microbiology, classification and nomenclature of bacteria |
| Structure, function and chemistry of bacterial nuclear apparatus |
| Cytoplasm, intracellular granules, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, mesosomes, capsule, flagella, fimbriae, endospore, protoplasts, spheroplasts, L-forms, involution forms |
| Bacterial stains, staining, and microscopy |
| Growth and nutritional requirements of bacteria |
| Bacterial enzymes |
| Respiration in bacteria |
| Carbohydrate protein, fat, and nucleic acid metabolism in bacteria |
| Reproduction and growth phase of bacteria |
| Effects of chemical and physical agents and antibiotics |
| Bacterial variations including transduction, transformation, and conjugation |
| Bacterial vaccines and toxins |
| The role of microbial toxins in the pathogenesis of diseases; biochemical and biological characteristics of toxins produced by various bacteria |
| Toxin producing gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria |
| Properties and clinical conditions produced by different bacterial toxins |
Systematic bacteriology |
|---|
| Systematic study of bacteria belonging to genera borrelia, leptospira, campylobacter, pseudomonas, brucella, bordetella, escherichia, citrobacter, salmonella, shigella, klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus, vibrio, haemophilus, staphylococcus, streptococcus |
| Systematic study of bacteria belonging to bacillus, clostridium, listeria, erysipelothrix, corynebacterium, nocardia, rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, acholeplasma, spiroplasma, anaeroplasma and thermoplasma, rhodococcus, mycobacterium and neisseria |
General virology |
|---|
| Historical development of virology |
| Evolution, classification, and nomenclature of viruses |
| Biophysical and biochemical characteristics of viruses |
| Cultivation of viruses and their growth pattern in cell culture, embryonated eggs, and experimental animals |
| Purification and concentration of viruses |
| Qualitative and quantitative assay of viruses |
| Viral replication |
| Virus-host cell relationships |
| Replication strategies of animal viruses and molecular pathogenesis for selected viral system |
| Latent, persistent, and chronic viral infections |
| Study of genetic variability of animal viruses through use of monoclonal antibodies, autoimmunity, immunosuppression, and viral mutation in persistence infections |
| General principles of laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases |
| Epidemiology and pathology of viral infections |
| Immune mechanism in viral diseases |
| Interference and interferon |
| Viral vaccines, point of action of antiviral molecules during the replication cycle of a virus and search for new antiviral compounds, viruses, and gene therapy |
| Chemotherapy of viral infections |
Systematic virology |
|---|
| Systematic study of RNA and DNA viruses in livestock and poultry with reference to antigenicity, cultivation, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and immunity, RNA viruses: Retroviruses and lymphotropic viruses, visna and maedi, arboviruses, rotaviruses |
| RNA viruses: Birnaviruses. Picornaviruses. Bunyaviruses. Coronaviruses. Togaviruses. Paramyxoviruses, orthomyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses. Picornaviruses. Bunyaviruses. Arenaviruses. Arterioviruses. Caliciviruses. Filoviruses |
| DNA viruses: Poxviruses. Hepadnaviruses. Iridoviruses, adenoviruses, papovaviruses. Parvoviruses. Hepadnaviruses. Circoviruses. Unclassified viruses. Slow viruses scrapie |
Mycology |
|---|
| General characteristics of fungi |
| Classification and study of pathogenic fungi-epidermophyton, microsporum, trichophyton, cryptococcus, aspergillus, blastomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma, candida, rhinosporidium, contaminating fungi, rhizopus, mucor, and penicillium |
| Fungi causing mastitis, abortion, and mycotoxicosis |
Immunology |
|---|
| Historical perspectives |
| Host-parasite relationships |
| Antigens |
| Types of antigens |
| Properties and specificity of antigens |
| Factor determining antigenicity |
| Haptens and carriers |
| Heterophile antigens |
| Adjuvants |
| Mechanisms of action, classification, and their uses |
| Immunoglobulins-their classes and sub-classes, structure, and function |
| Allotypes |
| Idiotypes |
| Genes coding for IGS |
| Generation of diversity |
| Monoclonal antibodies |
| Purification of antibodies |
| Theories of antibody formation |
| Lymphoid organs: Primary, secondary, and circulation of lymphocytes, cells involved in the immune response-B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, subsets, and nature of receptors |
| Macrophages, dendritic reticular cells, langerhans cells |
| Cellular interactions cell-mediated immune responses |
| Mechanism of interaction of antigen and antibody |
| The complement system |
| Classical and alternate pathways |
| Serological reactions: Agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, CFT, FAT, ELISA, DIE, RIA, etc, immunological methods as an aid to diagnosis, blotting techniques like northern, western blotting, major, histocompatibility complex: Organization |
| Nature of antigens and MHC restriction |
| Hypersensitivity-immediate and delayed types, and mechanism of hypersensitivity |
| Mechanism of immunity, autoimmunity, and immunological tolerance |
Molecular cell biology (vaccine and diagnostic technology) |
|---|
| Role of biotechnology in diagnostics and vaccines, RNA electropherotyping |
| Probes-preparation of cDNA |
| Use of DNA probe in animal diseases diagnosis |
| Monoclonal antibodies |
| Application on monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis of animal diseases |
| Preparation of monoclonal antibodies |
| Nucleic acid hybridization |
| Modern trends in vaccines |
| Recombinant DNA vaccines and their probable use in animal diseases |
| Bioinformatic tools in microbial research, biosafety, biosecurity, GMP, and GLP |
Veterinary helminthology |
|---|
| Introduction to veterinary helminthology, general account of morphology, classification, life-cycle patterns, epizootiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis; treatment and control of parasites belonging to the various families |
Veterinary entomology |
|---|
| Introduction to veterinary entomology, classification, distributions, morphology, life-cycle, seasonal patterns and economic significance of insects and acarines belonging to the various families |
| Treatment, control, and integrated arthropod pest management |
| Current advances in immunological interventions/ control of arthropods |
Veterinary protozoology |
|---|
| Introduction to veterinary protozoology, classification, morphology, life-cycle, clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, chemotherapy, prophylaxis, and control of parasites belonging to the various families |
Clinical parasitology |
|---|
| Clinical and parasitological signs of parasitic infections in domestic animals, parasitic diseases of skin, eyes, alimentary, respiratory, urinary, genital, nervous, cardiovascular, and haematopoietic systems |
| Keys to identification and different diagnosis of helminthic eggs, nematode larvae, gravid proglottids of major tapeworms, blood protozoans, and apicomplexan group of parasites |
Parasitic zoonoses |
|---|
| Introduction and importance of parasitic zoonoses, classification of parasitic zoonoses, geo-veterinary and epidemiological aspects including factors influencing prevalence, distribution, and transmission of diseases |
| Role of reservoir hosts, natural habitat, wildlife and their public health significance, clinical features, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, control and prophylaxis of zoonotic parasitic infections |
Management of livestock parasitism |
|---|
| Factors affecting epidemiology, host environment, development and survival of infective stages, microhabitat, seasonal development (hypobiosis/ diapause), dietary and host factors altering susceptibility, concurrent infections |
| Influence of genetic factors, general approaches to control of parasitic diseases-stock management practices, stock rates, rotational grazing, clean grazing |
| Parasite worm burden (EPG) |
| Strategic and tactical control strategies involved in chemical control of helminth, protozoan, and arthropod infestations |
| Broad and narrow-spectrum anthelmintics, antiprotozoal drugs, insecticides, and acaricides |
| Newer drug delivery systems-slow and pulse release methods |
| Anthelmintic failure-drug resistance monitoring and management |
| Prospects of alternative methods of control, breeding for host resistance against parasites |
| Control of vectors and intermediate hosts and sustainable management |
| Estimation of economical losses due to parasitic diseases |
Immunoparasitology |
|---|
| General principles of parasitic immunity and immune responses to helminths, protozoa, arthropods-the adaptive immune responses, evasion of immunity, classical anti parasite responses-concomitant immunity, premunition, spring-rise, self-cure, VLM, CLM |
| Parasitic granuloma, nodule formation, parasitic antigens relevant to immunity and diagnosis, their identification and purification-general protocols, immunomodulators and their use in immunopotentiation |
| Demonstration and characterization |
| Development of live, attenuated, killed, and new generation vaccines |
Diagnostic parasitology |
|---|
| Laboratory diagnostic procedures for parasite identification and detection, copro detection techniques, floatation/ concentration, methods, direct microscopy, parasitic staining and special techniques used in parasite identification |
| Culture and identification of nematode larvae, cercaria, identification of metacestodes and animal infestation, methods for parasite isolation |
| Diagnostic procedures for manage and bot infestations |
| General immunodiagnostic assays (ELISA, IFAT, Dot-ELISA, EITB) |
| Principles of validation of diagnostic assays, and OIE recommendations for diagnosis and knowledge of referral laboratory of OIE and molecular techniques used in parasite epidemiology and diagnosis |
Introduction, history, and etiology |
|---|
| Introduction, history, and scope of pathology |
| Definitions |
| Etiology of the disease |
| Predisposing factors, intrinsic, and extrinsic factors responsible for the disease |
| Physical agents, mechanical injuries |
| Heat, cold, and decreased atmospheric pressure, light (photosensitization) UV light, microwaves, electricity, chemical agents-exogenous chemicals (toxin, poisons, drugs, and food substances) |
| Endogenous chemicals (metabolites, cytolytic or inhibitory immune complexes, free radicals, oxidants) |
Haemodynamics derangements, degeneration, and necrosis |
|---|
| Disturbances of circulation/ haemodynamic derangements hyperaemia, ischaemia, haemorrhage, sludged blood, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, oedema, and shock |
| Disturbances of cell metabolism-protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, pigment metabolism, pathological calcification/ ossification |
| Apoptosis, necrosis, gangrene |
| Ultrastructural changes in cell organelles in haemodynamic derangements and cell metabolic disturbances |
Inflammation and healing |
|---|
| Inflammation-definitions associated with inflammatory phenomenon, etiology of inflammation, cardinal signs, pathogenesis of inflammation, chemical mediators released from injured tissues and inflammatory cells |
| Cellular response in inflammation, structure and functions of cells associated with inflammation |
| Role of humoral and cell mediated defenses |
| Various classifications of inflammation |
| Healing, cellular regeneration capability of different body cells |
| Role of cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells), extracellular matrix components and growth factors in healing |
Immunopathology |
|---|
| Immunopathology-antibody and cells, immunocompetence of foetus and newborn |
| Immune mediated tissue injury, hypersensitivity reactions-anaphylaxis, Arthur's reaction, cytotoxic antibody reaction, immune complex disease, delayed hypersensitivity to chemicals, immunodeficiency diseases, defective immuno-competence |
| Autoimmune diseases |
Genetically determined diseases |
|---|
| Genetic abnormalities, aberrations of chromosomes, mosaicisi, chimerism, anomalies in sex chromosomes, and it autosomal chromosomes |
| Pathological states determined by one or more genes, lethal genes |
Disturbances in cell growth and oncology |
|---|
| Disturbance in cell growth-aplasia, hypoplasia, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia |
| Neoplasms-growth, etiology, classification, morphology, and behaviour of the neoplasms, structure and biology of the tumor cell, tumor immunology, tissue response to tumors, spread of humors, pathological features of various neoplasms |
Postmortem diagnosis and histopathological techniques |
|---|
| Postmortem examination as a diagnostic tool |
| Postmortem techniques for different species including poultry, postmortem changes, lesions in various organs in different diseases, identification and interpretation of lesions, preparation of necropsy reports |
| Handling of necropsy in veterolegal cases, collection, preservation and dispatch of materials for diagnosis |
| Fixation and processing of tissues for histopathology and histochemistry |
| Different staining techniques |
| Histochemistry and histo enzymology as diagnostic tools |
| Principles of electron microscopy, processing of tissue for scanning, and transmission electron microscopy |
Clinical pathology |
|---|
| Clinical laboratory examination of various biomaterials from different livestock species, complete blood counts, serum enzymology, bone marrow examination, erythrocytes, leucocytes, and platelet disorders and their interpretations |
| Electrolyte and acid base analysis, altered electrolyte concentrations and their interpretations, fluid accumulation disorders, examination of effusions (chemistry and exfoliative cytology) |
| Complete examination of urine, skin scrapings stools, CSF and milk for pathological constituents and interpretation of results |
Systemic pathology |
|---|
| Pathology of cardiovascular, haemopoietic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, genital, nervous and musculoskeletal systems, endocrine glands, organ of special senses ie, eye, ear, skin, appendages |
Pathology of infectious diseases |
|---|
| Pathology of bacterial, mycotic, viral, mycoplasmal, rickettsial, chlamydial, and parasitic diseases |
| Diseases caused by prions |
Avian pathology |
|---|
| Farm placements and building in relation to disease, management and nutrition in relation to disease |
| Biosecurity in the control of diseases |
| Stress and its effects |
| Omphalitis and yolk sac infection, newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, viral arthritis, infectious bursal disease, egg drop syndrome, inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome |
| Infectious stunting syndrome, swollen head syndrome, Marek’s disease, avian leukosis/ sarcoma complex, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydiosis, colibacillosis, spirochaetosis, aspergillosis, thrush, mycotoxicosis |
| Parasitic diseases-nematodes, cestodes and protozoa, nephrosis/ nephritis syndrome, multi-etiology syndromes |
| Immunosuppression and conditions/ diseases associated with it |
| Vaccinations against various diseases, their failures, and remedies |
Nutritional and production pathology |
|---|
| Pathology of nutritional deficiency disease-protein, carbohydrate, mineral, and vitamins |
| Concept of production diseases-pathology of milk fever, ketosis, magnesium tetany, rumen indigestion, nutritional haemoglobinuria |
Pathology of toxicosis |
|---|
| Clinicopathological features of toxicosis due to heavy meals, mycotoxins, insecticides, pesticides, toxic plants, chemicals, and drugs |
Pathology of diseases of laboratory and wild animals |
|---|
| Etiopathology of common diseases of laboratory and wild animals |
General pharmacology |
|---|
| Development and scope, branches of pharmacology, terminology, sources and nature of drugs |
| Pharmacopoeia and drug compendia |
| Drug schedules |
| Factor modifying drug activity |
| Definition of pharmacogenomics, polymorphism and its use in drug development |
| Pharmacodynamics: Drug structure activity relationship. Drug receptor interaction. Role of secondary messengers. Drug modulation via different types of channels. Characterisation of agonist, antagonists |
| Pharmacokinetics : Principles, drug metabolism, and biotransformation. Factors modifying drug kinetics. Kinetic constants. Different models, determination of kinetic parameters and application in rational dosage regimen |
| Pharmacometrics: Organisation and screening programmes and drug development. Multidimensional screening methods, bioassays. Determination of median doses-LDS50, EDSO, therapeutic indices. Types of dose response relationship |
Drug acting on central nervous system |
|---|
| Role of neurotransmitters in CNS |
| Sedatives, hypnotics, general anesthetics, hypotheses, and clinical stages of anesthesia |
| Pre-and post-anesthetics, molecular mechanism of action of inhalant and and parenteral anesthetics |
| Anticonvulsants |
| Tranquilizers |
| Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics and antipyretics |
| Drugs affecting behaviour |
| Drug dependence and addiction and abuses |
| CNS stimulants |
| Muscle relaxants |
| Local anesthetics |
Drugs acting on humoral and autonomic nervous systems |
|---|
| Neurohumoral transmission |
| Adrenergic and antiadrenergic drugs including adrenergic neuron blockers |
| Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs |
| Purinergic and adenosine receptors |
| Dopaminergic and antidopaminergic agents |
| Nitric oxide mediators |
| Neuromuscular and ganglion stimulants and ganglion blockers |
Drugs acting on cardiovascular and respiratory systems |
|---|
| Drugs acting on heart and blood vessels |
| Antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic agents |
| Blood coagulants and anticoagulants |
| Haematinics |
| Haemorrhagic shock and its treatment |
| Expectorants, antitussives |
| Cough sedatives |
| Bronchodilators |
| Mucolytic agents |
| Analeptics |
Drugs acting on digestive system |
|---|
| Stomachics |
| Antacids |
| Carminatives and antizymotics |
| Emetics and antiemetics |
| Cathartics |
| Antidiarrheal agents |
| Antispasmodics |
| Pharmacology of rumen and rumenotoric drugs |
| Drugs acting on hepatobiliary system |
Drug action on urogenital system |
|---|
| Drugs altering fluid balance |
| Diuretics and antidiuretics |
| General principles of electrolyte and therapy |
| Drugs acting on uterus (oxytocics and tocolytics) |
| Therapy of infertility and improving conception and synchronization of estrus |
Endocrine pharmacology |
|---|
| Mode of action and synthesis of pituitary hormones |
| Therapeutics of non-pituitary gonadotropin, adrenocorticoids, sex hormones, insulin, thyroid hormones, antithyroid agents, calcitonin, parathormone |
Autacoids |
|---|
| Pharmacological effects and therapeutics of histamine, antihistaminic agents, 5-HT its antagonists, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, peptides and kinins, rennin, and angiotensins |
| Platelet activators |
| Anti-inflammatory drugs |
Chemotherapy |
|---|
| General principles |
| Drug allergy, hypersensitivity, mechanism of resistance |
| Antiseptics and disinfectants |
| Chemistry, mechanism of action, therapeutics of sulphonamides (gut active, systemic), trimethoprim, and congener |
| Antibiotics: Penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolide, surface active, tetracyclines, polypeptide. Antifungal and other emerging antibiotics. Quinolones, nitrofurans, antitubercular, antiviral, and antineoplastic drugs |
| Anthelmintic: Antinematodal, anticestodal, antitrematodal drugs. Antiprotonzoons, Anticoccidials. Drugs used for ectoparasite control. Concept of gene based therapy, prospects of disease target therapy, overview of indigenous medicinal drugs |
| Anthelmintic: Its components for therapeutic use |
Toxicology |
|---|
| Terminology |
| Classification of poisons |
| Toxicity rating |
| Principles of selective toxicity |
| Toxicodynamics |
| Toxicokinetics |
| Diagnosis and treatment of poisoning (antidotal and non antidotal) |
| Mechanism of detoxification |
| Poisons causing respiratory insufficiency |
| Toxicology of common inorganic compounds |
| Toxicity of metals, non-metals, and metalloids |
| Poisonous plant-cyanogenic, nitrate, and oxalate producers |
| Mycotoxins: Aflatoxin, rubratoxin, ergot |
| Toxic ferns |
| Venoms from snakes, scorpions, toads, etc and treatment |
Ecotoxicology |
|---|
| Types and identification of industrial contamination and pollution residual toxicity |
| Impact of pesticides, fungicides, weedicides, fertilizers on biosphere |
| Chemical warfare agents and radiation hazards |
| Toxicity from food additives, preservatives |
| Statutory regulation on agrochemical formulation and their uses |
| Newer parameters, immunotoxicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, embryotoxicity for toxicological evaluation |
Miscellaneous topic |
|---|
| Drugs promoting growth and production |
| Agents used for doping and restraining of wild animals |
| Euthanizing agents |
| Drug control and regulation |
Veterinary public health |
|---|
| Definitions, concept of public health, intersectoral approach to human health, veterinary medicine, veterinary public health, human health goals, veterinarians participation in public health and justifications |
| Veterinary public health unit-its dimensions and functions, national and international organizations related with public and veterinary public health, rural health, role of public health veterinarians in public health, health delivery system |
Milk hygiene |
|---|
| Definitions, dairy industry, and milk hygiene in India and other countries, microbiology, of milk and milk products, microbial spoilage of milk and its products, bacteriophage, contamination of milk and its products |
| Public health aspects of residues: Agricultural chemicals, antibiotics and drugs, toxic metals, plant toxins, mycotoxins and adulterants, milk borne diseases, milk hygiene |
| Public health aspects of residues: Hygienic aspects of production of milk and processing and manufacture of milk products, clean milk production, prevention of contamination by sanitation at dairy farm, collection centers |
| Public health aspects of residues: Milk processing and manufacturing plants |
| Pasteurization, sterilization, standards |
| Quality control tests applied to milk and milk products |
Meat hygiene |
|---|
| Definitions, meat industry, and meat hygiene in India and other countries |
| Raising meat food animals and birds, their trade, and transport |
| Hygienic aspects of slaughter, bleeding, dressing and processing and manufacture of carcass meat and meat products |
| Rigor mortis, emergency and casualty slaughter |
| Abattoir/ meat plant sanitation, microbiology of meat and their products |
| Sources of contamination, disposal and reclamation of slaughterhouse wastes and byproducts and associated public health problems |
| Spoilage of meat and meat products, preservation of meat |
| Meat food safety, ante mortem, and post mortem examination, inspection of poultry meat, eggs, fish, and meat from game animals, judgment, Indices of sanitary quality, national and international standards, bacteriological |
| Serological and biochemical tests for quality control, substitution, and adulteration |
Food-borne infections and intoxications |
|---|
| Definitions, classifications of food borne diseases, meat-borne diseases, milk-borne diseases, infections and intoxications traced to consumption of fish/ eggs, fast/ street/ convenience foods |
| Epidemiological characteristics of food-borne infections and intoxications, sources of pathogens and factors favouring for poisoning, bacterial, viral, protozoan, helminthic, mycotic and chemical food poisoning |
| Epidemiological investigation of food-borne infections and intoxications, food specific attack rate |
| Odd ratio, detection of food borne pathogens and their toxins |
| Management of food poisoning |
Zoonoses |
|---|
| Definitions, concept, and classification of zoonoses, ecological aspects of zoonoses, wild animals, cold blooded animals, domestic animals, and aquatic life, associated zoonoses, vectors, milk, meat, egg, fish, and water-spread zoonoses |
| Occupational zoonoses, nosocomial zoonoses, xenozoonosis, nationally and internationally emerging and re-emerging zoonoses, epidemiology of bacterial, rickettsial, viral, parasitic and mycotic zoonoses |
| Principles of zoonoses management: Methods of prevention, control and eradication of zoonoses |
Environmental hygiene |
|---|
| Natural sources of water, water hygiene, pure and wholesome water; microbial contamination and chemical pollution of water, impurities in water, plankton, purification and sanitization of water, waterborne diseases, microbiological examination of water |
| Potable water, standards for drinking water |
| The atmosphere |
| Air pollutants, air-borne pathogens and diseases, ventilation, methods of air purification |
| Agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, domestic and farm effluents polluting environment-and associated hazards and preventive measures |
| Antibiotic and pesticide residues and their effect on health |
| Waste-recycling, methods of disposal of dead animals |
| Rodents and vector control measures |
Epidemiology |
|---|
| Definitions, epidemiology, epizootiology, casual association, concept of infection, theory of natural nidality, ecological basis of diseases, disease transmission, epidemic process, distribution of diseases in space and time |
| Epidemiological hypothesis, types of epidemiological studies, epidemiological survey, surveillance, monitoring of diseases, experimental epidemiology, epidemiological measurements, predictive epidemiology, epidemiological models, sero-epidemiology |
| Use of information technology and computer applications in disease monitoring, epidemiological investigation and evaluation of intervention measures |
Experimental animal medicine |
|---|
| Occupational health and safety in the care and use of research animals |
| Breeding, care and management of experimental animals, production of gnotobiotic, germfree, specific pathogen free, transgenic, syngeneic animals, and tailor-made animals in relation to public health |
| Provisions of animal welfare and society for prevention of cruelty to animals act |
Health education |
|---|
| Health education, communication techniques, participatory programmes for awareness creation among agricultural workers, butchers, laboratory staff and those engaged in zoological gardens, laboratory animals rearing |
| Processing of animal produce about occupational hazards and hazards to consumers |
Standard guidelines and legislation |
|---|
| Definitions, standards/ guidelines of products and product ingredients |
| Hazards analysis critical control points (HACCP), good manufacturing practices (GMP), good laboratory practices (GLP), milk and milk product order (MMPO), meat food products order (MFPO), total quality management (TQM) |
| Quality assurance and food safety management systems, bureau of Indian standards, international organization for standards, codese alimentarius, world trade order, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, technical barriers to trade (TBT) |
| National and international standards related to milk, meat, fish and their products and hygienic standards to ensure safety to domestic and foreign consumers of products of animal origin |
Microbiology in public health |
|---|
| Food microbiology, characters of food bacteria, moulds, yeast and virus, classifications of food microbes according to their requirements for growth-temperature, acidity, moisture, oxygen and salt concentration, resistance to microenvironment |
| Food processing and preservation methods |
| Pathogen-virulence factors, microbial enzymes, toxic metabolites and other molecules associated with pathogenic mechanisms |
| Resistance mechanism of survival in environment in and outside the host, antigens eliciting protective and diagnostic antibodies, microbiological, serological, biological, and nucleotide based diagnostic methods |
| Issues on bioterrorism |
General surgery |
|---|
| Current concepts of inflammation and its management |
| Asepsis and antisepsis in surgery |
| Disinfection and sterilization |
| Surgical bacteriology |
| Pre, peri, and post-operative considerations |
| Physiopathology of burns, tauma, surgical stress and shock |
| Haemorrhage, haemostasis and administration of whole blood, blood extracts, and plasma substitute |
| Acid-base and electrolytes imbalance |
| Rehydration and fluid therapy |
| Tissue repair including its biochemical aspects |
| Principles of tissue and organ transplantation |
| Tissue transplantation immunity |
| Sutures and suture materials |
| Operation theatre management |
| General surgical affections viz.. abscess, cyst, haematoma, tumour, gangrene, sinus, fistula, and hernia |
| Neurological examination, paralysis, and its treatment |
| Surgical instrumentations |
| Care of critically ill patients |
| Cosmetic surgery |
| Skin grafting techniques in animals |
Anaesthesia |
|---|
| History and instrumentation |
| Pre-anesthetic considerations of patient |
| Selection of various anesthetic and pre-anesthetic agents and their effects on different body organs |
| Inhalant and non-inhalant anesthetic agents including dissociative, neurolept and balanced anaesthesia, and their administration in small and large animals |
| Monitoring of patient during anesthesia |
| Anesthetic emergencies and their management |
| Muscle relaxants |
| Local anesthetic agents |
| Local and regional anesthetic procedures |
| Anesthesia for special surgical procedures and special disease conditions |
| Electronarcosis |
| Hypothermia |
| Acupuncture analgesia |
| Anesthesia and methods of capture of zoo animals |
| Therapeutic usage of local anesthetic agents and techniques |
| Methods of artificial ventilation |
Radiology |
|---|
| Production and quality of X-rays; exposure factors and formulation of technique chart |
| Basics of radiation physics |
| Interaction of particulate and non-particulate radiations with matter |
| Radiographic artifacts and their prevention |
| Radiographic quality and factors affecting it |
| Radiographic features of diseases of musculoskeletal, digestive, urogenital, cardiovascular, respiratory, and lymphatic system of small and large animals |
| Radiation hazards |
| Radiation biology including its mechanism of action and effects on various organ systems |
| Radiation protection |
| Radiological contrast agents and common contrast radiographic procedures |
| Principles of radiotherapy and physiotherapy |
| Invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities viz. echocardiography, computed tomography, scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and subtraction angiography |
Orthopaedics and lameness |
|---|
| Physiological and biochemical considerations of bone |
| Osteogenesis and mineralization of bone |
| Bone research techniques |
| Circulation of long bones |
| Biomechanics of fractures |
| Etiology, classification, and healing of fracture; factors affecting fracture healing |
| Complications of fractures and their management |
| Methods of internal and external fixations of fracture and factors governing selection of fixation methods |
| Effect of various internal fixation methods on physiology and blood circulation of bone |
| Bone grafts |
| Metallic and non-metallic materials in bone surgery and their biological behaviour |
| Surgical affection of vertebral column |
| Etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of affections of bones and joints |
| Technique of arthroscopy |
| Lameness and allied surgical conditions of fore and hind limbs |
| Various foot diseases |
| Affections of tendons, ligaments, and their management |
| Relationship between conformation of the limbs, foot and its axis to soundness |
| Soundness and examination of horse for soundness |
Surgery of head and neck region |
|---|
| Etiology, diagnosis, and surgical management of the affections of sinuses, horn, nasal, and buccal cavity, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, larynx, pharynx, trachea, and oesophagus |
| Surgical affections of eye lids, lacrimal apparatus, nictitating membrane, conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, chloroids, iris, retina, lens, optic nerve, aqueous, and vitreous humours and other parts of eye and their management |
| Surgical affections and management of ear and guttural pouch |
Thoracic surgery |
|---|
| Various approaches for thoracic surgery in large and small animals |
| Physiological alterations following thoracotomy |
| Heart lung machine and its use in thoracic surgery |
| Different congenital and acquired surgical affections of thoracic wall and thoracic organs viz. lung, mediastinum, oesophagus, heart, and diaphragm in large and small animals |
| Surgical diseases of the vascular and lymphatic systems |
Abdominal and pelvic surgery |
|---|
| Different surgical approaches for abdomen |
| Hemia: Etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment |
| Various acquired and congenital surgical affections of abdominal organs viz. traumatic reticulitis, abomasal displacement, impaction of omasum, pyloric stenosis, gastric torsion, caecal dilation, intestinal obstruction |
| Rectal and anal prolapse, and peritonitis |
| Colic in horse: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment |
| Affection of liver, spleen, kidney and urinary bladder their complications and surgical management |
| Urolithiasis, uraemia, and their management |
| Surgery of male and female genital organs |
| Etiology, diagnosis and surgical management of the affections of udder, teat, and tail |
Aquaculture system |
|---|
| History and scope of aquaculture; aquaculture practices in different parts of the world; global aquaculture production, consumption scenario and emerging trends; different systems of aquaculture-traditional, extensive, intensive, semi-intensive |
| Flow through and re-circulatory |
| Farming methods-ponds, lens, cages, raceway, raft, rope, monoculture, polyculture, mixed culture; capture based aquaculture and culture based aquaculture, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) |
| Recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) |
| Integration of aquaculture with agriculture and animal husbandry; sewage-fed farming, organic aquaculture |
Species selection criteria for various culture practices |
|---|
| Criteria for candidate species selection, criteria for site selection for various culture practices; aquaculture practices for freshwater fish (carps, catfishes, snake heads, feather backs, tilapia, murrells, mahsee; trouts, etc) freshwater prawn |
| Brackish water and marine shrimp and fish (sea bass, milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, cobia, pompano, grouper, snappers, breams, other perches) lobsters, freshwater and marine ornamentals, exotics |
Broodstock development and management |
|---|
| Broodstock management and seed production technology-natural seed collection, holding, packaging, transportation; environmental, nutritional, and endocrine control of reproduction, improvement of seed quality through stock upgradation induced breeding |
| Synthetic hormones and its analogues, and their application, layout and design of hatcheries, PIT tagging, cannulation, hormonal and volitional spawning, incubation of eggs, cryopreservation of gametes, larval rearing, live feeds, microalgae, rotifers |
| Artemia, copepods, seed production of: Carps, snakeheads, mahseer, trout, tilapia, pearlspot, ornamentals, cobia, grouper, pompano, tilapia, mullets, milkfish, snappers, breams, shrimps (penaeus monodon, P. indicus, P. semisulcatus, litopenaeus vannamei) |
| Seed production of: Sand lobster, spiny lobster, mud crab (scylla serrata) blue swimmer crab (portunus pelagicus), giant freshwater prawn (macrobrachium rosenbergii) mussel, edible oyster, pearl oyster |
| Larval transportation, biosecurity principles, specific pathogen free (SPF) broodstock development, seed certification, quarantine and hatchery protocols, nursery rearing, pre-stocking, stocking and post stocking management |
| Feeding and nutrition management, health management, biofilm and its uses, probiotics, bioremediation, bioflok based nutrition |
Farm design, construction, and operational management |
|---|
| Design and construction of aqua-farms: Site selection, nutrient and soil quality, micro organisms and their roe, water supply and water circulation, soil and water quality management, liming, manuring and fertilization, biofertilization, poly houses |
| Design and construction of aqua-farms: Recirculatory system; construction of pens, cage design and construction, fixed cages, floating cages, semi-submerged and submerged cages, towing cages, flow through systems, raceways |
| Feed and nutrition management-natural and formulated feeds, weaning to artificial feeds, feeding strategies, rations and feeding methods, manual and automatic feed dispersers, demand feeders, feed rationing |
| Feeding protocols: Carrying capacity of aquafarms, use of biofilters, aerators; protocols in grow out systems |
| Harvest management-continuous stocking and harvesting, staggered harvest, managing differential growth, live fish marketing, best management practices (BMP) in aquaculture, hazards of drugs and chemicals, environmental impact assessment (EIA) |
| Responsible aquaculture, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) agreement, IPR in aquaculture, ecosystem approach to aquaculture, CRZ implications, CAA and its role |
| Ecolabeling, organic certification |
Fisheries resources |
|---|
| Major fisheries resources of the world, global trends in production; target and non-target fisheries resources of the Indian subcontinent and the EEZ; distribution, composition, trends and dynamics of major exploited fishery resources in hill streams |
| Rivers, reservoirs, lakes, lagoons, estuaries, territorial waters, oceanic waters, deep sea oceanic islands; straddling/ shared stocks and non-conventional resources; sports, game and ornamental fisheries |
| Major commercially exploited stocks, their potentials, status, bionomics, methods of capture and yields; issues related to capture fisheries; endangered and threatened species, in-situ and ex-situ conservation; fisheries and biodiversity acts |
| Juvenile fishing, destructive gears, by-catch and discards; status and impact of exotic species, accidental introductions; guidelines and policies for exotics |
Fishery biology |
|---|
| Life history of economically important fish species; food and feeding habits, methods of studying food and feeding habits; reproductive biology, maturity stages, fecundity, ova diameter studies and breeding cycles; length-weight relationships |
| Condition factor, gonadosomatic index; age and growth studies-methods for determination of age, study of growth rates, direct and indirect methods; taxonomy of major fish groups; recruitment, growth, and mortality of fish in natural water bodies |
| Different analytical and holistic models for fish stock assessment, their advantages, and disadvantages; catch per unit effort, concept of maximum sustainable yield, and maximum economic yield |
| Application of remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) in resource mapping and forecasting; mechanisms, methods and status of fish yield data acquisition, storage, retrieval and processing for national estimates |
| Ecosystem-based fisheries management tools; monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) systems for major fisheries; computer softwares in stock assessment; use of virtual population analysis and predictive models |
Aquatic environment |
|---|
| Various aquatic habitats and fish faunal compositions, trophic relationships, distribution and abundance; fisheries oceanography and marine fisheries; limnological parameters |
| Influence of environmental parameters on fish abundance, distribution, resource resilience; impact of fishing, aquaculture, other anthropogenic activities on the environment and fish stock |
| Disaster management in fisheries; methods for increasing productivity of water bodies (use of thermal energy and deep sea water through artificial upwelling, use of ranching, artificial reefs, FADs and their uses) |
| Habitat degradation and its impact on fisheries; pollution of water bodies and its impact; bioindicators and bioremediation; protected areas (sanctuaries, marine parks, biosphere reserves and ramsar sites); potential fishing zones |
Fisheries management |
|---|
| Concepts and principles of fisheries management; fisheries acts and legislations, revisions and amendments; fisheries policies, instruments and mechanisms for inland, coastal, and open ocean fisheries management |
| Management of riverine, reservoir, and lacustrine fisheries; management of marine fisheries; modes of fisheries management-open access, regulated, advisory; participatory, user rights; international fishery regulations, treaties, and instruments |
| Input control measures such as access control, size, type, number and power of boats, duration of fishing; output control measures such as total allowable catch, catch quotas, licensing, technical control measures such as size limitations |
| Closed fishing areas, closed seasons, size of nets and mesh size regulations, limited entry; impediments to fisheries governance; UNCLOS, FAO code of conduct for responsible fisheries; India’s commitment to international treaties and resolutions |
Fishing technology |
|---|
| Different types of craft and gear, their operation and their maintenance; selectivity of fishing gears, bycatch reduction devices in trawls, turtle excluder devices; use of modern techniques and equipment for fish finding and capturing |
Economics and marketing |
|---|
| Supply, demand, and price dynamics in the fisheries sector; domestic and export marketing of fish and fish products, trends, channels, mechanisms, regulations, trade and non-trade barriers, concerns, and strategies; modern marketing methods and channels |
| Cold chains, storage; value addition; domestic and international market demands; international regulations and practices affecting Indian fisheries trade; WTO and Indian fisheries scenario; issues in branding and labelling; quality concerns |
| Growth of domestic and exports markets; market trends and diversification; emerging consumer preferences and trade practices; fisheries cooperatives; institutional support for fisheries development |
Fisheries livelihood |
|---|
| Relevance of capture fisheries in food, nutrition, employment, income and livelihood securities of fishers; vulnerability of fishers to changes in resource availability, exploitation and utilization patterns; marginalization of fishermen |
| Small scale processors and traders due to changing scenarios of product diversification, markets and trade; impact of dams, river linking, CRZ, biodiversity bill, protected/ closed area, fishing bans, closed seasons, protected areas |
| Mangroves, sanctuaries and parks on the fisher communities |
| Land and water body use issues in fisheries |
| Role of extension in fisheries, mechanisms and modes of extension and their impact on capture fisheries and fisher’s livelihood, alternative livelihood options; management of conflicts within sub-sectors in fisheries |
| Women in fisheries, status, role, impact, future; vulnerability of fishers to natural disasters and coping mechanisms in disaster management |
Craft technology |
|---|
| Fishing crafts of the world; principles of design and construction; corrosion protection; craft materials-wood, marine plywood, fiberglass, reinforced plastic, aluminium, steel, ferro-cement; biodeterioration and preventive measures |
| FAO classification of fishing vessels; different types of fishing vessels in India; general arrangements of fishing vessels; basic principles of fishing vessel! design; stability of fishing vessels-factors affecting stability; powering of fishing boats |
| Deck machinery for trawlers, seiners, gill netters and liner; winches-net haulers, line haulers, power blocks, special purpose winches; engine installation-types of engines for fishing vessels, four stroke cycle, two stroke cycle |
| Selection of engine for fishing vessels; transmission systems-reduction/ reverse gear boxes; modern navigation equipment, navigation and fishing lights; life saving devices-life jacket, life buoy, life raft, SART, EPIRB |
Gear technology |
|---|
| Gear materials-netting yarns, natural fibers and their classification, origin, properties and preservation; synthetic fibers-classification, manufacture, identification and comparative properties; construction of netting twines |
| Designation of netting yarns and twine twist-coefficient; direction, yarn numbering system; specification and characteristics of netting; fishing accessories-floats, buoys and sinkers, connectors and swivels, ground gear sheer devices, hooks |
| Classification of fishing gear |
| Fishing gears used in India; fish behaviour in relation to fishing techniques; factors affecting fishing gear design; fishing gear selectivity-selectivity of trawls, gill nets and lines; model testing of fishing gear-flume tank |
| Structure and operation of trawls; otter boards-principles of operation, variation in design; structure, design variation and operation of purse seines, gillnets and trammel nets, lines, and traps |
| Electrical fishing; harvesting machines; selective fishing gear and practices: By catch and discards, bycatch reduction devices (BRDS), turtle excluder devices (TEDS); fish aggregating devices |
Process biochemistry |
|---|
| Major and minor constituents of fish, their distribution and function-moisture, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals; glycogen in fish and its functions; structure, classification and constitution of proteins |
| Use of functional properties of proteins for developing fish products; essential amino acids and limiting amino acids and their requirements; post-mortem changes-rigor mortis, autolysis, auto-oxidation and their significance; antioxidant mechanisms |
| Biochemical and microbial spoilage of fish; lipids in fish-their structure and classification; enzymes in fish-their classification and mechanism of action; vitamins in fish-vitamin deficiency diseases; minerals and trace elements in fish |
| Toxins and toxic substances in fish, their bioaccumulation and biomagnification; biogenic amines |
Fish processing technology |
|---|
| Factors affecting spoilage of fish; principles of fish preservation; preservation of fish by curing (drying, salting, and smoking); water content, water activity (aw) and storage stability; onboard handling of fish |
| Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements for maintenance of quality; grading of fish; chilling and freezing of fish-principles of chilling and freezing, crystallisation, nucleation, crystal growth, methods of chilling |
| Transportation and marketing of chilled fish, the application of freezing systems in fish processing; changes in quality of chilled and frozen products during storage; canning of fish and fish products-principles of canning, can materials, can shapes |
| Process value calculation and spoilage of canned food; modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) of fish and fish products; accelerated freeze drying (AFD), surimi and fish-mince products-the surimi process; fish muscle proteins |
| Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids; irradiation-radiation sources, units, dose levels, radappertization, radicidation, radurization; effects of irradiation on protein, fat, and vitamin |
| Packaging and transportation of fish and fishery products-temperature modeling and relationships in fish transportation; transportation containers; safety and quality and spoilage of fish during transportation |
| Fishery products and by-products exported from India; packaging-aim, purpose and objectives, packaging and transportation of fresh fish, cured fish, canned fish, frozen fish, freeze-dried fish, by-products, and value-added products |
| Additives-classes of additives, preservatives, antimicrobial additives |
Microbiology, quality management, and certification |
|---|
| Roles of bacteria and moulds in fish preservation; modification of intrinsic and extrinsic parameters for fish preservation; spoilage of fresh fish, chilled fish, and processed fish products |
| Microorganisms in frozen, canned and dried products, and their control; human pathogenic bacteria, virus, molds and parasites in fish and fishery products; sources of contamination and control measures |
| Fish quality evaluation and different indices of quality; quality management in seafood processing-concepts of total quality management, HACCP, practical aspects of planning and implementing HACCP systems; hazards in sea foods, risk assessment |
| National and international standards-ISO 9000 series, ISO 22000 |
| Codex alimentarius, ICMSF; food safety and standards act of India 2006; role of BIS and ElA; traceability issues in international trade |
Fishery engineering |
|---|
| Selection of site for fish processing plant, layout and design-canning plant, fish meal plant, surimi plant, freezing plant; ideal requirements for construction of cold storage; different types of cold storage; seafood waste management |
| Refrigeration engineering-fundamental principles of refrigeration, refrigeration cycle; refrigerants definition, type of refrigerant and their properties; types of condensers, type of boilers, type of evaporators |
| Machinery for handling and processing fish-deboner filleting machine, freshness analysers |
Economics and marketing |
|---|
| Fisheries enterprise management; trends of domestic and export marketing of fish and fishery products, modern marketing methods and channels-supply chain management, cold chain facilities and infrastructure; value-addition |
| Institutional support for fish harvest and post-harvest practices |
Principles of fish nutrition |
|---|
| Nutrients, sources, structure, classification, biosynthesis |
| Metabolism of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, vitamins, and minerals |
| Essential amino acids, functions and deficiency symptoms, vitamins and minerals, their role in fish nutrition, deficiency symptoms, vitamin and mineral requirements in herbivores, carnivores, major fresh water, marine, and brackishwater cultured species |
| Metabolic pathways of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, sparing action, P:E ratio, assessing nutritional requirements of larvae, fingerlings, young fish, grow out, fattening, reproductive energy needs, basic fish bioenergetics, energy portioning |
| Energy budget |
Nutritional physiology |
|---|
| Morphology, anatomy, and physiology of the digestive systems of various types of fish such as herbivores, planktivores, omnivores, carnivores, detritivores, mixed diet |
| Nutrient digestion, and digestive processes |
| Control and regulation of digestion |
| Factors affecting feed intake, digestion, absorption, assimilation |
| Microbial digestion; digestibility and factors affecting |
| Digestive enzymes in fish; gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal secretions and role of microorganisms in digestion |
| Transport of nutrients in the body, storage, conversion and utilization |
| Role of liver and muscles in fat and glycogen storage and release |
| Digestive hormones, nutrient regulation of endocrine functions, role of nutrition in reproduction, transport and use of fat and protein for reproductive purposes |
Feed formulation, feed technology, and feeding management |
|---|
| Principles of feed formulation, feed ingredients, international coding of feed ingredients, evaluation of ingredient quality, conventional unconventional and novel ingredients, feed additives and feed binders, antinutritional factors, and their prevention |
| Methods of feed formulation, feed processing units and processes, various feed types such as moist, semi-moist, dry, crumble, pellet, sinking, slow sinking, floating, microbound, microencapsulated, micro-coated, high energy |
| Fortification of micronutrients in larval and broodstock diet, exogenous enzymes in fish feed, feed storage, packaging, and prevention of spoilage |
Nutrition and fish health |
|---|
| Nutrients and their effects on fish health |
| Nutritional diseases, antinutritional factors, nutraceuticals for fish health, nutrients and immunity, nutrients and flesh quality, hyper, and hypovitaminosis |
| Mycotoxins in fish feed, nutritional imbalances |
| Dietary lipid and stress tolerance in fish larvae |
| Mycotoxin in fish feed |
| Phytase and phytate in feed ingredients |
| Anti-nutritional factors in feed ingredients |
| Anti-nutrients and metabolism |
| Nutrient deficiency diseases |
Nutrigenomics |
|---|
| Nutritionally important genes, gene regulation by lipids and carbohydrates, metabolic control analysis, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, nutrient-gene interaction and expression, reverse transcription, and CDNA synthesis |
| Genetic control of metabolic pathways, functional food aids in prevention of human health disorders |
Introduction to fish health and pathology |
|---|
| Definition of health and disease in fish |
| Predisposing factors, biotic and abiotic factors, stress and general adaptation syndrome |
| Role of physical (injuries, health, cold) chemical (pH, salinity, toxins, ammonia, nitrogenous waste, endogenous chemical metabolites, free radicals, oxidants) soil and water parameters in fish health |
| Host-pathogen-environment interaction, toxins, and nutritional factors in disease process |
| General pathology-degeneration, necrosis, apoptosis, inflammation, classification of inflammation, biology of inflammatory phenomenon, signs, and pathology of inflammation |
| Chemical mediators release from inflamed cells and tissues involved and their function, immunoglobulins, memory system, antigens, haptens and carriers, monoclonal antibodies, lymphoid organs, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes |
| Subsets and nature of receptors, macrophages, RES, cell-mediated immune responses, complement system, MHC, autoimmunity, immunological tolerances, macrophages, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells |
| Extracellular matrix and growth factors in healing and defense |
Diseases of fish |
|---|
| Major bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, non-infectious diseases of fish,and shellfish in aquaculture systems |
| Cell lines and their use in virus isolation, bacterial metabolism, bacterial toxins and pathogenesis, diverse bacterial species infection fish and shellfish, evolution and classification of viruses, virus-host relationship, replication of virus |
| Molecular pathogenesis, viral vaccines, new antiviral compounds, virus and gene therapy, RNA and DNA viruses in fish and shellfish and their antigenicity, cultivation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prophylaxis, and immunity |
| Patho-epizootiology, treatment and control of mycotoxicosis, EUS, saprolegniasis and other fungal pathogens of fish and shellfish, diseases caused by trematodes, cestodes, nematodes, crustaceans, acanthocephalans, protozoans, algal blooms |
| Microbial toxicity |
Aquatic environment and fish health |
|---|
| Kinetics of microbial population in the aquatic environment, biofilms, microbial interactions |
| Water pollution-microbial changes induced by inorganic and organic pollutants, industrial effluents, domestic sewage and their effects on fish and shellfish |
| Biological pollution-algal blooms and their effect on fish production, biological and chemical control of algal bloom |
| Metals as pollutants-accumulation of mercury, cadmium, lead, etc. in fishes |
Disease diagnosis |
|---|
| Principles of disease diagnosis, conventional and rapid diagnostic methods, bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, non-infectious diseases of fish and shellfish |
| Clinical pathology and diagnosis of disease |
| Clinical laboratory examination of various biomaterials from fish and shellfish, normal picture of blood, serum enzymology, disorders and their interpretations, examination of skin scrapings, gill, internal organs, other tissues, various immunological |
| Serological and molecular diagnosis using PCR, PTPCR, and real time PCR and the principles involved in ELISA |
| Primer designing for probes |
Defence systems and tumours |
|---|
| Immune systems in fish and shellfish |
| Innate and acquired immunity, non specific immunity, antibody and cell mediated immunity in fish, immunity in shellfish, immune complex, memory function and immunological tolerance |
| Structure, types of antibodies, antigen-antibody reaction, phagocyte systems, TOLL link receptors, cell mediated immune response and its components, abnormalities in cell growth aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophy, metaplasia dysplasia |
| Tumours and neoplasm growth, etiology, classification, morphology and behaviour, structure of tumour cell, tumour immunology, tissue responses to tumours, pathological features of neoplasms |
Disease prevention and control |
|---|
| Disease prophylaxis and therapeutics, use of chemicals, antibiotics, conventional vaccines, prebiotics and probiotics, biochemical applications in disease control, DNA and RNA vaccines, recombinant vaccines, use of RNA interference |
| SPF and SPR broodstock, certification, surveillance and reporting, biosecurity |
| Disease control through environmental management |
Principles of fish genetics and breeding |
|---|
| Mendelian inheritance, genetic variation, chromosome theory, genetic basis for sex determination and sex linked genes in fish, gametogenesis, linkage and crossing over, DNA as a genetic material, gene code and protein synthesis, DNA replication |
| DNA and plasmid isolation, chromosome manipulation, ploidy induction, sex reversal, gynogenesis, natural and induced |
Population and quantitative genetics |
|---|
| Genetics of population, changes in allelic and genotypic frequency, effective population size, inbreeding and coefficients, fitness, qualitative and qualitative traits, components of variance, additive and non-additive variance |
| Genetic variability and differentiation, genetic similarity and Nei’s genetic distance, genetic bottleneck and mutation drift equilibrium, null alleles, population genomics, outlier loci and adaptive variation in trait-related genes |
Genetic tools for aquaculture application |
|---|
| DNA markers in stock identification: Allzymes, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellites, ESTs, SNPs, type I and II markers, mtDNA and nuclear DNA markers, real-time PCR and EST markers, lab assays for markers |
| Next generation sequencing, applications for species identification, hybridization, stock identification, genetic diversity and conservation, parentage, linkage and QTL mapping, microarray genes, karyotyping, and chromosome banding |
| Transgenics, GMO and biosafety regulations, designer ornamental fish, transgenic containment |
Breeding of fish and shellfish |
|---|
| Genetic basis for selection of fish for breeding, QTL and marker assisted selection, sire and dam evaluation, selection for threshold characters, inbreeding effects, cross breeding and hybridization, selection and mating designs for select traits |
| Selection for disease resistance, monosex, cryopreservation of gametes |
| Endocrine control of reproduction in fish and shellfish, synchronization of spawning, broodstock development and management, use of happa, care of fertilized eggs, assessing stripping, induced normality and mortality |
| Live feed development for larvae, larval feeding and maintenance, packaging and transport of shrimp post larvae, fish and fingerlings, eyed larvae or spat of molluscs |
| Nursery systems and their operation |
Conservation, bioinformatics |
|---|
| Breeding strategies for threatened species for restocking and live gene bank (LGB), in-situ and ex-situ conservation, pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells and germ cells, primary and established cell line cultures, cell cloning, cell hybridization |
| Hybridoma technology, data mining tools, submission of DNA sequences, genbank sequence database, genome diagnostics, genome and transcriptome analysis, protein information resources, EST database, phylogenetic analysis, microarray informatics |
General chemistry |
|---|
| Surface chemistry, pH, buffer solutions; redox reactions, chemical kinetics, stereochemistry and chirality, diastereoisomers, tautomerism, atropisomerism, asymmetric synthesis, nomenclature of organic molecules, displacement, elimination, addition |
| Rearrangement, SN1 and SN2 reactions, reaction involving free radicals, and carbene intermediates, organic reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis, Beckmann, Claisen condensation, Hofmann-Loffler-Freytag reaction, Paternò-Büchi reaction |
| Curlius, Michael, Kolbe's, Arndt-Eistert and Wittig reaction |
| Reformatsky reaction, Barton reaction, umpolung reaction, Norrish type I and II reactions |
Chromatography and spectroscopic techniques |
|---|
| Basic principles and application of chromatography; column, paper, thin layer, and ion exchange chromatography; gas liquid chromatography (GLC); high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); UV, FT-IR; NMR and mass spectroscopy |
| GC-MS and LC-MS techniques and their application |
Chemistry of natural products |
|---|
| Extraction of natural products; classification, structure, chemistry, properties and function of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, enzymes, nucleic acids, vitamins, lipids, and polymers |
| Chemistry of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolics, plant pigments, steroidal and triterpenic saponins and sapogenins; juvenile and moulting hormones; plant derived nutraceuticals |
| Chemistry of natural antioxidants and food colorants and their application in human and crop health |
| Biosynthetic pathways of natural products |
Naturally occurring insecticides |
|---|
| Natural pyrethroids, nicotine, rotenone, neem and karanja based botanical pesticides; microbial macrolides (avermectins and milbemycins), agricultural antibiotics, semiochemicals; insect pheromones-types and uses, insect hormones, insect growth regulators |
| Plant hormones, phytoalexins, essential oils and their pest control properties; advantages and limitations of natural pesticides; juvenile hormones, juvenile hormone mimics and anti-JH; chemosterilants, insect antifeedants |
| Insect attractants and repellents; microbial pesticides; application of plant biotechnology in crop protection, herbicide tolerant and insect resistant transgenic plants |
Synthetic insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, and rodenticides |
|---|
| History, scope, and principles of chemical insect control; insecticides and their classification, chemistry of major groups of insecticides (organochlorine, organophosphorus, organic carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, neonicotinoids) |
| Fungicides (inorganics, dithiocarbamates, OP’s, phenols, quinines, carboxamides, azoles, methyl acrylate), rodenticides, insect growth regulators; chitin synthesis inhibitors, insecticide synergists, fumigants |
| Mode of action of different groups of insecticides, fungicides, and nematicides |
Herbicides and plant growth regulators |
|---|
| Physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of different groups of herbicides (pheoxyacids, carbamates, amides, tiazines, phenyl ureas, dinitroanilines, bipyridylium, sulfonylureas), herbicide safeners, plant growth regulators-auxins, gibberellins |
| plant growth regulators-cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid; brassinolides; mode of action of different groups of herbicides |
Agrochemical formulations |
|---|
| Basic concepts of pesticide formulation-classification, solid, and liquid formulations; preparation, properties, uses; controlled release formulations; formulants-carriers/ diluents, surfactants, encapsulants, binders, antioxidants, stabilizers |
| Application-devices and quality of deposits; types of spray appliances, seed treatment, and dressing; nanotechnology in crop protection, tools to develop and measure nanoparticles |
Pesticide residues and their dynamics in the environment |
|---|
| Pesticide residues-concepts and toxicological significance; pesticide dynamics in agro ecosystem, biotic and abiotic transformations affecting fate of pesticides |
| Experimental design, sampling, principles of extraction and clean-up from different substrates; application of ELISA and radiotracer techniques in pesticide residue analysis; new cleanup techniques, QUECHERS, ASE (accelerated solvent extraction) |
| Multi-residue methods; bound and conjugated residues; method validation-linearity, LOD and LOQ, microbial and photochemical degradation, adsorption/ desorption, leaching in soil |
Agrochemicals-regulation and quality control |
|---|
| Production, consumption, and trade statistics of pesticides and fertilizers; banned and restricted pesticides, registration and quality control of insecticides |
| Laws, acts, and rules governing registration and regulations of agrochemical production and use; key provisions of the insecticides act (1968), environmental protection act (1986) |
| Pesticide management bill, EPA, food safety and standards act, WHO, FAO, CODEX, and national/ international guidelines; quality control, sanitary/ phytosanitary issues in relation to food safety, good laboratory practices, accreditation certificate |
| Pesticide stewardship |
Natural resource management |
|---|
| Soil, plant, and microbial biodiversity, characteristics and classification of natural resources; major soil groups of India their characteristics, management strategies for natural resources; integrated pest and pesticide management |
| Essential plant nutrients (major, secondary, and micro), organic manures (farm yard, compost, sewage sludge, green manure, biogas slurries, etc) |
| Production and manufacture and uses of various nitrogenous, phosphatic, potassic and complex fertilizers and fertilizer mixtures, liquid fertilizers, biofertilizers, integrated plant nutrient systems; benefits, disadvantages, and environmental toxicity |
| Nitrification inhibitors to enhance nitrogen use efficiency, hydrogels and their application in agriculture, soil conditioners and amendments, toxicity issues |
Environment pollution: implications and remediation |
|---|
| Problems of pesticide hazards and environmental pollution; adverse effects of pesticides on micro-flora, fauna, and on other non-target organisms; effect of pesticide on soil health, persistent organic pollutants, and their effect on ecosystem |
| Adverse effect of industrial effluent on the soil and aquatic environment; disposal of obsolete and outdated pesticides; physical, chemical, and microbial decontamination and detoxification of pesticides |
| Agrochemicals and homeland security, misuse of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers), hazard mitigation plans or strategies, analytical and bioassay techniques to assess off-farm migration of agrochemicals into natural waters |
| Ozone depletion causing agrochemicals |
Data analysis |
|---|
| Methods of statistical analysis as applied to agricultural data-standard deviation, standard error, accuracy and precision, analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation and regression; hest, chi-square (X2), F test., probit analysis |
General meteorology |
|---|
| Laws of radiation: Planck's law, Stephan-Boatman law, Wien's displacement law; Kirchoff’s law, Beer's law and Lambert's, Cosine law, solar constant, length of day; atmospheric and astronomical factors affecting depiction of solar radiation; ozone hole |
| Direct and diffuse radiation; heat transfer, convection, conduction and radiation; concepts of latent and sensible heat; radiant flux and flux density; atmospheric motion balanced forces; gas laws, pressure gradient, isobars |
| Hydraulic equation and its application; coriolis force, geotropic, gradient, and cyclostrophic winds; pressure systems; cyclones and anticyclonic motions: Trough, ridge and col; thermal wind; contour charts |
| Concepts of specific heat at constant volume and pressure; first and second laws of thermodynamics, vapor pressure, specific humidity, relative humidity, mixing ratio, absolute humidity and dew point temperature; vapour pressure deficit |
| Psychometric equation, entropy, T-phi gram; vertical stability of atmosphere, virtual temperature and potential temperature; moist and dry adiabatic processes; clouds their description and classification; condensation process-artificial rain making |
| Bergeron-Findeisen theory; dew, frost, fog, mist, haze thunderstorm and hail; air masses and fronts; extra tropical cyclones; land and sea breeze; mountain and valley winds; tropical cyclones and their structures; weather variables and their measurements |
| Units for measurements of momentum, force work, power, surface tension, pressure, temperature; thermal-conductivity and diffusivity, resistance, radiation light intensity and water vapour |
General climatology |
|---|
| Elements of weather and climate; seasonal distribution of radiation, rainfall temperature sunshine, wind pressure over India; climatic classification-Koppen and Thornthwaite |
| Climatology principles of weather phenomena occurring in four main seasons of India; mechanism of Indian monsoons; climatic variability, recent trends, factor affecting rainfall distribution, cyclones and cyclonic tracks over the Indian region |
| North western disturbances and monsoon breaks; drought climatology, rainfall and its variability, atmospheric and agricultural droughts intensity, duration, beginning and end of drought and wet spells; moisture availability indices; heat and cold waves |
| Contingents, maritime and monsoon climates, El-Nino, La Nino and their impact on Indian rainfall systems |
Agricultural climatology |
|---|
| Meaning and scope; effect of thermal environment on growth and yield of crops; cardinal temperatures; thermoperiodism, photoperiodism; Van't Hoff’s law, phenology of crops; heat unit concept, thermal time and thermal use-efficiency and their applications |
| Length of growing period determination |
| Contingency planning far different weather aberrations; meteorological factors associated with incidence and development of crop pests and disease, potato blight, apple scan, groundnut red hairy caterpillar, locust, etc |
| Effect of climate on humans and animals, warm and cold season indices for comfort zones, role of weather in animal disease and protection against weather hazards |
Micrometeorology |
|---|
| Concept of micro, meso, and macro meteorology; micrometeorological processes near bare ground and crop surfaces; shearing stress, molecular and eddy diffusion, forced, and tree convection; boundary layer, frictional velocity |
| Roughness length and zero plane displacement; micrometeorology of crops, rice, and wheat; day and night radiation, humidity, temperature, wind and CO₂ profiles in crop canopies; Richardson number, Reynolds analogy, exchange coefficients |
| Fluxes of momentum, water vapors, CO₂ and heat; inversion and its effect on smoke plume distribution; windbreaks and shelterbelts, different methods on modification of field microclimate; frost protection, spectral properties of vegetation |
| Light interception by crop canopies as influenced by leaf area index, leaf arrangement and leaf transmissibility, extinction coefficient and radiation use-efficiency; microclimate of field crops, forest, and orchards etc |
Evapotranspiration |
|---|
| Hydrological cycle and concept of water balance, concepts of evaporation |
| Evapotranspiration, potential and actual evapotranspiration, consumptive use, different approaches of ET determination empirical methods, energy balance and Bowen's ratio methods, water balance single and multilayered soil methods |
| Aerodynamic, eddy correlation and combination approaches, field lysimeter approaches and canopy temperature based methods; advantages and limitations of different methods; water use and water use-efficiency, dry matter production and crop yield functions |
| Irrigation scheduling based on ET; adjective energy determination and its effect on water use by crops; physiological variation in relation to crop growth and development |
Crop weather modeling |
|---|
| Concepts of mechanistic and deterministic models; general features of dynamical and statistical modeling techniques; crop weather models and their use in crop yield assessments; crop weather analysis models |
| Empirical, statistical models, and crop growth simulation models for yield assessment; use of SPA and CERES models, concepts for crop growth and yield; advantages and limitations of modeling, climatic change, greenhouse effect, CO₂ increase |
| Global warming and their impact on agriculture |
Weather forecasting for agriculture |
|---|
| Crop weather calendars: Short, medium, and long range weather forecasting; monsoon onset and rainfall forecasts; weather forecasting and agro-advisories; use of satellite cloud imageries in weather forecasting |
| Synoptic charts and synoptic approach to weather forecasting, use of medium, long range and vegetative indices based agro meteorology forecasts for monitoring crop prospects and crop yield forecasts; meteorological satellites for weather forecasts |
| Forecast of Indian monsoon rainfall; early warning systems for agriculture operation forecasts |
National forest policy 1894, 1952, and 1988 |
|---|
| Indian forest act, 1927; forest conservation act,1980 and wildlife protection act, 1972; forests-extent, basis for classification and distribution in India; geographical distribution and salient features of major world forest types |
| Phytogeographical regions and vegetation of India; role of forests in national economy-productive, protective, and ameliorative, tribal and rural livelihoods; forest types of India: Distribution and types; succession, climax and retrogression |
| Concepts of biomass, productivity, energy flow and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystem; migration and dispersal mechanism |
Concept and definition of agroforestry, social forestry, community forestry and farm forestry |
|---|
| Benefits and constraints of agroforestry; historical development of agroforestry and overview of global agroforestry systems |
| Classification of agroforestry systems: Structural, functional, socioeconomic, and ecological; diagnosis and design of agroforestry system; land capability classification and land use |
| Criteria of an ideal agroforestry design, productivity, sustainability, and adaptability; multipurpose tree species and their characteristics suitable for agroforestry |
Plant management practices in agroforestry |
|---|
| Tree-crop interactions: Ecological and economic; concept of complementarity, supplementarity, and competition; productivity, nutrient cycling and light, water and nutrient competition in agroforestry; concept of allelopathy and its impact on agroforestry |
| Energy plantations-choice of species and management; lopping of top-feed species such as frequency and intensity of lopping; organic farming |
| Financial analysis and economic evaluation of agroforestry systems: Cost benefit analysis and land equivalent ratio; agroforestry practices and systems in different agro-ecological zones of India |
Extent and causes of land denudation |
|---|
| Effects of deforestation on soil erosion, land degradation, environment and rural economy; wastelands: Their extent, characteristics and reclamation; watershed management and its role in social, economic and ecological development |
| Biomass production for fuel wood, small timber, raw material for plant-based cottage industries, non-wood forest products such as gums, resins and tannins, medicinal plants, essential oils, edible fruits, spices, bamboo, and canes |
| Wood quality and wood preservation; plywood and pulp industries |
Forest mensuration-definition, object, and scope |
|---|
| Measurement of diameter, girth, height, stem form, bark thickness, crown width and crown length; measurement methods and their principles |
| Measurement and computation of volume of logs and felled/ standing trees; construction and application of volume tables; biomass measurement; growth and increment; measurement of crops; forest inventory: Kinds of enumeration, sampling methods |
| Forest inventory: Sample plots and photo interpretation; geographic information systems and remote sensing-concept and scope |
Definition, object, and scope of silviculture |
|---|
| Site factors-climatic, edaphic, physiographic, biotic, and their influence on forest vegetation; forest regeneration: Natural and artificial; silvicultural systems-high forest and coppice systems; silviculture of important tree species-populus, eucalyptus |
| Silviculture of important tree species-dalbergia, acacia, tectona, shorea, prosopis, casuarina, pinus, gmelina, azadirachta, diospyros, pterocarpus, anogeissus, santalum, quercus, and albizia |
Seed collection, processing, storage, viability, and pre-treatment |
|---|
| Seed dormancy and methods for breaking dormancy; seed testing and germination tests; seed certification and ISTA rules; forest nursery-need, selection and preparation of site, layout and design of nursery beds; types of containers; root trainers |
| Growing media and sowing methods; management of nursery-shading, watering, manuring, fertilizer application, weed control, insect pest and diseases control; planting techniques: Site selection, evaluation, and protection |
| Soil working techniques for various edaphic and climatic conditions; planting patterns; plant spacing, manure and fertilizer application, irrigation/ moisture conservation techniques; choice of species |
| Afforestation on difficult sites: Saline-alkaline soils, coastal sands, lateritic soils, wetlands, ravines and sand dunes, dry and rocky areas, cold desert; tending operations-weeding, cleaning, climber cutting |
| Thinning-mechanical, ordinary, crown, and selection thinning, improvement felling, pruning and girdling; forest fires: Causes, types, impacts, and control measures; major forest pests and weeds |
Forest management |
|---|
| Definition and scope; concept of sustained yield and normal forest; rotation; estimation of growing stock, density and site quality; management of even aged and uneven aged forest |
| Regulation of yield in regular and irregular forests by area, volume, increment and number of trees; working plan; joint forest management; conservation and management of natural resources including wildlife; forest evaluation |
| Internal rate of return, present net worth and cost benefit analysis |
Tree improvement |
|---|
| Nature and extent of variations in natural population; natural selection; concept of seed source/ provenance; selection of superior trees; seed production areas, exotic trees, land races; collection, evaluation, and maintenance of germplasm |
| Provenance testing |
| Genetic gains; tree breeding: General principles, mode of pollination and floral structure; basics of forest genetics-inheritance, Hardy-Weinberg law, genetic drift; aims and methods of tree breeding |
| Seed orchard: Types, establishment, planning, and management, progeny test and designs; clonal forestry-merits and demerits; techniques of vegetative propagation, tissue culture, mist chamber; role of growth substances in vegetative propagation |
| Forestry in bioeconomic productivity of different agro-ecosystems and environmental management; global overview and classification of agroforestry systems; tree-crop interaction in agroforestry |
| Biomass production for fuel wood, small timber, raw material for plants-based cottage industries, non wood forest products such as gums, resins, tannins, medicinal plants, essential oils, edible fruits, bamboos, and canes |
| Principle and criteria of plant selection in agroforestry; resource use-efficiency in agroforestry |
Measurement of trees and stand-diameter, girth, height, form, and crown characteristics |
|---|
| Measurement methods and their principles; volume/ biomass estimation, volume tables; measurement of rangeland productivity; forest enumeration: Sampling methods, sample plots, surveys and photo interpretation |
| Concept and application of GIS and remote sensing; introduction to internal rate of return, present net worth, cost benefit analysis and land equivalent ratio; agroforestry and environmental conservation |
| Role of green revolution in forest conservation in India |
Climate change |
|---|
| Greenhouse effect, sources, and sinks of greenhouse gases, major greenhouses gases; global climate change-its history and future predictions; impact of climate change on agriculture, forestry, water resources, sea level |
| Livestock, fishery, and coastal ecosystems; international conventions on climate change; global warming: Effect of enhanced CO₂ on productivity; ozone layer depletion; disaster management, floods, droughts, earthquakes; tsunami, cyclones, and landslides |
| Agroforestry and carbon sequestration |
Statistics |
|---|
| Definition, object, and scope; frequency distribution; mean, median, mode, and standard deviation, introduction to correlation and regression; experimental designs: Basic principles, completely randomized, randomized block |
| Experimental designs: Latin square and split plot designs |
Crop ecology and geography |
|---|
| Principles of crop ecology; ecosystem concept and determinants of productivity of ecosystem; physiological limits of crop yield and variability in relation to ecological optima; crop adaptation; climate shift and its ecological implication |
| Greenhouse effect; agro-ecological and agro climatic regions of India; geographical distribution of cereals, legumes, oilseeds, vegetables, fodders, and forages, commercial crops, condiments and spices, medicinal and aromatic plants |
| Adverse climatic factors and crop productivity; photosynthesis, respiration, net assimilation, solar energy conversion efficiency and relative water content, light intensity, water and CO₂ in relation to photosynthetic rates and efficiency |
| Physiological stress in crops; remote sensing: Spectral indices and their application in agriculture, crop water stress indices, and crop stress detection |
Weed management |
|---|
| Scope and principles of weed management; weeds’ classification, biology, ecology, and allelopathy; crop weed competition, weed threshold; herbicides classification, formulations, mode of action, selectivity, and resistance |
| Persistence of herbicides in soils and plants; application methods and equipment; biological weed control, bioherbicides: Integrated weed management; special weeds, parasitic and aquatic weeds and their management in cropped and uncropped lands |
| Weed control schedules in field crops, vegetables and plantation crops; role of GM crops in weed management |
Soil fertility and fertilizer use |
|---|
| History of soil fertility and fertilizer use; concept of essentiality of plant nutrients, their critical concentrations in plants, nutrient interactions, diagnostic techniques with special emphasis on emerging deficiencies of secondary and micronutrients |
| Soil fertility and productivity and their indicators; fertilizer materials including liquid fertilizers, their composition, mineralization, availability and reaction products in soils; water solubility of phosphate fertilizers, slow release fertilizers |
| Nitrification inhibitors and their use for crop production; principles and methods of fertilizer application; integrated nutrient management and biofertilizers |
| Agronomic and physiological efficiency and recovery of applied plant nutrients; criteria for determining fertilizer schedules for cropping systems direct, residual, and cumulative effects |
| Fertilizer related environmental problems including groundwater pollution; site-specific nutrient management; contamination of heavy metals in peri-urban soils and their remediation |
Dryland agronomy |
|---|
| Concept of dryland farming; dryland farming vs. rainfed farming; history, development, significance and constraints of dryland agriculture in India; climatic classification and delineation of dryland tracts |
| Characterization of agro-climatic environments of drylands; rainfall analysis and length of growing season; types of drought, drought syndrome, effect on plant growth, drought resistance, drought avoidance, drought management |
| Crop planning including contingency, crop diversification, varieties, cropping systems, conservation cropping and mid-season corrections for aberrant weather conditions; techniques of moisture conservation in-situ to reduce evapotranspiration |
| Runoff and to increase infiltration; rain water harvesting and recycling concept, techniques and practices; timelines and precision key factors for timely sowing, precision in seeding, weed control; fertilizer placement |
| Top dressing and foliar application, aqua-fertigation; concept and importance of watershed management in dryland areas |
Crop production in problem soils |
|---|
| Problem soils and their distribution in India, acid, saline, waterlogged, and mined-soils; response of crop to acidity, salinity, sodicity, excess water, and nutrient imbalances; reclamation of problem soils, role of amendments and drainage |
| Crop production techniques in problem soils-crops, varieties, cropping system and agronomic practices; effects of water table fluctuation on crop growth; degraded lands and their rehabilitation |
Crop production |
|---|
| Crop production techniques for cereals, millets, legumes, oilseeds, fiber crops, sugarcane, tobacco, fodder and pasture crops including origin, history, distribution, adaptation, climate, soil, season, modern varieties, fertilizer requirements |
| Intercultural operations, water requirement |
| Weed control, quality components, industrial use, economics and post harvest technology |
Agricultural statistics |
|---|
| Frequency distribution, standard error and deviation, correlation and regression analyses, coefficient of variation; tests of significance-t, F, and chi-square (X₂); data transformation and missing plot techniques |
| Design of experiments and their basic principles, completely randomized, randomized block, split plot, strip-plot, factorial and simple confounding designs; efficiency of designs |
| Methods of statistical analysis for cropping systems including intercropping; pooled analysis |
Sustainable land use systems |
|---|
| Concept of sustainability; sustainability parameters and indicators; conservation agriculture; alternate land use systems; types, extent and causes of wasteland; shifting cultivation; agroforestry systems |
| Agricultural and agro-industrial residues and its recycling, safe disposal; allelopathy and biomass production |
Basics of soil and water |
|---|
| Soil and water as vital resources for agricultural production; occurrence of groundwater, groundwater aquifers, exploration of groundwater; hydrological cycle; soil-plant water relationship; fate of rain water received at the soil surface |
| Runoff and infiltration reciprocity, factors affecting infiltration, means to enhance infiltrability of soil, mechanical and biological means to reduce runoff and soil loss; water harvesting for crop life saving irrigations; watershed management |
| Soil and water conservation; contingent crop plans and other strategies for aberrant weather conditions; cropping, patterns, alternate land use, and crop diversification in rainfed areas; analysis of hydrologic data and their use |
Soil water relationship |
|---|
| Soil water relations, water retention by soil, soil moisture characteristics, field capacity, permanent wilting point, plant available water and extractable water; soil irrigability, classifications, factors affecting profile water storage |
| Determination of soil water content, computation of soil water depletion, soil water potential and its components, hydraulic head; movement of soil water saturated and unsaturated water flow; field water budget, water gains, and water losses from soil |
| Deep percolation beyond root zone, capillary rise; evapotranspiration (ET), scope for economizing water, measures for reducing direct evaporation from soil and crop canopies; soil physical properties in relation to plant growth and development |
| Erodibility of soils and their prevention |
Plant water relationship |
|---|
| Plant water relations: Concept of plant water potential, cell water relations, plant water potential and its components; significance of osmotic adjustment, leaf diffusive wartlance, canopy temperature, canopy temperature depression (CTD) |
| Water movement through soil-plant atmosphere systems, uptake and transport of water by mots, development of crop water deficit, crop adaptation to water deficit, morpho physiological effect of water deficit |
| Drought tolerance, mechanisms of drought tolerance, potential drought tolerance traits and their measurements |
| Management and breeding strategies to improve crop productivity under different patterns of drought situations of limited water supplies; effect of excess water on plant growth and production; types of droughts, drought indices |
Irrigation water management |
|---|
| Management of irrigation water; history of irrigation in India; major irrigation projects in India; water resources development, crop water requirements; concepts of irrigation scheduling, different approaches of irrigation scheduling |
| Soil water depletion plant indices and climatic parameters; concept of critical stages of crop growth in relation to water supplies; crop modeling, crop coefficients, water production functions; methods of irrigation viz. surface methods, overhead methods |
| Drip irrigation and air conditioning irrigation, merits and demerits of various methods, design and evaluation of irrigation methods; measurement of irrigation water, application, and distribution efficiencies |
| Management of water resources (rain, canal, and groundwater) for agricultural production; agronomic considerations in tile-design and operation of irrigation projects, characteristics of irrigation and family systems affecting irrigation management |
| Irrigation legislation; water quality, conjunctive use of water, irrigation strategies under different situation of water availability, optimum crop plants and cropping patterns in canal command areas; socioeconomic aspects of on-fam water management |
| Irrigation water distribution, irrigation efficiencies; design of irrigation canals, design of irrigation structures; interaction between irrigation and fertilizers |
Management of problematic soils and water |
|---|
| Problem soils and their distribution in India; salt-affected, acidic, water logged soils; groundwater resources, water quality criteria and use of brackish waters in agriculture, excess salt, and salt tolerant crops |
| Hydrological imbalances and their corrective measures; concept of critical water table depths for crop growth; contribution of shallow water table to crop water requirements |
| Management strategies for flood prone areas crop and crop calendar for flood affected areas; drainage for improving waterlogged soils for crop production |
| Crop production and alternate use of problematic soils and poor quality water for agricultural and fish production; amelioration of salt affected soils |
Definition and scope of environment science, and its interrelationship with other sciences and agriculture |
|---|
| Origin and evolution of the earth and its environs-atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere; biogeochemical cycles; components of environment-biotic, abiotic, and social; weather and climate; history and evolution of human settlement |
| Effect of various developmental activities on environment |
Basic ecological concepts |
|---|
| Habitat ecology, systems ecology, synecology, autecology |
| Ecosystem concept; structure and functions of biotic and abiotic components; energy in ecosystems and environment; energy exchange and productivity-food chains and food webs-ecological pyramids, nutrient cycles, and recycle pathways |
| Population-characteristics and measurement; communities-habitats, niches, population dynamics, species and individual in the ecosystem; recent trends in ecology |
| Types characteristic features, structure and function of forest, grassland, plantation, desert; aquatic and agro-ecosystem; ecological succession-types and causes |
Biodiversity concepts |
|---|
| Levels and types, changes in tune and space, evolution, centers of origin of crops, species concept |
| Significance of biodiversity; plant genetic resources, exploration and collection; crop domestication, plant introductions; migration and utilization, IUCN clauses and concept of threatened and endangered species; biogeography |
| Principles of conservation of biological diversity in-situ and ex-situ |
| Causes of loss of biodiversity: Introduction of exotics and invasive plants; methods of conservation, role of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves; national and global conservation measures, institutions, and conventions |
| Indian biodiversity act 2002; biodiversity and economics with special reference to India; biodiversity in relation to global environmental changes; biodiversity hotspots in India and world; biodiversity and life security |
Composition of air |
|---|
| Air pollution: Sources and classification of major air pollutants; smoke, smog, photochemical smog, and SPM; methods of air pollution monitoring; effects of air pollutants on crops, vegetation, animals, and human health |
| Air pollution: Mitigation measures for combating air pollution; factors affecting plant response to air pollution; acid rain, physiological, and biochemical effects of SO₂, HF, PAN, and O₃ on vegetation, toxicity symptoms on vegetation |
| Defence mechanism against air pollutants in plants, sensitive and tolerant plant species to air pollutants |
| National and international laws and policies on air pollution; permissible limits of air pollutants in the residential, commercial and industrial areas; noise pollution-concept and effects |
Soil and water pollution |
|---|
| Sources and types of soil and water pollutants; effects of pollutants on soil health and productivity; radioactive pollutants, their life time and disposal; point and nonpoint sources of water pollution, major types of water pollutants |
| Their impacts on environment and agro-ecosystems; pollution in freshwater bodies, ponds, lakes, rivers, and wells |
| Effects of soil and water pollutants on crop plants, animals, microorganism, and human health; national and international laws and maximum permissible limits of soil and water pollutants; biomagnifications and its impact on loss of biodiversity |
| Physical, chemical, and biological properties of wastes; effluent treatment processes for major industries viz. distilleries; paper and pulp, sugar, sewage, and other agro-industrial wastes; resource, product recovery |
| Recycling and value addition to wastes; biodegradation and bioconversion of organic wastes, composting, landfills; vermicomposting, biogas, animal feed, mushroom cultivation etc |
| Use of sludge, fly ash, effluents, and other agro-industrial wastes in agriculture; microbial, chemical and phytoremediation processes; microbiological and public health aspects of waste disposal; heavy metal contamination of environments |
| Source and sinks of heavy metals |
Climate change |
|---|
| Sources and types of soil and water pollutants; effects of pollutants on soil health and productivity; radioactive pollutants, their life time and disposal; point and nonpoint sources of water pollution, major types of water pollutants |
| Impact of climate change on agriculture, forestry, water resources, sea level rise, livestock, fisheries, coastal ecosystem and dynamics and pests and diseases and overall ecological processes; climate change and food security |
| Contribution of agriculture and forestry to climate change; international conventions on climate change; stratospheric ozone layer depletion-effect of UV radiation on plants and human health; adaptation and mitigation strategies of climate change |
| Global dimming agrobiological effects of CO₂ fertilization on crops; carbon sequestration and clean development mechanism |
Energy consumption pattern in urban and rural India |
|---|
| Types of renewable sources of energy; solar energy: Concepts of heat and mass transfer; design of solar thermal system and their applications in heating, cooling, distillation, drying, dehydration etc, design of solar photovoltaic systems |
| Power generation for rural electrification-water pumping, solar ponds; wind energy for mechanical and electrical power generation, types of wind mills; geothermal and tidal energy; biogas from animal and agricultural wastes, types of biogas plants |
| Utilization of biogas for heating, cooking lighting, and power generation; characteristics of biogas slurry and its utilization; energy from biogas; liquid fuels from petrocrops, energy plantation crops; concepts of producer gas |
| Characterization of materials for producer gas, types of gasifiers; animals draft power and its utilization in rural sector; briquetting of agro-wastes for fuel; potential of renewable energy sources in India, integrated rural energy programme |
| Causes of failure of biogas plants in rural India |
Natural resources of india |
|---|
| Land, soil, water, and forest and their conservation and management including wildlife; effects of deforestation on soil erosion; land degradation; environment and rural economy; wasteland: Their extent, characteristics and reclamation |
| Soil and water conservation, rain water harvesting and watershed management; desertification and biological invasion; rain water harvesting; mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting and using mineral resources |
| Disaster management: Floods, droughts, earthquakes; tsunami, cyclones, and landslides; nuclear hazards; environmental impact assessment for physical, chemical, biological and socio-economic factors; legislative implications of EIA |
| Environmental impacts assessment and environmental auditing; major global environmental issues; human population and environment: Population growth, variation among nations |
| Population explosion-family welfare programme; world food resources; world food problems; environment and human health; environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions; environmental policies and laws in India; public environmental awareness |
| Human rights; role of information technology in environmental and human health; industrial pollutants; sea weeds and their gelatin in agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, agarose and agaropectin production; impact of green revolution on the environments |
Frequency distribution |
|---|
| Mean, median, mode, and standard deviation; normal, binomial, and Poisson distribution; correlations-partial and multiple; regression coefficients and multiple regression |
| Tests of significance F and chi-square (X₂) tests; experimental designs-basic principles, completely randomized, randomized block, Latin square and split plot designs |
Pedology |
|---|
| Concept of land, soil and soil science |
| Composition of earth crust and its relationship with soils; rocks, minerals, and other soil forming materials; weathering of rocks and minerals; factors of soil formation; pedogenic processes and their relationships with soil properties; soil development |
| Pedon, polypedon, soil profile, horizons, and their nomenclature |
| Soil taxonomy-epipedons, diagnostic subsurface horizons and other diagnostic characteristics, soil moisture and temperature regimes, categories of the system and their criteria |
| Interpretation of soil survey data for land capability and crop suitability classifications, macro-morphological study of soils |
| Application and use of global positioning system for soil survey |
| Soil survey-types, techniques |
| Soil series-characterization and procedure for establishing soil series, benchmark soils and soil correlations |
| Study of base maps: Cadastral maps, toposheets, aerial photographs, and satellite imageries |
| Use of geographical information system for preparing thematic maps |
Soil physics |
|---|
| Soil physical constraints affecting crop production |
| Soil texture-textural classes |
| Soil structure-classification, soil aggregation and significance, soil consistency, soil crusting, bulk density and particle density of soils and porosity, their significance, and manipulation |
| Soil water-retention and potentials |
| Soil moisture constants |
| Movement of soil water-infiltration, percolation, permeability, drainage, and methods of determination of soil moisture |
| Darcy's law |
| Thermal properties of soils, soil temperature, soil air-composition, gaseous exchange, influence of soil temperature, and air on plant growth |
| Soil erosion by water-types, effects, mechanics |
| Rain erosivity and soil erodibility |
| Runoff-methods of measurement, factors and management, runoff farming |
| Soil conservation measures |
| Characterization and evaluation of soil and land quality indicators; causes of land degradation; management of soil physical properties for prevention/ restoration of land degradation; identification, monitoring, and management of waste lands |
| Land use-land cover mapping and land use planning using conventional and remote sensing techniques; concept of watershed-its characterization and management |
Soil chemistry |
|---|
| Chemical composition of soil; soil colloids-structure, composition, constitution of clay minerals, amorphous clays, and other non-crystalline silicate minerals, oxide and hydroxide minerals; charge development on clays and organic matter |
| pH-charge relations; buffer capacity of soils |
| Elements of equilibrium thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium, electrochemistry, and chemical kinetics |
| Inorganic and organic colloids-surface charge characteristics, diffuse double layer theories, zeta potential stability, coagulation/ flocculation, peptization, electrometric and sorption properties of soil colloid |
| Soil organic matter-fractionation, clay-organic interactions |
| Cation exchange-theories, adsorption isotherms, donnan-membrane equilibrium concept, clay-membrane electrodes and ionic activity measurement, thermodynamics, anion and ligand exchange-inner sphere and outer-sphere surface complex formation |
| Fixation of oxyanions, hysteresis in sorption-desorption of oxyanions and anions |
| Nitrogen, potassium, phosphate, and ammonium fixation in soils and management aspects |
| Chemistry of acid, salt-affected and submerged soils, and management aspects |
Soil fertility |
|---|
| Essential elements in plant nutrition; nutrient cycles in soil; transformation and transport of nutrients (macro and micro nutrients) in soil; manures and fertilizers; fate and reactions of fertilizers in soils |
| Chemistry of production of different fertilizers; slow release fertilizers and nitrification retarders; Quality control of fertilizers |
| Soil fertility evaluation-soil testing, plant and tissue tests, and biological methods; common soil test methods for fertilizer recommendation; soil test-crop response correlations; integrated nutrient management |
| Use of isotopic tracers in soil research; nature, properties and development of acid, acid sulphate, saline, and alkali and their management; lime and gypsum requirements of soils; irrigation water quality-EC, SAR, RSC, and specifications |
| Fertility status of major soil groups of India |
| Pollution: Types, causes, methods of measurement, standards, and management. Heavy metal toxicity and soil pollution; chemical and bioremediation of contaminated soils; soil factors in emission of greenhouse gases |
| Pollution: Carbon sequestration in mitigating greenhouse effect; radioactive contamination of soil |
Soil microbiology |
|---|
| Soil biota, soil microbial ecology, types of organisms |
| Soil microbial biomass, microbial interactions, unculturable soil biota |
| Microbiology and biochemistry of root-soil interface |
| Phyllosphere |
| Soil enzymes, origin, activities, and importance |
| Soil characteristics influencing growth and activity of microflora |
| Microbial transformations GFN, P, K, S, Fe, and Zn in soil |
| Biochemical composition and biodegradation of soil organic matter and crop residues |
| Humus formation |
| Cycles of important organic nutrients |
| Biodegradation of pesticides, organic wastes, and their use for production of biogas and manures |
| Biofertilizers-definition, classification, specifications, method of production, and role in crop production |
| Methods of soil analysis-particle size distribution, bulk and particle density, moisture constants, modern methods of soil, plant, and fertilizer analysis, flame photometry, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy |
| Spectrophotometry-visible, ultraviolet and infrared; atomic absorption spectrophotometry; potentiometry and conductometry; X-ray diffractometry; mass spectrometry |
Statistics |
|---|
| Experimental designs for pot culture and field experiments; statistical measures of central tendency and dispersion; correlation and regression; tests of significance-t and F tests; computer use in soil research |
General management |
|---|
| Management processes, planning, controlling, organizing, motivating; managerial skills; level of managers; decision making; organizational context of decisions; decision making models; management by objectives; organizational conflicts; managing change |
| Leadership styles; group dynamics |
| Human resource planning, job analysis, and design; recruitment, selection, induction, and placement; human resource training and development; management development; performance management; wage and salary administration; promotions, transfers, separation |
| Absenteeism and employee turnover, employee welfare and safety; morale; participative management; introduction to industrial relations; conflict management |
| Case analysis forms apart of this unit |
Business accounting and financial management |
|---|
| Financial accounting-meaning, need, concepts, and conventions; advantages and limitations, standards of financial accounting; the double entry system-its meaning, scope, and operation, analysis of financial statements-ratios |
| Comparative and common size statements, cash flow and funds flow analysis |
| Cost accounting-significance of cost accounting; classification of cost; marginal costing and cost volume profit analysis; standard costing and variance analysis-material, labour, and overhead; CPP and CCA methods; budget and budgetary control |
| Objectives and functions of financial management; capital structure theories; working capital management; dividend decision; capital budgeting and project appraisal criteria-NPV, ARR, IRR, benefit cost (B-C); project feasibility-market feasibility |
| Project feasibility-technical feasibility, financial feasibility, and economic feasibility, social cost-benefit analysis, project risk analysis |
| Importance of agricultural finance; rural credit structure-demand, supply, sources and forms; estimation of credit requirement; cost of credit/ capital; credit appraisal-3 Rs and 3 Cs of credit; reforms in agricultural credit policy |
| Innovations in agricultural financing; role of institutions in agricultural; cooperatives, micro-finance institutions (MFIs), SHGs; principles of agricultural financial management; successes and failures of rural finance cooperative sector in India |
| Numerical analysis forms a part of this unit |
Marketing management |
|---|
| Marketing orientation; consumer behaviour; marketing information system; formulating marketing strategy that is, segmentation, targeting and positioning; marketing mix decisions; marketing organization; wholesaling and retailing |
| Challenges of international marketing |
| Agricultural marketing system, market structure; marketable and marketed surplus; marketing functions; channels in marketing, price spread and efficiency; government interventions including regulated markets, procurement, buffer stock operations |
| Cooperative marketing, price stabilization measures and policies; pricing of agricultural goods and marketing policies; public distribution system and related policies; rural retailing; forward trading and futures markets |
| Marketing of agricultural inputs; challenges of marketing in rural areas; challenges of marketing goods manufactured in rural areas |
| Case analysis forms a part of this unit |
Managerial economics and farm management |
|---|
| Scope of managerial economics, objective of the firm and basic economic principles; consumer theory; demand analysis; demand function; demand elasticity; demand forecasting |
| Production, cost and supply analysis-production function, least-cost input combination, factor productivities and returns to scale, cost concepts, cost-output relationship, pricing |
| National income; circular flow of income: Consumption, investment and saving: Money-functions, demand and supply; inflation; economic growth; basics of business cycles |
| Farm management problems and decisions; farm management principles; farm planning and budgeting; risk and uncertainty in farming; overview of management of poultry and hatchery, fishery, livestock, feed, seed production, agrochemicals |
| Farm power and machinery, veterinary hospital, floriculture, and landscaping businesses |
| Case analysis forms a part of this unit |
Quantitative techniques |
|---|
| Linear programming: Objective, assumptions, formulation of linear programming problem, graphic method, simplex method; transportation and assignment problems; inventory control models; waiting line models; decision making under risk and uncertainties |
| Linear programming: Game theory-two-person zero-sum game; simulation; project's life cycle and network analysis-PERT and CPM |
| Objectives, types, and process of research; types of research in management-exploratory, descriptive, experimental; problem formulation; scales of measurement; primary and secondary data; sampling and sampling techniques |
| Use of equations, use of determinants and matrices in business decisions, frequency distribution, measures of central tendency, measures of variation, skewness and kurtosis, simple, partial, and multiple correlation, rank correlation |
| Simple and multiple regression, discriminant and dummy variable analysis, index numbers, hypothesis testing, anova, statistical quality control |
| Numerical analysis forms a part of this unit |
Strategic management and entrepreneurship |
|---|
| Role of agriculture in Indian economy; problems and policies relating to farm supplies, farm production, agro processing, agricultural marketing, agricultural finance, etc in the country |
| Agribusiness-definition and nature, components of agribusiness management, changing dimensions of agricultural business; structure of agriculture-linkages among sub-sectors of the agribusiness sector; economic reforms and Indian agriculture |
| Impact of liberalization, privatization, and globalization on agribusiness sector; trends in production, processing, marketing, exports, policy controls and regulations relevant to the industrial sector with specific reference to agro-industries |
| Policies for agri businesses-concept and formulation; new dimensions in agribusiness environment and policy |
| International trade-basic concepts, WTO and its implications for Indian economy in general and agriculture sector in particular |
| Strategic management-meaning, concept, and scope; process of strategic management; strategic analysis that is, SWOT analysis; strategy formulation; strategy implementation-strategy and structure, strategy and procedural implementation |
| Strategy implementation-strategy, and leadership, total quality management, creating competitive advantage, strategic evaluation |
| Significance of entrepreneurship in economic development, qualities of an entrepreneur, environmental factors affecting success of a new business, strategy formulation for new businesses, life cycles of new business |
| Reasons for the failure and visible problems for business, characteristics of an effective business plan |
| Case analysis forms a part of this unit |
Economic theory |
|---|
| Nature and tools of economic analysis; theory of consumer behavior; production theory; costs theory; theory of firm; price determination under different markets, price discrimination, effect of taxation under different market conditions; welfare economics |
| Market failure; nature of macroeconomic analysis; national income; consumption; saving and investment, employment, theory of business cycle, functions and demand for money; inflation; income and interest determination; IS-LM functions |
| General equilibrium analysis; monetary and fiscal policies, economic reforms |
Agricultural development and policy |
|---|
| Role of agriculture in economic development, economic growth and development; present development challenges, theories of development; role of economic, technological, social, political, and environmental factors |
| Green GNP, nature, sources, and impact of technological change; agricultural development in Asia; poverty, inequality and development; growth models-Harrod-Domar, neoclassical, Rostow’s growth stages, Lewis-Fei-Ranis model, induced innovation model |
| Growth models-five-year plans and agriculture, land reforms; theory of share tenancy; institutions and development; agricultural growth analysis-determinants of agricultural growth and their measurements |
| Features of planning in capitalists, socialist, and mixed economics; role of infrastructure and technological change; agricultural policy analysis and reforms-input and output price policy, rural and irrigation infrastructure; credit policy etc |
| Policies and programmes for development of agro-industry, dairy, and fisheries; policy options for sustainable agriculture development, measurement of poverty, and poverty alleviation programmes |
Natural resource and production economics |
|---|
| Characteristics and classification of natural resources, sustainability issues in natural resource, property rights, externalities, transaction costs, need for collective action |
| Role of economics in natural resources accounting, planning, management, and policy formulation; social welfare function; allocation of renewable and non-renewable resources (forests, fisheries, minerals water, land etc) under various market structure |
| Valuation of non-market resources; government programmers for conservation and development of natural resources; climate changes, mitigation and policies, environmental regulations basic principles of farm management-marginal returns, opportunity cost |
| Environmental regulations basic principles of farm management-input-output, output-output and input-input relationships; time comparison and comparative advantage, cost principles, farm efficiency measures, and financial analysis |
| Farm planning and budgeting, farm records, measurement, and management of risk and uncertainty in agriculture; diversification and insurance in agriculture and allied sectors; forms and applications of production functions-linear, quadratic, square root |
| Forms and applications of production functions-spillman, cubic, semi-log, Cobb-Douglas, constant elasticity of substitution (CES), variable elasticity of substitution (VES), etc; dualities between production, cost, and profit functions |
| Derivation of supply and factor demand functions from production and profit functions, optimization of resource allocation, resource-use efficiency and returns to scale, frontier production function; total factor productivity |
| Decision making under risk and uncertainties |
Agricultural finance and project management |
|---|
| Importance of agricultural finance, objective, functions, and principles of agricultural finance, sources of capital acquisition; rural credit structure-demand, supply, credit-gap; classification of agricultural credit-sources and forms |
| Cost of credit/ capital; credit appraisal-3Rs, 3 Cs, and 7Ps of credit, estimation of credit requirement; supervisory credit system, reforms in agricultural credit policy; financial system in India-commercial banks, cooperatives |
| RRBs, micro-finance institutions (MFlS) global financial institutions; innovations in agricultural financing-microfinance, kisan credit cards; e-banking, credit inclusion, definition, and characteristics of projects |
| Need for project approach for agricultural development; SWOT analysis and project identification, project life cycle, project feasibility-market technical, financial and economic feasibility, social cost-benefit analysis; project risk analysis |
| Project scheduling and resource allocation; financial and economic appraisal/ measures, choice of discount rate-net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IIR), benefit-cost ratio (BCR); network analysis-PERT and CPM |
| Fundamental of accounting and bookkeeping; analysis of financial statements-balance sheet, income statement cash flow statement |
Agricultural marketing and price analysis |
|---|
| Concepts of agricultural marketing; marketing functions-processing, transportation, storage, and warehousing; channels of marketing agricultural produce-price spread and efficiency, structure, conduct, and performance analysis; market integration |
| Marketing institutions-role and functions; government interventions including administered price policy; regulated markets, market segmentation, supply chain and value chain analysis in agriculture commodities, buffer stock operations |
| Price stabilization measures and policies, etc |
| Price forecasting for crop area allocation, marketing of agricultural inputs, role of private sector in input and output marketing; forward trading and futures market e-NAM, commodity boards and contract farming; marketed surplus models |
| Competitive and comparative advantage in trade, trade policies, models, and agreements; regulations and reforms for marketing and trade, WTO, SPS measures, and competitiveness; ecological concerns and marketing ethics |
Operations research and research methods |
|---|
| Objective, types, and process of research; role and uses of quantitative technique in business decision making; sampling techniques and sample size determination; sampling and non-sampling errors; index numbers, hypothesis testing |
| ANOVA, factor analysis, cluster analysis; measures of central tendency, measures of variation, skewness and kurtosis; correlation and regression, discriminant and dummy variable analysis; OLS, MLE estimation-assumptions, and their violations |
| Properties, simultaneous equations systems: Identification and estimation; linear programming; objective, assumptions, formulation of linear programming problem, simplex method; primal and dual LP problems, role of business decision making models |
Fundamentals of extension and communication |
|---|
| Concepts and scope of extension and communication particularly for primary and secondary agriculture |
| Historical and emerging perspectives of agricultural, veterinary, and animal husbandry extension education in India and other countries |
| Community development and integrated rural development concept, principles, and objectives |
| Role of agricultural extension in different sectors of agriculture and rural development |
| Agricultural extension in the context of enhancing productivity, quality, nutrition, post harvest technology, product processing, profitability, income, and employment |
| Concepts of yield gaps |
| FLD and OFT in relation to TOT programmes |
| Farming system research and extension (FSR and E) and participatory development approaches |
| Concept land modules of communication, credibility, fidelity, empathy, and feedback in communication |
| Similarities and dissimilarities among extension education, adult education and continuing/ distance education |
| Andragogy and theories of adult learning |
| Human behavioural dimensions and gender sensitivity in extension education programmes |
| Meaning and characteristics of attitude, factors affecting attitude change; understanding of basic rural institutions, social structure, culture and norms |
| Social and technological change processes, group dynamics, concepts, and theories of rural leadership |
| Group and mass communication, interpersonal, and intrapersonal communication skills, key communicators and their role in animal husbandry development |
| Acquiring communication skills for development of local leaders) and key communicators for livestock development |
| Organizational communication |
| Rapport building with clientele |
| Problems and barriers in communication; distortion and noise in communication |
| Importance of feedback in veterinary extension, impact analysis of extension programmes |
Extension methods and farm journalism |
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| Concepts of teaching and learning processes-principles of learning as applied to agricultural extension |
| Individual, group and mass approaches in extension, audio-visual aids-classification, selection, use and production |
| Traditional media for communication in development programmes |
| Modularized communication-concept, approach, need, process of designing instruction for transfer of communication |
| Basics of agricultural journalism, types of publications-bulletins, folders, leaflets, booklets, newsletters, popular, and scientific articles |
| Selection, planning and use of different extension teaching methods like demonstration, exhibition, farmers fairs, field days, tours, extension literature, etc |
| Preparation and presentation of different projected and non-projected audio-visual aids |
| Public speaking |
| Preparation of radio/ video script |
| Principles of photography and its use in extension |
Information communication technologies (ICT) |
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| Concept of ICT and its role in agriculture and rural development |
| ICT tools-print and electronic media, e-mail, internet, use of multimedia, use of mobile phony, video and teleconferencing, computer-assisted instructions, touch screens, micro-computers, web technologies and information kiosks |
| Networking system of information and challenges in the use of ICT |
| E-learning, information resources, sharing, and networking |
| Types of network-PAN, LAN, WAN, internet, AGRINET, AKIS, Indian national agricultural research database |
| ICT programmes in livestock development, problems and prospects of ICTs in livestock development, digitisation, simulation models, utilization of internet for promoting advanced veterinary and animal husbandry practices |
| Communication with rural, semi-urban, and urban livestock owners |
Training and human resource development |
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| Human resources and their importance in agricultural development |
| Concept of human resource management |
| Training and development of human resources |
| Identifying training needs and assessment of training impact |
| Training-principles, importance, methods, and factors |
| Phases of training-pre training and post training |
| Developing training modules, training requirements, training methods |
| Lecture cum demonstration method, case method, group brainstorming, syndicate method, business games, simulation exercises, in basket exercise, programmed instruction, experiential learning techniques such as sensitivity training, T-group |
| Transactional analysis and fishbowl exercise |
| Evaluation of training-types and techniques of training evaluation |
| Motivation, stress management, and organizational behaviour as facilitators of human resource development |
| Capacity building in relation to dairying, poultry, piggery, goat and sheep farming, cottage industries, rabbit farming, apiculture, sericulture, biofertilizer, floriculture, and biopesticide |
Research methodology in extension education |
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| Social research-concept, principles and approach |
| Selection and identification of research problems, methods of data collection-interview method and mailed questionnaires, variables-meaning and types, independent, dependent and intervening variables |
| Hypothesis-concept, characteristics, types, and testing |
| Research design-concept and types, field studies, case studies and survey method |
| Measurement-meaning and levels |
| Methods of sampling and statistical tests |
| Reliability and validity of tests, normal distribution, tests of significance, ANOVA, correlation, and regression, scaling techniques |
| Processing of data, coding-tabulation, analysis, and interpretation |
| Writing scientific reports, citing references |
| Participatory approaches, PRA, RRA, PLA, and PTD |
Programme planning, evaluation and diffusion, and adoption of innovations |
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| Concept, steps, principles, and theories of programme planning |
| Steps in programme planning for livestock development, organizing campaigns, mass vaccination programmes and variety of extension activities, evaluation of veterinary extension programmes, compilation and report writing |
| Evaluation of animal husbandry development programmes and schemes |
| Monitoring and evaluation-concept, significance, types, methods, and tools |
| Theoretical models of programme planning |
| Felt needs; need-based programmes |
| Social action |
| Five year plans-critical analysis with special reference to programmes for women, children, and youth |
| SWOT/ TOWS analysis of development programmes |
| Concept and elements of diffusion and adoption for social change |
| Diffusion process, adoption process, models of diffusion and adoption, adopter categories, and their characteristics |
| Factors influencing adoption and attributes of innovations |
| Concept and stages of Innovation-decision process, consequences of innovations |
Extension management |
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| Concept and principles of administration and management, classical and modern theories, schools of management thought |
| Functions of management-planning, organizing, staffing, directing and leading, controlling, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting |
| Types and methods of administrative communication |
| Decision-making in organization |
| Organizational effectiveness, organizational climate, organizational behaviour, organizational development, job satisfaction and morale |
| Time management |
| Performance appraisal |
| Coordination at different levels of extension management, methods of coordination |
| Management by objective (MBO) and total quality management (TQM) |
| Project evaluation and review technique (PERT) |
| Logical frame working (LFW) and project management techniques |
| Personal management, scope of agribusiness management and institutions-national institute of agricultural extension and management (MANAGE) |
| Indian institute of plantation management (IPM), NIRD, EEI, and NAARM |
| Monitoring, evaluation, and impact analysis of extension programmes |
| Critical analysis of organizational set up of extension administration at various levels |
| Agricultural technology information centers (ATIC) |
| Technology parks |
| Management information system |
| Management of agricultural knowledge system (MAKS) and use of expert system |
| Traditional media for communication in development programmes |
| Problem solving techniques/ negotiation, motivational theories and techniques, work motivation organizational climate; resource management: Concept and methods; team building: Process and strategies at organizational and village levels |
| Mobilization and empowerment skills: Concept and strategies in mobilization, concretization, and empowerment of rural people |
Entrepreneurial development |
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| Concept, significance, and scope |
| Programmes and agencies promoting entrepreneurship |
| Types and techniques of training for developing entrepreneurial activities in various areas |
| Self help groups-concepts, organization, mobilization, micro-finance and functioning of SHG for empowerment and sustainability |
| Agripreneurship-agriclinics and agribusiness centers |
| International cooperation in agriculture-SAIC, commonwealth, FAO, USAID, DFID, and CGIAR system |
| Critical analysis of extension systems of SAARC, BRICS, and other selected countries (USA, UK, Japan, Philippines, Israel etc) |
Developmental strategies and issues in extension |
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| Extension policies |
| National agricultural extension system and networking of state development departments, NARS, NGOs, producers companies, agricultural cooperatives, rural banks, insurance, and private sectors |
| History of veterinary extension programmes-NPCBB, PM assistance livestock development programmes and rural development programmes |
| Developmental strategies such as watershed development programmes; technology mission, horticulture mission |
| Front line extension programmes of ICAR/ TAR-IVLP, NATP, NAIP, IRDP, ATMA, ITD, SREP, research-extension-farmer-interface |
| Identification, characterization, documentation, and validation of ITKs |
| Privatization of extension, market led extension, production to consumption and end to end innovative approaches |
| Issues related to globalization and IPR |
| Rural, agricultural, animal husbandry, dairy, and women development programmes implemented by government of India |
| Krishi vigyan kendras (KVKs) |
Gender sensitization and empowerment |
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| Gender and empowerment: Meaning, gender related definitions and importance for empowering women; need and focus on gender sensitization, gender in community diversity and its implication for empowerment |
| Gender perspectives in development of women, social characteristics, roles, responsibilities, resources, constraints, legal issues and opportunities; economical, educational, and other parameters |
| Gender tools and methodologies: Dimensions and methodologies for empowerment; gender budgeting; gender analysis framework-context, activities, resources, and programme action profile |
| Technologies and empowerment-gender specific technologies, household technology interface, socio-cultural interface, and women as consumer of technologies |
| Gender issues and development: Health and nutrition, violence, governance, education, and media |
Mathematical methods in statistics |
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| Limit and continuity; differentiation of functions, successive differentiation, partial differentiation |
| Mean value theorems, Taylor, and Maclaurin’s series; integration of rational, irrational, and trigonometric functions |
| Differential equations of first order, linear differential equations of higher order with constant coefficients |
| Simple interpolation; divided differences; numerical differentiation and integration |
| Group, ring, field, and vector spaces, subspaces, basis, gram Schmidt's orthogonalization; Galois field, Fermat's theorem, and primitive elements |
| Linear independence and dependence of vectors, row and column spaces; sub-matrices and partitioned matrices; determinant, rank and inverse of a matrix; determinant and inverse of partitioned matrices |
| Special matrices-unitary, similar, Hadamard, circulant, Helmert's, idempotent, and orthogonal |
| Eigenvalues and eigenvectors |
| Spectral decomposition of matrices |
| Kronecker and Hadamard product of matrices, Kronecker sum of matrices, permutation matrices, full rank factorization |
| Gramian root of a symmetric matrix |
| Generalized inverses, Moore-Penrose inverse, applications of generalized inverse; generalized inverse of partitioned matrices; solutions of linear equations, equations having many solutions; spectral decomposition of matrices |
| Differentiation and integration of matrices; quadratic forms |
Probability and mathematical statistics |
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| Elements of measure theory, Borel field, probability measure; random variable, axiomatic approach to probability; laws of addition and multiplication; Bayes’ theorem |
| Discrete and continuous variables; functions of random variables; distribution function and its properties |
| Univariate and bivariate probability distributions; conditional and marginal distributions; independence of random variables; transformation of random variables. Chebyshev’s inequality; Bernoulli weak law of large numbers |
| Kolmogorov strong law of large numbers; central limit theorem; Demoviere-Laplace central limit theorem |
| Bernoulli, binomial, Poisson, negative binomial, geometric, hypergeometric, and uniform distributions |
| Rectangular, normal, exponential, gamma, beta, Cauchy, and lognormal distributions |
| Bivariate normal distribution |
| Probability distributions of functions of random variables |
| Family of Pearson distributions |
| Mathematical expectation; mathematical expectation of functions of random variables; moment generating function, characteristic function; raw and central moments |
| Mean and variance of above mentioned distributions |
| Sampling distributions; distribution of mean, difference between two means and correlation coefficient; central t, F, and chi- square distributions, their properties and interrelationships; variance stabilizing transformations |
| Order statistics; distribution of rth order statistic; joint distribution of several order statistics and their functions; distribution of range and median |
Statistical inference |
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| Point estimation: Mean square error; unbiasedness, consistency, sufficiency, completeness; Neyman factorization theorem with application; minimum variance unbiased estimator; Cramer Rao inequality; Rao Blackwell theorem |
| Methods of estimation: Method of moments, method of minimum chi-square, method of maximum likelihood, their properties and applications |
| Confidence interval estimation for parameters of normal, exponential, binomial, and Poisson distributions |
| Testing of hypothesis; Neyman Pearson lemma; unbiased test; uniformly most powerful unbiased tests and their constructions |
| One and two-sample tests about mean, variance, proportion, simple correlation coefficient, and simple regression coefficient; Behrens-Fisher problem; Bartlett's chi-square test; likelihood ratio test and its asymptotic properties |
| Chi-square tests of goodness of fit and independence |
| Non-parametric tests, Robust statistics, one and two-sample sign and Wilcoxon sign rank tests, run test for randomness, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman's tests, Kendall's coefficient of concordance |
| Elements of sequential analysis; Wald’s sequential probability ratio test |
Applied multivariate analysis |
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| Concept of random vector, expectation operator, dispersion matrix, marginal and joint distribution, conditional distribution, and Independence of random vectors |
| Multinomial distribution |
| Multivariate normal distribution, marginal, and conditional distributions |
| Sample mean vector and its distribution; maximum likelihood estimates of mean vector and dispersion matrix |
| Tests of hypotheses about mean vector |
| Wishart distribution and its properties; hotelling's T² and Mahalanobis D² statistics; null distribution of hotelling's T²; Rao's U statistic and its distribution |
| Multivariate analysis of variance; Wilk's lambda criterion and its properties; discriminant analysis, computation of linear discriminant function (LDF), classification between two multivariate normal populations based upon LDF and Mahalanobis’ D² |
| Canonical correlations; factor analysis; principal component analysis; principal coordinate analysis; cluster analysis, similarities, and dissimilarities, hierarchical clustering, single and complete linkage methods |
| Path analysis and computation of path coefficients; multidimensional scaling; categorical data analysis |
Design of experiments |
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| Theory of linear estimation; Gauss Markoff theorem; Atkins transformation; hypothesis testing and analysis of variance; analysis of covariance; restricted estimation; random, fixed and mixed effects models |
| Basic principles of design of experiments; orthogonality; contrast, mutually orthogonal contrasts |
| Completely randomized, randomized complete block and Latin square designs; missing plot technique; orthogonal and mutually orthogonal Latin squares; Graeco Latin square designs |
| Balanced incomplete block (BIB) designs, symmetrical BIB designs, general properties, analysis without and with recovery of intra-block information, construction of BIB designs |
| Partially balanced incomplete block (PBIB) designs with two associate classes, general properties; lattice designs; alpha designs; cyclic designs; augmented designs; general analysis of block designs; Youden square designs; cross-over designs |
| Factorial experiments, confounding in 2ⁿ and 3ⁿ factorial experiments, partial and total confounding; fractional factorial designs for symmetrical factorials |
| Asymmetrical factorials |
| Split-plot and strip-plot designs |
| Combined analysis of experiments |
| Designs for fitting first order and second order response surfaces, second order rotatable designs |
| Multiple comparison procedures; sampling in field experiments |
Sample surveys |
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| Complete survey vs. sample survey; probability sampling vs. purposive sampling; sampling error; sample space, sampling design, sampling strategy; confidence interval |
| Simple random sampling with and without replacement, estimation of population mean and population proportion; inverse sampling; stratified random sampling, optimum allocation, number of strata, construction of strata boundaries, collapsing of strata |
| Determination of sample size |
| Ratio, regression, and product methods of estimation; separate and combined ratio estimators; cluster sampling; multi-stage sampling with equal probability of selection of units at each stage; two-phase sampling; successive sampling over two occasions |
| Sampling with varying probability with and without replacement, probability proportional to size sampling-cumulative method and Lahiri's method of selection; Horvitz thompson estimator, ordered and unordered estimators |
| Sampling strategies due to Midzuno-Sen and Rao-Hartley-Cochran; inclusion probability proportional to size sampling |
| Systematic sampling; probability proportional to size systematic sampling |
| Non-sampling errors, sources and classification, non-response in surveys; response error, interpenetrating sub-samples, imputation methods; Warner's randomized response technique |
| Unbiased ratio and regression type estimators; multivariate ratio and regression type estimators |
Statistical genetics |
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| Physical basis of inheritance, segregation and linkage; analysis of segregation, detection and estimation of linkage for qualitative characters; amount of information about linkage; combined estimation, disturbed segregation |
| Gene and genotypic frequencies; random mating; Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium; disequilibrium due to linkage for two pairs of genes and sex-linked genes; forces affecting gene frequency; equilibrium between forces in large populations, polymorphism |
| Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection; random genetic drift; effect of finite population size |
| Polygenic system for quantitative characters; average effect of gene; average effect of gene substitution; dominance deviation; breeding value; epistemic interaction deviation; genotype-environment correlation |
| Genotype-environment interaction and its application; multiple allelism in continuous variations; maternal effects; different components of genetic variance and their partitioning; effect of inbreeding on quantitative characters; heterosis |
| Inbreeding depression; effect of inbreeding on mean and variance of quantitative characters |
| Resemblance between relatives; phenotypic and genetic covariance between different relatives; concept and estimation of genetic parameters; heritability, repeatability and genetic correlation; response due to selection |
| Selection index and its applications in plant and animal genetic improvement programmes; correlated response to selection; restricted selection index |
| Mating designs; North Carolina designs and their analysis; line x tester analysis; diallel and partial diallel crosses including their construction and analysis |
| Survival analysis; phylogeny and analysis of molecular variance |
Applied regression analysis |
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| Simple and multiple linear regression models and their analysis; estimation and testing of regression parameters, sub-hypothesis testing, restricted estimation; polynomial regression: Use of orthogonal polynomials |
| Use of dummy variables |
| Regression with ordinal data |
| Logistic regression |
| Multiple and partial correlation coefficients; selection of variables, stepwise and stage wise regressions |
| Regression diagnostics; adequacy and validation of models |
| Examination of residuals-specification error, autocorrelation, Durbin-Watson statistic, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity |
| Weighted least squares, outliers, influential observations |
| Remedial measures-regression under non-normal errors, transformation of data, generalized least squares, model overfitting, model under-fitting |
| Parameter estimation in non-linear models |
| Components of time-series |
| Fitting of different trend models |
| Autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions |
| Correlogram |
| Determination of cyclical variations |
| Periodogram analysis |
| Linear stationary models-autoregressive, moving average, and mixed processes |
| Linear non-stationary models |
| Forecasting |
| Simultaneous equation models |
| Indirect least squares |
| Pooling of cross-section and time-series data |
| Demand and supply curves |
| Determination of demand curves from market data |
| Engel’s curves |
| Pareto curves |
Optimization techniques and soft computing |
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| Classical optimization techniques |
| Constrained optimization |
| Optimization and inequality |
| Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Jensen inequality, Markov inequality |
| Numerical methods of optimization |
| Direct search method, sequential search method, random search method, simplex search method, gradient method and method of steepest ascent |
| Linear programming techniques-simplex method, duality and sensitivity analysis |
| Two-person zero-sum game and linear programming; integer programming |
| Statistical applications |
| Nonlinear programming |
| Kuhn-tucker conditions |
| Quadratic programming |
| Elements of multiple objective programming |
| Dynamic programming |
| Optimal control theory |
| Soft computing tools-artificial neural network, support vector machines, and probabilistic reasoning |
| Genetic algorithm, decision tree, Bayes classifiers, Fuzzy logic |
| Rough set |
| Hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering algorithm |
| Simulation methods for various probability models |
| Resampling techniques: Jackknife and bootstrap; Monte Carlo simulation |
Human nutrition, health, and interventions |
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| Balanced diet-food groups, food pyramid |
| Macro and micronutrients in human nutrition-carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water-requirements, sources, functions, metabolism and effects of deficiency, and toxicity of the nutrients |
| Nutrients interrelationship |
| Inborn errors of metabolism |
| Phytochemicals, antioxidants, prebiotics and probiotics, functional foods, and nutraceuticals |
| Drug and nutrient interaction |
| Diet and nutritional therapy in disorders of obesity, underweight, gastrointestinal tract, kidney, liver, heart, lungs, cancer, diabetes mellitus, food allergies, and intolerances |
| Major public health and nutritional problems in India-causes, magnitude, and distribution |
| Assessment of community nutritional status by standard methods |
| National nutrition policy, national and international organizations programmes to combat malnutrition |
| Nutritional epidemiology, public health aspects of human nutrition |
| Objectives, principles, and Importance of nutrition education, nutrition monitoring, and surveillance |
Food science and processing technologies |
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| Need and scope of food science, physico-chemical properties of foods, methods of cooking-merits and demerits, factors affecting cooking |
| Sensory evaluation and consumer acceptability, food fortification, enrichment, and supplementation |
| Food additives and preservatives |
| Anti-nutritional factors and toxicants in foods |
| Food hygiene and sanitation, food-borne illnesses, infections, and food poisoning |
| Food adulteration, food standards, laws, and regulations for food safety |
| Post harvest losses, food spoilage and its causes |
| Food processing techniques, effects on nutritional value, food packaging, and labeling |
| Quantitative and qualitative changes during post harvest handling and processing of foods |
| Principles and methods of food processing, drying, concentration, freezing, cryogenic freezing fermentation, irradiation, canning, sterilization, pasteurization |
| Processing and packaging techniques for cereals, millets and legumes, milk and milk products, fruits and vegetables, nuts and oilseeds, meat, fish, and poultry |
| Role of warehousing corporation and food corporation of India on post harvest conservation |
| Storage of perishable and non-perishable foods, traditional, and modern food storage |
Textile science, fashion designing, and garment production |
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| Natural and man-made fibers: Classification and processing |
| Textile testing and quality control, importance of textile and apparel testing; textile performance standards and various organizations associated |
| Fiber, yarn and fabric testing, dyes and pigments-classification dyeing techniques (solution dyeing, fiber dyeing, yarn dyeing, piece, and garment dyeing), resist dyeing |
| Methods of printing (block, screen, stencil, roller, transfer printing and batik) |
| Principles of weaving-basic weaves, (plain, twill and satin), decorative/ fancy weaves (jacquard, dobby, leno, double cloth, warp, and weft figuring, pile weave) |
| Knitting (principles, classification, and knitting machines) |
| Technological advances in dyeing and printing |
| Finishes-principles and methods of washing and finishing |
| Stain removal |
| Care and storage of clothes |
| Anthropometric measurements (importance and techniques); clothing construction (basic principles of drafting, flat pattern and draping methods), flat pattern making, principles of pattern making, draping; standards, grading, and alteration of basic block |
| Clothing requirements for different age groups, factors affecting clothing choices, and fashion trends |
| Use of cad in textile industry |
| Role and importance of textile and garment industry in Indian economy |
| Marketing of textiles and clothing-price determination (different methods of pricing), export and import procedure and policies, sale promotion techniques |
| Status of textile and apparel industries in the global scenario |
Human development and family dynamics |
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| Stages of human development (prenatal development stage, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early and middle adulthood, old age, and maturity) |
| Physical, emotional, intellectual, social, moral, language, and personality development |
| Role of family, school, and peer interaction in the development of tie child |
| Theories of child/ human development with special reference to cognitive development theories |
| Socio-cultural aspects of population growth and population policies |
| Developmental programmes for women and children |
| Status of women in India, rights of women and children, national policy for children, national commission for women |
| Marriage-concept and meaning |
| Readiness for marriage-physiological, social, psychological, and others |
| Premarital association, premarital guidance, and counseling |
| Approaches to study family-developmental social, psychological, and educational |
| Family planning |
| Legal aspects: Laws regarding marriage, adoption, divorce, inheritance |
| Children with special needs (types of impairments: Physical, visual, auditory, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, speech defects, and learning disabilities) |
| Special education for children with developmental challenge |
| Trends and issues in early childhood care and education |
| Parent and community education |
| Theories of personality development |
| Pubertal changes and effects on personality development |
| Developmental tasks of adolescence and problems faced |
Family resource management and consumer science |
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| Systems approach to family resource management, concept, planning, resources, management processes communication |
| Art principles and interior enrichment, housing and space design, household energy and equipment, family finance, and consumer education |
| Process of management |
| Decision making process |
| Application of management process to time, money, and energy for work simplification |
| Application of Mundel’s classes of change in household work, agricultural, and allied tasks |
| Energy crisis, its causes, and implications for energy management in homes |
| Equipment, tools, and accessories for rural and urban houses |
| Guidelines for budgeting |
| Banking, e-banking, and insurance |
| Credit |
| Consumer rights, consumer protection act, and other laws |
| Elements and principles of art and their application in interior decoration |
| Design and its type |
| Colour-its importance in interior decoration, colour theories, colour schemes and their application in interior decoration |
| Furniture and household furnishing-types, selection, care and maintenance |
| Wall and window types-treatments |
| Floor and floor coverings |
| Lighting-functions, natural, and artificial light |
| Flower arrangement, tools, and accessories used |
| Functional design and arrangement of work places for different occupational activities |
| Ergonomic designing of furniture and equipment |
| Determining physiological cost of work |
| Planning interiors for people with special needs |
| Environment and health hazards due to pollution |
| Concepts of household and farm waste and its utilization techniques |
| Environmental education and rain water harvesting |
Home science extension and communication communication methods |
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| Home science extension education: Concept, principles, philosophy, objectives, and approaches |
| Genesis of rural development programmes in India |
| Community development and integrated rural development-concept, principles, and objectives |
| Relationship between family and community development |
| Gender sensitivity in extension education programmes |
| Leadership-concept, types, identification, training, and mobilizing local leaders for community participation |
| Problems of women leaders |
| Panchayati Raj-philosophy, concept, functioning, and scope |
| Extension methods and audio-visual aids |
| Classification, selection, use, and production |
| Modularized communication-concept, approach, need, process of designing instruction for transfer of communication |
| Concept, functions, key elements, theories, and models of communication |
| Barriers to communication |
| Revolution in communication strategies |
| Advanced techniques in mass communication and soft- ware production |
| Participatory communication-theories and models, designing, and developing participatory massage |
| Concept, need, and constraint of community based learning |
| Concept, steps, principles, and theories of programme planning |
| Application of programme planning for home science extension through PERT and CPM |
| Evaluation-concept, significance, methods and tools for monitoring and evaluation |
| Development programmes, viz. integrated rural development programme (IRDP), development of women and children in rural areas (DWCRA), training of rural youth for self employment (TRYSEM), krishi vigyan kendras (KVKs) |
| Role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in extension, SWOT analysis of development programmes |
| Programmes and agencies promoting women as entrepreneurs |
| Types and techniques of training for developing entrepreneurial activities in home science areas |
| Self help groups-concept, organization, mobilization, and functioning of SHGs for inability |
| Human resource development-concept, need, and strategies |
Farm mechanization and equipment |
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| Status of farm mechanization in India; power availability on farms; hand tools used for different kinds of farm operations and materials for construction |
| Functional requirement, principle of working, constructional features and operation of animal and power operated equipment for land development, tillage, sowing, planting, transplanting, fertilizer application, inter cultivation, plant protection |
| Harvesting, threshing, mowing, chaff cutting and baling; special equipment for crops such as sugarcane, cotton, groundnut, potato and plantation crops like coconut, areca nut, cashew nut etc |
Farm machinery design |
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| Design and selection of machinery elements viz. gears, pulleys, chains and sprockets, belts, bearings, couplings, and springs and fasteners |
| Farm machine system characteristics and evaluation, dynamic balancing and stability of farm machines, force analysis on agricultural tools and implements, pull, draft, unit draft, and power of farm equipment |
| Design of soil working tools for sowing and planting; design of fertilizer applicators, intercultivation equipment, harvesters and threshers; pneumatic and hydraulic controls |
Farm machinery testing, evaluation, and management |
|---|
| Calibration of seed drills, planters, plant protection equipment; methods of testing and performance evaluation of tillage equipment, seed drills and planters, fertilizer applicators, sprayers and dusters, harvesting, and threshing equipment |
| Grain and straw combines, and special equipment such as sugarcane, cotton, rice, and potato planter; calculations of field capacity, efficiency and rates of seed fertilizer and chemical applicators; calculation of capacity |
| Efficiency and losses in threshers, harvesters, and chaff cutters |
| Farm machinery selection and management for different soils, crops and operations; cost analysis of animal and tractor operated implements and tractors; matching power-implement system, estimation of energy and power requirements |
| Matching power-reliability of farm machinery |
Engines and tractor systems |
|---|
| Engineering thermodynamics, power cycles, fuels; various systems of IC engines; operations, adjustment and troubleshooting of different systems; calculations of power, torque, speed, firing arrangement, and intervals |
| Heat load and power transmission from piston to the flywheel; tractor power transmission, differential, final drives; power outlets such as PTO and drawbar; recent trends in tractor design; emissions and control of pollutants |
| Mechanical and power steering; tractor chassis mechanics, hitching systems, hydraulic controls for tractors, automatic position and draft control; tractor performance tests, operation and maintenance tractors and power tillers |
Ergonomics and safety |
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| Anthropometry in equipment design, physiological cost and effect of work on physiological responses, fatigue and comfort; ergonomics in design of farm tools; safety aspects of agricultural machinery; effect of noise and vibration on work performance |
| Chemical hazards and control measures; operator's protective gadgets; design of tractor controls viz., hand and foot controls, visual range and limitations, seat design etc |
Soil dynamics in tillage and traction |
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| Dynamic properties of soil and their measurements; stress-strain relationships; theories of soil failure, mechanics of tillage tools; design parameters and performance of tillage tools |
| Introduction to traction devices, tire function and size, their selection, mechanics of traction devices, traction theories, slippage and sinkage of wheels, evaluation and prediction of traction performance |
| Soil compaction-causes and methods for alleviating the effect on soil and crop responses |
Energy in agriculture |
|---|
| Conventional and renewable energy sources in agriculture; solar radiation and its measurement; characteristics of solar spectrum; solar energy collection, storage and applications; solar photovoltaic conversion and SPV powered systems |
| Types of wind mills and their applications; thermo-chemical conversion of biomass, direct combustion, pyrolysis and gasification, chemical conversion processes, carbonization, briquetting, pelletization and densification of biomass |
| Bioconversion into alcohols, methyl and ethyl esters, organic acids, solvents of amino acids; types of biogas plants, biogas properties, uses and distribution, alternate fuels for IC engines |
| Energy requirement in agricultural production systems, energy ratio and specific energy value, inflow and outflow of energy in unit agricultural operation, energy audit, accounting, and analysis |
Manufacturing technology |
|---|
| Specification of materials, surface roughness, production drawing, computer aided drawing heat treatment, workshop practices applied in prototype production, common tools and press operations, metal cutting and machining, jigs, fixtures and gauges |
| Casting and die-casting processes; basic joining processes, welding processes, weldments testing and metallurgy |
Instrumentation and measurement techniques |
|---|
| Mechanical measurements, sensors, and transducers, application of electrical strain gauges, signal transmission and processing, dynamic measurements; measurement of temperature, pressure, strain, force, torque, power vibrations etc |
| Determination of calorific value, fluid flow rates etc; signal conditioning and monitoring, data acquisition and storage |
Computer organization and architecture |
|---|
| Computer organization and architecture-Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions, number system, basic concepts of floating point number system, sequential and combinational circuits, flip flops-types, race condition, and comparison |
| Input/ output unit, memory organization, ALU and control unit, instruction and execution cycle in CPU, introduction to microprocessors, interrupts, CISC and RISC architecture |
Programming languages and data structure |
|---|
| Programming languages (Java, C++), computer algorithms, flow charts, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, building blocks, control structures, arrays, dynamic memory allocation, file management |
| Internet programming-hyper text markup language (HTML) and XML, building static and dynamic web pages, client side and server side scripting languages (JSP, NET, PHP ), interaction with database |
| Data structure-representation of character, string and their manipulation, linear list structure, stack, queue, heaps, linked list, arrays |
| Tree: Representation of tree structures and different tree traversal algorithms, graph, sorting, and searching algorithms |
Software engineering |
|---|
| Software engineering definition; requirement analysis and specification; software development: Phases, process models, project structure, project team structure, types of metrics, measurement, software quality factors |
| Planning and software project: Requirement analysis, cost estimation, project scheduling, quality assurance plan and project monitoring plans, Gantt charts, PERT and CPM, coding tools and techniques, testing maintenance, case tools |
| Planning and software project: Object oriented analysis and design, UML modeling and diagrams |
Networking and operating system |
|---|
| Types of networks, network topology |
| Data communication: Concepts of data, signal, channel, bandwidth, bit-rate and baud rate |
| Maximum data-rate of channel; analog and digital communications, asynchronous, and synchronous transmission |
| ISO-OSI reference model, TCP/ IP reference model-data link layer function and protocols: Framing, error control, flow control; sliding window protocol, IPv4 and IPv6, dual stack |
| Internet standards and services, cryptography, authentication and firewalls, ad hoc networks |
| Operating system-process management: Inter-process communication, process scheduling; memory management: Swapping, virtual memory, paging, and segmentation; device management: Deadlocks, semaphores |
| File systems-files, directories, security and protection mechanisms: Basics of Unix/ Linux/ windows server configuration |
Compiler construction |
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| Compilers-regular expression, finite automata, formal languages, finite state machines, lexical analysis, semantic analysis, parsing algorithms, symbol tables, error handling, types of languages |
Database management system |
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| Definition and features, data models, relational database: Logical and physical structure, relational algebra, relational calculus, database design, normalization, concurrency control, security and integrity, query processing, and optimization |
| Definition and features, data models, relational database: Backup and recovery; distributed databases-concepts, architecture, design; structured query language (SQL), concepts and principles of data warehousing, data warehousing design, and schema |
| GIS concepts and principles, big data concepts and architecture |
Computer graphics |
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| Raster scan and random scan graphics; continual refresh and storages displays; display processors and character generators; colour display techniques |
| Frame buffer and bit operations, raster graphics, points, lines and curves, scan conversion; line-drawing algorithms; circle and ellipse generation; polygon filling; conic-section generation |
| Anti-aliasing; two-dimensional viewing; basic transformations; coordinate systems; windowing and clipping; segments; interactive picture-construction techniques; interactive input/ output devices |
| Three- dimensional concepts; 3-D representations and transformations; 3D viewing; algorithm for 3-D volumes, spline curves and surfaces |
Artificial intelligence and soft computing |
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| Introduction to artificial intelligence (AI); games, theorem proving, natural language processing, robotics, expert system |
| Knowledge: general concept of knowledge, knowledge based system, representation of knowledge, knowledge organization and manipulation, acquisition of knowledge, ontologies |
| Symbolic approach: Syntax and semantics for propositional logic (PL) and first order predicates logic (FOPL), properties of well-formed formulas (WFFS), conversion to clausal form, inference rules, resolution principle, non deductive inference methods |
| Search and control strategies: Blind search, breadth-first search, depth-first search, hill climbing method, branch, and bound search |
| Machine learning: Concept of learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic |
| Expert systems: Introduction to expert system, and its characteristics, application and importance, rule based system architecture; software agents |
Statistics, modeling, and simulation |
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| Frequency distribution, measures of central tendency, dispersion, skewness and kurtosis |
| Theory of probability |
| Random variable and mathematical expectation |
| Correlation and regression |
| Basic principles of design of experiments |
| Analysis of variance |
| Completely randomized design (CRD), randomized complete block design (RCBD), Latin square design (ISD), split plot and strip plot design |
| Probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson, normal distributions, and their applications |
| Concept of sampling, sampling vs. complete enumeration, sampling from a finite population, simple random sampling |
| Generation and testing of random numbers, simulation of stochastic events and processes, discrete event simulation |
Bioinformatics |
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| Basics of bioinformatics, basic molecular biology; introduction to the basic principles of structure/ function analysis of biological molecules; genome analysis |
| Different types and classification of genome databases (HTGS, DNA, protein, EST, STS, SNPs, UniGenes etc) role of bioinformatics in genomics; nature of genomic data; overview of available genomic resources on the web; NCBI/ EBI/ EXPASY etc |
| Nucleic acid sequence databases; genbank/ EMBL/ DDBJ; database search engines: Entrez, SRS |
| Overview/ concepts in sequence analysis; pairwise sequence alignment algorithms: Needleman and Wunsch, Smith, and Waterman; BLAST, FASTA; scoring matrices for nucleic acids and proteins: PAM, BLOSUM, dynamic programming algorithm |
| Multiple sequence alignment: PRAS, CLUSTALW |
| Sequence based gene prediction and its function identification, use of various derived databases in function assignment, use of SSR, SNPs and various markers for identification of genetic traits, gene expression |
| Phylogenetic analysis algorithms; maximum parsimony, distance based: UPGMA, neighbour-joining |
Groundwater development, wells, and pumps |
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| Water resources of India |
| Irrigation potential and contribution of groundwater, utilizable groundwater resources and level of groundwater development in the country, scope of groundwater development |
| Aquifer types and parameters |
| Principles of groundwater flow, interaction between surface and groundwater, natural and artificial groundwater recharge |
| Hydraulics of fully and partially penetrating wells |
| Design, construction, and development of irrigation wells |
| Water lifts, pumps, and prime movers, well and pumps characteristics, performance evaluation and selection of pumps |
| Energy requirement in groundwater pumping |
| Design of centrifugal pumps |
| Groundwater pollution |
| Salt water intrusion in inland and coastal aquifers |
| Application of groundwater models for groundwater development and management |
| Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater |
Open channel hydraulics |
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| Hydraulics of open channel flow, energy and momentum principles, specific energy, hydraulic jump and its classification |
| Design of different types of irrigation channels |
| Irrigation water measurement: Using velocity area method, water meters, weirs, notches, flumes, orifices etc |
| Water conveyance and control |
| Conveyance losses and lining of irrigation channels |
| Irrigation water delivery and distribution |
Soil, plant, water, and atmosphere relationship |
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| Soil and water as vital resources for agricultural production |
| Water retention by soil, soil moisture characteristics, field capacity, permanent wilting point, plant available water and extractable water |
| Soil irritability classifications, factors affecting profile water storage |
| Determination of soil water content, computation of soil water depletion, soil water potential and its components, hydraulic head |
| Field water budget water gains and water losses from soil, deep percolation beyond root zone, capillary rise |
| Evapotranspiration (ET) and irrigation requirement, critical stages of crop growth in relation to irrigation |
| Irrigation scheduling |
| Plant water relations, concept of plant water potential, significance of osmotic adjustment, leaf diffusive resistance, canopy temperature, canopy temperature depression (CTD) |
| Water movement through soil plant atmosphere system |
| Uptake and transport of water by roots |
| Development of crop water deficit, crop adaptation to water deficit, morpho physiological effect of water deficit |
| Drought tolerance, mechanisms of drought tolerance, potential drought tolerance traits and their measurements |
| Management strategies to improve crop productivity under limited water supplies |
| Contingent crop plans and other strategies for aberrant weather conditions |
| Cropping patterns, alternate land use and crop diversification in rainfed regions |
Hydrology and soil and water conservation |
|---|
| Hydrologic cycle, precipitation, infiltration, and surface runoff |
| Measurement and analysis of hydrologic data |
| Application of statistics in hydrology, probability concepts |
| Distributions and application |
| Intensity duration frequency analysis |
| Hortonian and saturation overland flow theories, partial source area concept of surface runoff generation |
| Rainfall and runoff relationships, stream gauging and runoff measurement |
| Different methods of surface runoff estimation, hydrographs, S-hydrograph, IUH, unit hydrograph theory and its application, flood routing methods and calculations |
| Soil erosion and types of erosion |
| Soil loss measurement and estimation |
| Universal soil loss equation and subsequent its modifications, soil and water conservation structures, and their design |
| Gully control structures and their design |
| Design and construction of farm pond and reservoir |
| Seepage theory |
| Design of earthen dams and retaining walls, stability analysis of slopes |
| Mathematical models and simulation of hydrologic processes |
| Application of GIS in soil and water conservation |
Watershed management |
|---|
| Watershed concept, identification, and characterization of watersheds |
| Hydrological and geomorphological characteristics of watersheds |
| Land capability and irritability, classification and soil maps |
| Principles of watershed management |
| Development of watershed management plans, its feasibility, and economic evaluation |
| Land levelling and grading, machineries, and equipments for land levelling |
Irrigation water management |
|---|
| History of irrigation in India |
| Management of irrigation water |
| Major irrigation projects in india |
| Crop water requirements |
| Soil water depletion, plant indices, and climatic parameters |
| Crop modeling, water production function |
| Methods of irrigation, surface methods, overhead methods, pressurized irrigation system such as drip and sprinkler irrigation |
| Merits and demerits of various methods |
| Hydraulics of furrow, check basin and border irrigation, hydraulics, and design of pressurized irrigation systems |
| Irrigation efficiency and economics of different irrigation systems |
| Application and distribution efficiencies |
| Agronomic considerations in the design and operation of irrigation projects, characteristics of irrigation and farming systems affecting irrigation management |
| Irrigation legislation |
| Irrigation strategies under different situation of water availability, optimum crop plans and cropping patterns in canal command areas |
| Quality of irrigation water and irrigation with poor quality water |
| On farm water management, socioeconomic aspects of on farm water management |
| Scope for economizing the use of water |
Management of degraded, waterlogged, and other problematic soils, and water |
|---|
| Problem soils and their distribution in India |
| Water quality criteria and use of brackish waters in agriculture |
| Excess salt and salt tolerant crops |
| Hydrological imbalances and their corrective measures |
| Concept of critical water table depths for crop growth |
| Contribution of shallow water table to crop water requirements |
| Management strategies for flood prone areas and crop calendar for flood affected areas |
| Crop production and alternate use of problematic soils and fish production |
| Agricultural field drainage and theory of flow in saturated soil |
| Flow net theory and its application |
| Drainage investigations |
| Drainage characteristics of various type of soils |
| Water table contour maps and isobaths maps |
| Drainage coefficient |
| Design and installation of surface and subsurface drainage system |
| Interceptor and relief drains and their design |
| Drain pipe and accessories |
| Pumped drainage |
| Drainage requirements of crops |
| Drainage in relation to salinity and water table control |
| Reclamation of ravine, waterlogged, swampy areas, and polders |
| Salt-affected soils and their reclamation |
| Command area development organizational structures and activities |
| River valley projects, interstate disputes |
| Water rights and legal aspects |
| Irrigation water users association concept and responsibilities |
| Environmental considerations in land and water resources management |
Concepts in computing |
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| Fundamentals of computing, introduction to operating systems, windows, Unix/ Linux operating systems, batch processing, multiprogrammed batch system, time sharing system, distributed system, real time system, deadlock, CPU scheduling, computer security |
| Computer graphics: Visualization techniques, interactive graphics, viewing in three dimension, raster algorithms, rendering, animation, image processing with emphasis on biological systems, computer networking, security of the network, fire-walls, network |
| Computer graphics: Network topology and architecture, hierarchical networks, TCP/ IP family of protocols, parallel and high performance computing, cloud computing |
Programming languages |
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| Programming in C, arrays, and pointers, variables, procedures and functions, standard controls, flow control and loops, string operators, declaration and definition of user defined functions, call by value, call by references, file handling in C |
| Overview of object oriented programming, class and objects, function and operator overloading, inheritance, introduction to PERL, overview, syntax, data types, operators and regular expressions in PERL, bioperl modules |
Database systems and biological databases |
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| Definition, purpose of database system, advantages of database system, components of database system, data models-relational, network, hierarchical, three level architecture for database system internal, conceptual and external levels, data independence |
| Data abstraction, mapping, data definition language, data manipulation language, role of schemas, client/ server architecture, relational databases-relational data models (binary, ternary, quaternary, and n-ary relations) |
| Important terms in relational database system, primary and secondary keys, structured query language, primary, secondary and derived biological databases, submitting sequence to the database and retrieval |
| Data mining and knowledge discovery in biological databases, supervised and unsupervised learning, machine learning techniques, artificial neural network, support vector machine and genetic algorithms |
Mathematics and statistics |
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| Introduction to probability and statistics, conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem, random variable, mathematical expectation, probability distributions, binomial, multinomial, Poisson, and normal distribution |
| Introduction and properties of ‘t’, chi- square, and f distribution, principles of random sampling, frequency distributions-graphical representations and descriptive measures, standard probability distributions, correlation and regression analysis |
| Hypothesis testing, Markov models, cluster analysis-hierarchical and non-hierarchical methods, coordinate geometry with basic concepts of 2D and 3D geometry, vector algebra-addition and subtraction of vectors, dot and cross product, scalar triple product |
| Matrix algebra-basic definitions, matrix operations, transpose of a matrix, inverse of matrix, Eigenvalues, Boolean algebra |
| Geometric, arithmetic, and harmonic progression |
Biochemistry and molecular biology |
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| Scope and importance of biochemistry in agriculture, hydrophobic, electrostatic, and Van Der Waals forces, general introduction to physical techniques for determination of structure of biopolymers, historical developments in molecular biology |
| Nucleic acids as genetic material, genetic code, genome organization and regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, DNA replication, transcription and translation, recombinant DNA technology, site directed mutagenesis, molecular mechanism of mutation |
| RNA editing, RNA processing, structure, properties and functions of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids, anatomy of proteins-secondary structures, motifs, domains, tertiary and quaternary structures, classification of protein topologies |
| Helices and sheets, Helix-coil theory, conformation of polypeptides and side chains, Ramachandran plot, Hinge motions in proteins, algorithms in predicting secondary structure of proteins-Chou-Fasman algorithm, the protein folding energy landscape |
| Molten globules, enzymes, and folding pathways |
Genomics and proteomics |
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| Whole genome analysis and comparative genomics, classical ways of genome analysis, large fragment genomic libraries, physical mapping of genomes, genome sequencing strategies, sequence assembly and annotation, exome sequencing |
| Genome structural and functional annotation, functional genomics and proteomics, mass spectrometry, protein database and MS data analysis, peptide identification and protein interface, candidate gene identification |
| Metabolomics for elucidating metabolic pathways, linkage analysis, genotyping analysis, applications of genomics and proteomics in agriculture, evolution of sequencing technology, microarrays analysis, and applications |
| Next generation sequencing technologies, sequencing by synthesis, ligation, single molecular sequencing, emerging NGS technologies |
Analytical bioinformatics |
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| Bioinformatics-introduction, origin, and history, applications of bioinformatics in agriculture, information retrieval from biological databases, analysis of protein and nucleotide sequences, basic concepts of sequence similarity |
| Introduction to sequences alignments-local and global alignment, pairwise and multiple sequence alignment, dynamic programming-needleman and wunsch, smith-waterman algorithms, scoring matrices: Pam and blosum, motifs and patterns, phylogenetic analyses |
| Types of phylogenetic trees, tree-building methods, character-based and distance-based methods, maximum-likelihood, maximum parsimony, unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), neighbor-joining (NJ), fitch-margoliash (FM) |
| Minimum evolution (ME), tree evaluation, bootstrapping, introduction to systems and network biology |
Molecular modelling |
|---|
| Concepts of molecular modelling, molecular mechanics, force fields, local and global energy minima, techniques in md and monte carlo simulation for conformational analysis, DFT and semi-empirical methods, simulated annealing |
| RNA secondary structure prediction techniques, algorithmic perspective of RNA folding, protein structure prediction: AB initio, homology modeling and fold recognition methods, receptor-based and ligand-based drug design, design of ligands, docking |
| Classical SAR/ QSAR, COMFA, and COMSIA, molecular descriptors, pharmacophore mapping and applications |
Algorithms and data structures in bioinformatics |
|---|
| Algorithms and complexity, iterative, and recursive algorithms, fast versus slow algorithms, Big-O notation, algorithm design and analysis techniques, greedy algorithms, randomized algorithms, divide-and-conquer approach |
| Searching, and sorting algorithms, linear and non-linear data structure, stack, queues, linked list, trees-terminologies, binary trees, tree traversal (pre-order, in-order, post-order), AVL trees, graph theory |
| Depth-first search and breadth-first search algorithms, shortest superstring problem |
Introductory food technology |
|---|
| Introduction to food technology |
| Food processing industries/ institutions/ food scientists of importance in India |
| Food attributes viz. colour, texture, flavour, nutritive value, and consumer preferences |
| Causes of food spoilage, sources of microbial contamination of foods, food borne illnesses, water activity, and its relation to spoilage of foods |
| Spoilage of processed products and their detection |
| Principles and methods of food preservation |
| Food fortification, composition, and related quality factors for processing |
| Methods of food preservation such as heat processing, pasteurization, canning, dehydration, freezing, freeze drying, fermentation, microwave, irradiation, and chemical additives |
| Refrigerated and modified atmosphere storage |
| Aseptic preservation, hurdle technology, hydrostatic pressure technology, and microwave processing |
| Use of non-thermal technologies (microfiltration, bacteriofugation, ultra high voltage electric fields, pulse electric fields, high pressure processing, irradiation, thermosonication) |
| Alternate-thermal technologies (Ohmic heating, dielectric heating, infrared and induction heating) and biological technologies (antibacterial enzymes, bacteriocins, proteins, and peptides) in food processing |
Technology of foods of plant origin |
|---|
| Fruits and vegetable processing: Post harvest handling and storage of fresh fruits and vegetables. Preparation of fruits and vegetables for processing. Minimally processed products. Cold chain logistics. ZECC (zero energy cool chambers) |
| Fruits and vegetable processing: CCSR (charcoal cool storage rooms) thermal processing and process time evaluation for canned products, process optimization, aseptic canning, methods for canning of different fruits, and vegetables |
| Fruits and vegetable processing: Dehydration and associated quality changes during drying and storage of dehydrated products. Solar drying. Intermediate moisture foods |
| Fruits and vegetable processing: Preparation and utilization of fruits and vegetables juices in non-fermented/ fermented/ aerated beverages, health drinks. Membrane technology. Chemistry and manufacture of pectin |
| Fruits and vegetable processing: Role in gel formation and products like jellies and marmalades. Technology of preservatives, pickles, chutney’s, and sauces. Nature and control of spoilage in these products. Restructured fruits and vegetables |
| Fruits and vegetable processing: By products utilization of fruits and vegetable processing industry. Processing methods of frozen fruits and vegetables, IQF products, packaging, storage, and thawing. Role of Pectinases |
| Fruits and vegetable processing: Tomato products such as juice, puree, paste, soup, sauce, and ketchup. Other convenience foods from fruits and vegetables. Beverages, tea, cocoa, and coffee processing |
| Fruits and vegetable processing: Medicinal and aromatic plants-their therapeutic values. Spice processing viz., cleaning, grading, drying, grinding, packaging, and storage. Oleoresins and essential oils |
| Food grain processing: Structure, composition of different grains like wheat, rice, barley, oat, maize, and millets. Anti-nutritional factors in food grains and oilseeds. Milling of grains |
| Food grain processing: Wheat flour/ semolina and its use in traditional/ non-traditional foods like breads, biscuits, cakes, doughnuts, buns, pasta goods, extruded, confectionary products, breakfast and snack foods. Rheology of wheat and rice flour |
| Food grain processing: Preparation of vital wheat gluten and its utilization. Instant ready mixtures. Enzymes (amylases and proteases) in milling and baking. Milling and parboiling of rice; by-products of rice milling and their utilization |
| Food grain processing: Processed products from rice. Pearling, malting, brewing, and preparation of malted milk feeds from barley. Significance of B-glucans. Milling of oats and its processing into flakes, porridge, and oatmeal |
| Food grain processing: Wet and dry milling of corn, manufacture of corn flakes, corn syrup, corn starch, corn steep liquor and germ oil. Structure and composition of pulses and their importance in Indian diet |
| Food grain processing: Milling and processing of pulses viz. germination, cooking, roasting, frying, canning, and fermentation. Use in traditional products, protein concentrates and isolates, modified starches, and proteins |
| Food grain processing: Oilseeds-edible oilseeds, composition and importance in India. Oilseed processing. Oil extraction and its processing, by-products of oil refining, production, packaging and storage of vanaspati, peanut butter |
| Food grain processing: Oilseeds-protein concentrates, isolates and their use in high protein foods. Export of oilseed cakes. International market and consumer preferences for quality in cakes for use in textured vegetable proteins |
| Food grain processing: Millets-composition, nutritional significance, structure and processing. Dairy analogues based on plant milk. Spices processing-oleoresin and essential oil extraction |
Technology of foods of animal origin |
|---|
| Technology of milk and milk products: Milk and Milk production in India. Importance of milk processing plants in the country. Handling and maintenance of dairy plant equipment |
| Technology of milk and milk products: Dairy plant operations viz. receiving, separation, clarification, pasteurization, standardization, homogenization, sterilization, storage, transport, and distribution of milk. Problems of milk supply in India |
| Technology of milk and milk products: UHT, toned, humanized, fortified, reconstituted and flavoured milks. Technology of fermented milks |
| Technology of milk and milk products: Milk products processing viz. cream, butter, ghee, cheese, condensed milk, evaporated milk, whole and skimmed milk powder, ice-cream, butter oil, khoa, channa, paneer and similar products |
| Technology of milk and milk products: Judging and grading of milk products. Cheese spreads by spray and roller drying techniques. EMC (enzyme modified cheese), enzymes in dairy processing |
| Technology of milk and milk products: Insanitization viz. selection and use of dairy cleaner and sanitizer. In plant cleaning system. Scope and functioning of milk supply schemes end various national and international organizations |
| Technology of milk and milk products: Specifications and standards in milk processing industry. Dairy plant sanitation and waste disposal |
| Technology of meat/ fish/ poultry products: Scope of meat, fish and poultry processing industry in India. Chemistry and microscopic structure of meat tissue. Ante mortem inspection. Slaughter and dressing of various animals and poultry birds |
| Technology of meat/ fish/ poultry products: Post mortem examination. Rigor mortis. Retails and wholesale cuts. Factors affecting meat quality. Curing, smoking, freezing, canning, and dehydration of meat, poultry and their products. Sausage making |
| Technology of meat/ fish/ poultry products: Microbial factors influencing keeping quality of meat. Processing and preservation of fish and its products. Handling, cenning, smoking, and freezing of fresh water fish and its products |
| Technology of meat/ fish/ poultry products: Meat tenderization and role of enzymes in meat processing. Utilization of by-products. Zoovosic diseases. Structure and composition of egg and factors affecting quality. Quality measurement |
| Technology of meat/ fish/ poultry products: Preservation of eggs using oil coating, refrigeration, thermo stabilization and antibiotics. Packing, storage, and transportation of eggs |
| Technology of meat/ fish/ poultry products: Technology of egg products viz. egg powder, albumen, flakes and calcium tablets. Industrial and food user physiological conditions and quality of fish products |
Food quality management |
|---|
| Objectives, importance, and functions of quality control |
| Quality systems and tools used for quality assurance including control charts, acceptance and auditing inspections, critical control points, reliability, safety, recall, and liability |
| The principles and practices of food plant sanitation |
| Food and hygiene regulations |
| Environment and waste management |
| Total quality management, good management practices, HACCP, and codex in food |
| International and National food laws |
| US-FDA/ ISO-9000 and FSSAI |
| Food adulteration, food safety |
| Sensory evaluation, panel screening, selection methods, sensory, and instrumental analysis quality control |
| Quality control of food at all stages and for packaging materials |
| Non-destructive food quality evaluation methods |
Food engineering/ packaging, and labelling |
|---|
| Unit operations of food processing viz. grading, sorting, peeling, and size reduction machineries for various unit operations, energy balance in food processing |
| Packaging materials viz. properties and testing procedures, packaging of fresh and processed foods |
| Shelf life studies |
| Recent trends in packaging, aseptic, modified atmosphere, vacuum, and gas packaging |
| Nutritional labelling requirements of foods |
| Requirements and functions of containers |
| Principles of package design |
Food microbiology and biotechnology |
|---|
| Fermentation technology, fermented food products (animal and plant based), microbial spoilage of foods, bacterial growth curve, hurdle technology |
| Role of biotechnology in productivity of plants, livestock and microbes of improved nutrition and quality |
| Use of biotechnology in production of food additives viz. preservatives, colorants, flavours |
| Use of biotechnologically improved enzymes in food processing industry, biomass production using industrial wastes |
| Single cell proteins, food contaminants viz. aflatoxins |
| Food intoxication and infection |
| Consumer concerns about risks and values, biotechnology, and food safety |
Flavour chemistry technology |
|---|
| Flavour composition of foods/ beverages (identification and quantitative analysis of the flavour precursors and their products, characterization of the staling reaction using stable isotopes) |
| Flavour composition of foods/ beverages in relation with maturation and microbial activity/ or the processing conditions (example fermented dairy products, beer, wine, honey, fruits) |
| Analysis of odour-active compounds of food/ beverages (charm analysis) |
| Synthesis of flavour by microorganisms and plant cells |
| Lipid derived flavours |
| Investigation of equilibrium of key flavour compounds that govern the flavour stability of beverages |
| Natural antioxidant constraints in spices |
| Role of microorganisms in flavour development |
| Flavor emulsions, flavour composites, essential oils, and oleoresins |
Consumer sciences/ food product development/ health foods |
|---|
| Socio-cultural, psychological, and economical consideration for food appearance, domestic and export marketing |
| Consumer trends and their impact on new product development |
| Product development viz. to conceive ideas, evaluation of ideas, developing ideas into products, test marketing, and commercialization |
| Role of food in human nutrition |
| Nutritional disorders, natural contaminants and health hazards associated with foods |
| Diet therapy |
| Therapeutic/ engineered/ fabricated and organic foods/ nutraceutical and functional foods |
Heat and mass transfer |
|---|
| Basic laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic properties and processes, energy equations, heat, work, heat engine, heat pump, refrigeration and steam tables |
| EMC, sorption and desorption isotherms, water activity and psychrometry |
| Modes of heat transfer, heat exchanger |
| Mass transfer and mass-heat-momentum transfer analogies |
| Fluid statics, fluid dynamics, continuity equation and Bernoulli's theorem |
| Dimensional analysis and simulation |
| Simulation models and mathematical modeling |
| Finite difference analysis, finite element analysis |
Farm structures and farmstead planning |
|---|
| Farmstead planning, survey, and data collection for information bank |
| Analysis of data, layouts |
| Cost estimation and appraisal |
| Project development |
| Time, motion and input analysis, flow charts and drawings, case studies |
| Farm electrification, load estimation, and selection of equipment |
| Standby power units, their selection, maintenance, and operation |
| Electrical fencing, safety devices including fire-fighting |
| Benefit-cost analysis |
| Household electrical wiring |
| Illumination, transmission, and distribution of electricity |
| Rural water supply and sanitary structures, septic tank design, brooder house, and incubation structures |
| Road culverts and nallah structures, rat proof godowns, piggery, poultry and other livestock structures |
| Feedstuff storage structures, farm workshop, machinery, and implement sheds |
| Fuel and chemical storage, biogas plant |
| Greenhouse construction, environment control, operation, and maintenance |
| Economics of greenhouse production |
Storage engineering |
|---|
| Storage environment and its interaction with stored product |
| Factors/ parameters influencing the shelf life of the stored product, climatograph, and deterioration index |
| Modeling of metabolic activities and prediction of storage life, quality deterioration mechanisms and their control |
| Storage practices (including fumigation) for food grains |
| Design of bulk storage and aeration system |
| Analysis of heat, moisture, and gas transfer in bulk storage structures |
| Bag storage structures, their design, and management |
| Storage of perishables in ventilated, refrigerated, controlled and modified atmosphere storage systems and their design, smart storage system |
| Quality analysis of stored produce |
| Storage structures for animal feed, silage, etc |
| Chilling rooms, walk-in cooling rooms for perishables |
| BIS standards on practices and design of systems for food grains and other commodities, CAP storage, hermetic storage etc |
Material handling packaging and transport |
|---|
| Bulk conveying equipments viz. belt conveyors, screw/ auger conveyors, bucket elevators and drag/ chain conveyors |
| Estimation of energy requirement, damage to products during mechanical handling |
| Operation and maintenance of conveying equipment |
| Packaging material characteristics and selection |
| Packaging techniques and equipment for liquid, powder, and granular materials, and horticultural produce |
| Transportation of agro-produce by bullock-carts, trailers, trucks, rail wagons, and containers |
| Refrigerated containers and trucks for perishable foods |
| Safety standards in handling, packaging and transport of agricultural produce |
| Types of packaging materials, barrier properties, CFB boxes, modified atmosphere packaging, smart and active packaging, edible films, antioxidant and antimicrobial packaging, micro and nano-encapsulation cold chain management |
| Refrigerated containers and trucks for perishables, damage, and losses during transportation |
Post harvest operations |
|---|
| Grading, cleaning, washing, sorting, shelling, dehusking, decortication, milling, polishing, pearling, drying (osmotic, evaporative, and freeze drying), pasteurization and sterilization of liquid foods, size reduction cryogenic grinding, granulation |
| Crystallization, filtration, membrane processing, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nano-filtration, reverse osmosis, evaporation, distillation, mixing, clarification, coagulation, mechanical separation, sedimentation, pressing, expelling, leaching |
| Extraction, palleting, extrusion, and industrial fermentation |
Processing technology and processing equipment design |
|---|
| Pre-milling/ conditioning treatments |
| Theory of grain drying, thin layer and deep bed drying, process technology, and machinery for cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, condiments, plantation crops, animal products, sea-foods, fiber crops, animal feed |
| Natural resins and gums, bioprocess engineering, enzyme reaction kinetics, industrial fermentation and processing, downstream processing, bioseparation |
| Minimal processing of fruits and vegetables, high pressure processing, Ohmic heating, ultraviolet light, pulsed electric field, pulsed light field, micro and nanoencapsulation of food ingredients, food nanotechnology, seed processing and technology |
| Agricultural byproducts/ residue utilization, waste disposal of food processing plants, different methods and equipment |
| Design of grain cleaners, graders, dryers, parboiling plants, size reduction machines, bioreactors, fermenters, centrifuges, cyclones, heat-exchanger, evaporators, filters, extrusion cookers |
| Computer aided design and analysis of machines and machine components |
| Materials, manufacturing processes, design of elements and selection of standard parts (pulley, chains, sprockets, bearings, belts, fasteners, hydraulic components, pipes, hoses) |
Engineering properties and quality of biomaterials |
|---|
| Uniqueness of biomaterials and physical characteristics viz. size, volume, density, porosity, surface areas, friction, rolling resistance, angle of repose |
| Properties of bulk particulate solids viz. specific surface area, mean diameter, flow rate |
| Aerodynamics drag coefficient and terminal velocity |
| Pressure drop through packed beds |
| Thermal properties such as specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity |
| Dielectric properties viz. dielectric and microwave radiation, dielectric constant, energy absorption, heating |
| Optical properties and transmittance and reflectance |
| Rheological properties and stress-strain-time relationship, rheological models, viscoelasticity, Hertz’s theory of contact stresses |
| Food quality and BIS specifications for quality of food materiais, milling quality analysis, cooking and baking qualities |
| Organoleptic and sensory evaluation of product quality |
| Determination of protein, oil content, carbohydrates, color, hardness, texture, nutritive value, bioavailability and microbial loads, non-destructive quality evaluation techniques |
| Measurement techniques and instruments for food quality determination, destructive and non-destructive quality evaluation, UV VIS NIR spectroscopy, X-ray, CT, NMR, machine vision |
| Maturity, ripening stages and indices of fruits and vegetables |
Agriculture project planning and management |
|---|
| Project development, market survey and time motion analysis |
| Selection of equipment, technology option, techno-economic feasibility |
| Processing in production catchment |
| Product and process design, PERT, CPM, transport model, simplex, linear and dynamic programming, operation log book |
| Material balance and efficiency analysis, performance testing, performance indices, energy requirement and consumption |
| Marketing of agricultural products, market positioning |
| BIS/ FSSAI/ ISO standards/ guidelines on best practices, equipment and their design and operation for handling, processing, and storage of food/ feed |
Aquaculture processing technology and structures design |
|---|
| Inland fish farming and associated considerations, site selection for aquaculture design of dykes, sluice, channels etc, fish physiology and micro-climatic considerations, aeration and feeding systems, design of fish rearing structures, hatcheries |
| Containers for live fish, fingerlings, fish seeds |
| Aquaculture in recirculatory systems, oxygen and aeration, sterilization and disinfection |
| Recirculation of water, reuse systems, water exchange, design of reuse systems |
| Inlet and outlet structures, water treatment plants |
Dairy engineering, instrumentation, and process control |
|---|
| Principles of dairy equipment design, design of vessels, design of milk storage tank, design considerations for heat exchangers, design of reaction vessels, evaporators, pasteurizers, cream separators, homogenizers, butter churn, drum dryer, spray dryer |
| Vapour compression refrigeration system, vapour absorption refrigeration system, heat pumps, design of refrigeration equipment, design of cold storage and air conditioning system |
| Advanced dairy processes, their operations and design, UHT processing, adsorption and sorption processes, electrodialysis, aeration and gas transfer, dairy plant maintenance |
| Static and dynamic characteristics of instruments, transducer elements, intermediate elements, indicating and recording elements |
| Measurement of motion, force, torque, power, temperature, humidity, pressure, and flow |
| Physical and chemical sensors, biosensors, fuzzy logic, neural networks and control |
| Monitoring of plant parameters through internet, data loggers, data acquisition systems (DAS) |
| Introduction to direct digital control (DDC), supervisory control and data acquisition systems (SCADA), virtual instrumentation |
Gross anatomy |
|---|
| Ox as a 'Type' animal and structures of other domestic animals in comparison |
| Bones of fore and hind limbs, axial system viz. skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum in domestic animals |
| Joints, their classification and important jit in ox |
| Myology in general, muscles of appendicular and axial system in ox |
| Heart, systemic and pulmonary circulation |
| Aorta and its important branches in thoracic and abdominal regions |
| Blood supply of fore and hind limbs |
| Venous drainage of fore and hind limbs, head, neck, thorax, and abdomen and portal circulation in ox |
| Superficial lymph nodes of ox in relation to antemortem and postmortem examinations |
| Thymus and spleen in general, cisterna chyli and major lymphatic ducts of head, neck, thorax, and abdomen |
| Organs of digestive, respiratory, urogenital (in male and female) and nervous systems |
| Topographic location of organs in domestic animals in relation to their surgical sites and clinical examination |
| Endocrine glands-pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and parathyroid glands of ox |
| Organs of sense-eye, internal ear, integument, and hoof |
| General principles of big mechanics during locomotion and weight bearing |
Study of various organs of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital system in fowl |
|---|
Microanatomy |
|---|
| Definition of histology and preparation of histological slides |
| Microscope and microscopy |
| Light and ultrastructural picture of animal cell |
| Basic tissues of the body-epithelium, connective tissue, muscular and nervous tissues in general |
| Microanatomy of important organs of digestive system viz. tongue, tooth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, and pancreas |
| Respiratory organs viz. nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs |
| Urinary organs-kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra |
| Genital organs of male-testis, epididymis, ductus deferens |
| Accessory sex glands in male-prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral gland, and penis |
| Genital system in female-ovary, oviduct, uterus, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands |
| Sensory organs of smell, taste, vision, hearing and touch |
| Endocrine glands-pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands |
| Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bursa (of fabricius) |
Developmental anatomy |
|---|
| Embryology and its scope in veterinary practice |
| Gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation and establishment of three germinal layers |
| Intra and extra embryonic membranes of chick and mammals |
| Placentation mammals |
| Morphogenesis and histogenesis of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and genital organs, blood vascular and nervous systems in mammals and chicks |
| Development of eye, ear, and endocrine glands |
Each question carries one mark
These 150 questions shall be derived from the respective discipline in which the candidate has opted to appear
Each question carries one mark. These 150 questions shall be derived from the respective discipline in which the candidate has opted to appear.
1/3 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer in the NET (I). There will be no rounding off of fractions of marks
The questions of the exam will be available in bilingual form i.e. Hindi and English medium
The answers are to be indicated on the Computer itself during the examination
The standard of the question paper will be based on Master’s degree of an Indian University in the relevant discipline
The ASRB NET admit card will be available in online mode. Only those candidates who will successfully submit the application form will be able to download ASRB NET admit card, by entering with their roll number and date of birth in the login window. The ASRB NET admit card will be made available 10 to 15 days prior to the completion of the exam. No hard copy of the admit card will be sent to the candidates by post. Before downloading the ASRB NET admit card, candidates should read the instructions carefully.
How to download ASRB NET admit card?
The steps to download the admit card of ASRB NET has been explained below:
Click on the link ‘ASRB NET admit card’ provided here on this page
In the login window, candidates will have to enter registration ID and date of birth.
Entering all details, the ASRB NET admit card will appear on the screen.
Download the admit card and take a print out of the same
| State | City |
|---|---|
| Gujarat | Anand |
| Karnataka | Bangalore |
| Meghalaya | Shillong |
| Uttar Pradesh | Bareilly |
| Lucknow | |
| West Bengal | Barrackpore |
| Madhya Pradesh | Bhopal |
| Odisha | Bhubaneshwar |
| Tamil Nadu | Chennai |
| Kerala | Kochi |
| Uttarakhand | Dehradun |
| Delhi | New Delhi |
| Telangana | Hyderabad |
| Jammu and Kashmir | Jammu |
| Srinagar | |
| Rajasthan | Jodhpur |
| Haryana | Karnal |
| Punjab | Ludhiana |
| Maharashtra | Mumbai |
| Nagpur | |
| Bihar | Patna |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Port Blair |
| Himachal Pradesh | Shimla |
The result of ASRB NET result has been declared online for all candidates appeared in the exam. To check the result candidates have to enter the roll number and date of birth (as entered in the online application) in the login window. Only those candidates who will secure more than or equal to the qualifying cutoff marks will be declared qualified in NET exam. Candidates qualified in NET(I) will be issued NET certificates to enable them to apply against vacancies to be notified or advertised by the State Agricultural Universities/Agricultural Universities. ASRB will issue the NET certificates after considering qualifications, category and more details given by the candidates in their online application form.
ASRB will release the ASRB NET cut off along with the notification. As per previous year’s ASRB NET cutoff, minimum marks required for qualifying National Eligibility Test are as given below:
Un-reserved(UR) 75.0 (50%)
OBC(Non-Creamy layer) 67.5 (45%)
SC/ST/Divyang 60.0 (40%)
| Contacts: | 01125840251 |
| Relevant Links: | Official Website Link Click Here |
| +1 More |
Answer:
The qualifying marks of the ASRB NET Exam for General Category is 75 marks.
Answer:
Yes, as part of negative marking, 1/3 marks will be deducted for each wrong answer.
Answer:
Candidates can download the Asrb Net certificate from the official website - asrb.org.in.
Answer:
The purpose of the ASRB Net exam is to recruit Lecturers/ Assistant Professors in State Agricultural Universities and other Agricultural Universities.
Answer:
For being eligible for assistant professors or lecturers in various agricultural universities.
Answer:
There is no upper age limit however, there is a lower age limit is which is 21 years.
Answer:
The notification of ASRB NET 2023 has been released on March 14, 2023.
Most often it does not happen because unless you submit your answers they will not get saved, but yes if the software is properly developed then there is high chance that the answers can be auto submitted. But if you were unable to submit, you submission time got exhausted but don't worry hope for the best. And try for some other scopes. Good luck!!
Hello,
Every year, the Agriculture Scientists Recruitment Board (ASRB) provides application for ASRB NET, also known as ICAR NET (Indian Council of Agriculture Research NET), which is conducted to recruit Lecturers or Assistant Professors in State Agricultural Universities and other Agricultural Universities. Candidates with Master Degree and with appropriate academic background can appear this exam to become eligible for the posts in multiple regulations. So, both the exams are same, and not different.
Hope this helps!
01125840251
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