ASRB ARS Exam 2023 - Latest Update, Pattern, Syllabus, Preparation Tips, Dates

Agricultural entomology: Unit 01

• History and development of entomology, evolution of insects, position of insects in the animal world, characteristics of phylum arthropoda, structural features of important arthropod groups such as trilobita, chelicerata, and mandibulata
• Structural features of important classes of phylum arthropoda viz. arachnida, crustacea, chilopoda, diplopoda, and hexapoda
• Classification of insects up to order level, habits, habitats, and distinguishing features of different order and important families

Agricultural entomology: Unit 02

• Body wall, its structure, outgrowths, endoskeleton, body regions, segmentation, sclerites, and sutures
• Head and head appendages, types of mouth parts, antennae, their structure, and types
• Thorax structure, thoracic appendages, and their modification
• Wings, their modification, and venation, abdomen; structure, abdominal appendages both in pterygota and apterygota
• External genitalia, general structure, and modification in important insect orders

Agricultural entomology: Unit 03

• Embryonic and post embryonic development, types of metamorphosis, physiology of ecdysis
• General features and types of larvae and pupae
• Structure, function, and physiology of digestive, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive, nervous, and excretory systems, sense organs; structure and types
• Insect food and nutrition; minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, lipids, vitamins and their role in growth and development, artificial diets

Agricultural entomology: Unit 04

• Concept of ecology, environment and its components-biotic and abiotic factors and their effects on growth, development, population dynamics, distribution, and dispersal
• Principle of biogeography and insects biodiversity
• Biotic potential and environmental resistance
• Ecosystems, agroecosystems analysis, their characteristics, and functioning
• Intra and interspecific relationship; competition, predator-prey and host-parasite interactions, ecological niche
• Life table studies, population models
• Food chain and food web
• Arthropod population monitoring, pest forecasting
• Diapause and causes of pest outbreaks

Agricultural entomology: Unit 05

• Importance and scope of biological control, history of biological control: Biocontrol agents-parasites, predators, and insect pathogens
• Important entomophagous insect orders and families
• Ecological, biological, taxonomic, legal, and economic aspects of biological control, phenomena of multiple parasitism, hyperparasitism, superparasitism, and their applied importance
• Principles and procedures of using exotic biocontrol agents
• Utilization of natural biocontrol agents: Conservation, habitat management, and augmentation
• Mass multiplication techniques and economics
• Effective evaluation techniques, biocontrol organizations in world and India
• Successful cases of biological control of pests

Agricultural entomology: Unit 06

• History, scope, and principles of chemical control
• Insecticides and their classification
• Formulations of insecticides
• Susceptibility of insects to the entry of insecticides
• Physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of different groups of insecticides: Chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphate, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, chlordimeform, chitin synthesis inhibitors, avermectins, nitroguanidine, phenylpyrazoles
• Physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of different groups of insecticides: Botanicals (natural pyrethroids, rotenone, neem products, nicotine, pongamia spp. etc)
• Combination insecticides
• Problems of pesticide hazards and environmental pollution
• Safe use of pesticides, precautions, and first aid treatments
• Insecticides act 1968, registration and quality control of insecticides
• Evaluation of toxicity, methods of toxicity testing, determination of LD₅₀, LT₅₀, RL₅₀, etc
• Pesticides residues in the environment and their dynamics of movements, methods of residue
• Pharmacology of insect poisons
• Mode of action of different groups of insecticides; neuroactive (axonal and synaptic) poisons, respiratory poisons, chitin synthesis inhibitors
• Metabolism of insecticides; activative and degradative metabolism, detoxification enzymes and their role in metabolism
• Selectivity of insecticidal actions; insecticide resistance; mechanism, genetics, and management of insecticide resistance

Agricultural entomology: Unit 07

• Physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of different groups of insecticides: Chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphate, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, chlordimeform, chitin synthesis inhibitors, avermectins, nitroguanidine, phenylpyrazoles
• Host plant selection by phytophagous insects
• Secondary plant substances and their defenses against phytophagous insect
• Basis of resistance (antixenosis, antibiosis, tolerance)
• Biotypes development and its remedial measures
• Tritrophic interactions, induced resistance
• Breeding for insect resistant plant varieties
• Resistance development and evaluation techniques
• Genetics of resistance: Vertical resistance, horizontal resistance, oligogenic resistance, polygenic resistance
• Biotechnological approaches and development of transgenic insect resistant plants, its advantages and limitations
• Case histories
• Insect resistance to transgenic plants and its management

Agricultural entomology: Unit 08

• Behavioral control: Pheromones-types and uses, advantages, and limitations
• Hormonal control: Types and function of insect hormones, insect hormone mimics, advantages, and limitations
• Chemosterilants, antifeedants, attractants, repellents; their types, method of applications, advantages, and limitations
• Genetic control: Concepts and methods, case histories, advantages, and limitations
• Potentialities of IPM

Agricultural entomology: Unit 09

• History, concept, and principles of IPM
• Components of IPM: Host plant resistance, agronomic manipulations, mechanical and physical methods, chemical methods, biocontrol agents utilization, genetic and behavioral control strategy, etc
• IPM strategies for field and horticultural crops
• IPM case histories
• Concept of damage levels-economic threshold levels (ETL), economic injury levels (EIL) and their determination
• System approach, agro ecosystem and cropping system vs. IPM
• Constraints and strategies of IPM implementation

Agricultural entomology: Unit 10

• Types of appliances: Sprayers, dusters, fog generators, smoke generators, soil injecting guns, seed treating drums, flame throwers, etc
• Power operated sprayers and dusters
• Types of nozzles and their uses
• Maintenance of appliances
• Aerial application of pesticides, principles of aerial application, factors affecting the effectiveness of aerial application
• Equipments for aerial applications
• Advantages and disadvantages of aerial application

Agricultural entomology: Unit 11

• Distribution, host range, biology and bionomics, nature of damage and management of arthropod pests of cereals, oilseed, pulses and fiber crops, sugarcane, and tobacco
• Polyphagous pests: Locusts, termites, hairy caterpillars, cut worms, and white grubs

Agricultural entomology: Unit 12

• Distribution, host range, biology and bionomics, nature of damage and management of arthropod pests of vegetables, fruits and plantation crops, spices, condiments, and ornamentals

Agricultural entomology: Unit 13

• Fundamentals of storage of grains and grain products
• Storage losses, sources of infestation infection, factors influencing losses, insect and non-insect pests, their nature of damage and control
• Microflora in storage environment and their control
• Storage structures, bulk storage and bag storage, their relative efficacy, and demerits
• Grain drying methods and aeration
• Non-insect pests (rodents, birds, mites) of stored products and their control
• Integrated management of storage pests

Agricultural entomology: Unit 14

• Common arthropod vectors viz., aphids, leafhoppers, plant hoppers, whiteflies, thrips, psyllids, beetles, weevils, flies, bees and mites and their relationship with the plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma
• Mechanism of pathogen transmission: Active mechanical transmission, biological transmission
• Toxicogenic insects, mites, and phytotoxemia
• Some important arthropod vector transmitted diseases and their epidemiology in India
• Management of vector and its effect on control of diseases

Agricultural entomology: Unit 15

• Honey bees and their economic importance
• Bee species, their behaviour, habit, and habitats
• Bee keeping: Bee pasturage, hives and equipments, seasonal management
• Bee enemies including diseases and their control

Agricultural entomology: Unit 16

• Silkworm species, their systematic position, and salient features
• Rearing techniques of Mulberry-Muga-eri and Tasar silkworms
• Nutritional requirements of silkworms
• Sericulture: Rearing house and appliances, silkworm breeds, principles of voltism and nioultism, seed production, and its economics
• Enemies and diseases of silkworms and their management
• Sericulture organization in India

Agricultural entomology: Unit 17

• Lac insect, its biology, habit, and habitats
• Host trees: Pruning, inoculation, lac cropping techniques, and harvesting
• Enemies of lac insect and their control

Agricultural entomology: Unit 18

• Pollinators, biocontrol agents of weeds, soil fertility improving agents, scavengers
• Use of insects and insect products in medicines
• Usefulness of insects in scientific investigations, insects as food

Agricultural entomology: Unit 19

• Frequency distribution, mean, mode, and median
• Standard, normal, binomial, and Poisson's distribution, sampling methods and standard errors
• Correlation and regression: Partial and multiple, tests of significance; t, F, chi- square, Duncan's multiple range tests
• Design of experiments: Principles of Randomized block design, completely randomized block design, latin square design, split-plot designs
• Probit analysis
• Use of software packages like SPSS, SAS, etc for the above tests and designs of experiments for analysis

Agricultural microbiology: Unit 01

• History, development, and scope of microbiology, evolution of microbial life
• Theory of spontaneous generation
• Prokaryotes, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes
• Techniques used in identification and classification of bacteria
• Important groups of prokaryotes-photosynthetic bacteria, blue green algae, chemoautotrophic bacteria, spore forming bacteria, mycoplasma, viruses, bacteriophages, and actinomycetes
• Heterotrophic bacteria nitrobacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and cyanobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, halophiles, thermophiles acidophiles, and methanogens
• Structure and classification of viruses, growth of viruses, lytic and lysogenic cycles, plant viruses, viroids

Agricultural microbiology: Unit 02

• Principles of microbial ecology, microbiology of ecosystems-soil, rhizosphere, phyllosphere, water-fresh and marine, and air
• Microbial interactions-symbiosis, synergism, commensalism, parasitism, amensalism, antagonism and predation, adoption of microorganisms to various ecosystems
• Microbial growth curve
• Mathematical expression of growth-continuous and batch cultures
• Diauxic and synchronous growth
• Microbial nutrition
• Bacterial metabolism-aerobic and anaerobic respiration, electron transport chain, microbial photosynthesis, oxidative and substrate level photophosphorylation
• Biosynthesis of cell wall, protein breakdown by microbes

Agricultural microbiology: Unit 03

• Soil microorganisms: Major groups, decomposition of organic matter, soil health
• Root exudates and rhizosphere effects
• Manipulation of rhizosphere microflora in plant productivity
• Microbial biomass
• Nitrogen cycle: Ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification
• Biological nitrogen fixation-symbiotic and asymbiotic
• Biochemistry and genetics of nitrogen fixation
• Microbial transformations of phosphorus, sulphur, and minor nutrients
• Role of biofertilizers in agriculture and forestry
• Bioremediation of problem soils, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their mode of action
• Formation and composition of soil organic matter: Fulvic acid and humic acid

Agricultural microbiology: Unit 04

• Isolation and preservation of different types of microorganisms
• Methods of sterilization and disinfection
• Microscopy: Optical, phase contrast, fluorescent, dark field, and electron
• Microbial assay of vitamins, enzymes and antibiotics, pollution of soil, water, and air, role of microorganisms in pollution, sources of pollution and their impact on environment, microbiology of sewage and industrial effluents and their safe disposal
• Management of solid and liquid organic wastes, composting, biogas, water purification, sewage treatment, water-borne diseases and effluent management

Agricultural microbiology: Unit 05

• Industrial production of metabolites-organic acids, alcohols, antibiotics
• Fermentor designs and types
• Control of fermentation process-batca, feed batch, and continuous
• Downstream processing in fermentation industry
• Production of single cell proteins and probiotics, hormones, biofertilizers, biopesticides
• Phytoremediation
• Microbiology of raw and processed foods
• Fermented food-vinegar, wine sauerkraut, pickles, cheese, yogurt
• Food preservation, contamination and spoilage, food-borne illness and intoxication
• Food as substrate for microorganism, microflora of meat, fish, egg, fruits, vegetables, juices, flour, canned foods; biodegrading microbes, single cell protein for use as food and feed, bioactive food/ probiotics

Economic botany and plant genetic resources: Unit 01

• Nomenclature, purpose, principles, and systems of classification; taxonomy of higher plants, floras, manuals, monographs, index, catalogues, and dictionaries, herbaria; concepts of biosystematics, evolution, and differentiation of species
• Biosystematic and taxonomic tools; origin, evolution and biosystematics of selected crops (rice, wheat, rapeseed and mustard, cotton)

Economic botany and plant genetic resources: Unit 02

• Origin, history, domestication, botany, genetic resource activities, cultivation, production and use of: Cereals-wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet and minor millets. Pulses: Pigeon pea, chickpea, black gram, green gram, cowpea, soyabean, pea
• Origin, history, domestication, botany, genetic resource activities, cultivation, production and use of: Pulses-lentil, horse gram, lab-lab bean, ricebean, winged bean, French bean, lima bean, sword bean. Oilseeds: Groundnut, sesame, castor, rape seed
• Origin, history, domestication, botany, genetic resource activities, cultivation, production and use of: Oilseeds-mustard, sunflower, safflower, niger, oil palm, coconut, and linseed

Economic botany and plant genetic resources: Unit 03

• Origin, distribution, cultivation, production and utilization of economic plants of following groups such as fibers: Cotton, silk cotton, jute, sunn hemp, agave, flax, and mesta (kenoff); sugars: Sugarcane, sugarbeet, sugar palm, and sweet sorghum
• Origin, distribution, cultivation, production and utilization of economic plants of following groups such as fibers: Fodders and green manure crops-plantation crops: Coconut, cocoa, tea; root and tuber crops: Potato, sweet potato, tapioca, aroids etc

Economic botany and plant genetic resources: Unit 04

• Origin, distribution, classification, production, and utilization of fruits: Mango, banana, citrus, guava, grapes, and other indigenous fruits; apple, plum, pear, peach, cashew nut, and walnut; vegetables: Tomato, brinjal, okra, cucumber, cole crops
• Origin, distribution, classification, production, and utilization of vegetables: Gourds etc; Fumigatories and masticatories: Tobacco, betelvine, arecanut; medicinal and aromatic plants: Sarpagandha, belladonna, cinchona, nux-vomica, vinca
• Origin, distribution, classification, production, and utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants: Mentha and glycyrrhiza, plantago etc; narcotics-cannabis, datura, gloriosa, pyrethrum and opium; Dye-, tannin-, gum-, and resin-yielding plants
• Origin, distribution, classification, production, and utilization of plant of agroforestry importance: Multipurpose trees/ shrubs, subabool; plant of agroforestry importance-acacia nilotica, poplar, sesbania, neem, etc
• Origin, distribution, classification, production, and utilization of non-traditional economic plants: Jojoba, guayule, jatropha, carcass, etc

Economic botany and plant genetic resources: Unit 05

• Biosphere and biodiversity; plant species richness and endemism; concept and importance of plant genetic resources and its increasing erosion; centers of origin and diversity of crop plants, domestication, evaluation, bioprospecting
• National and international organizations associated with PGR; convention on biological diversity (CBD), recent issues related to access and ownership of PGR, IPR, PBRs, farmers rights, sui-generis system, etc

Economic botany and plant genetic resources: Unit 06

• History and importance of germplasm collection, eco-geographical distribution of diversity, logistics of exploration and collection, use of flora and herbaria, random and selective sampling, genepool sampling in self and cross pollinated species
• Concept, importance and ecogeographical considerations of introduction and exchange of plant germplasm; prerequisites conventions and achievements of PGR exchange

Economic botany and plant genetic resources: Unit 07

• Principles and methods of conservation, in-situ and ex-situ methods, on-farm conservation; gene banks: Short-medium-and long-term conservation strategies; seed physiology and seed technology in conservation; seed storage behaviour (orthodox, recalcitrant)
• Gene banks: Field genebanks, clonal repositories
• Gene bank management, gene bank standard for various crops, ISTA, AOSA, IPGRI guidelines, documentation of information in gene bank

Economic botany and plant genetic resources: Unit 08

• Plant conservation biotechnology, biotechnology in plant germplasm acquisition; plant tissue culture in disease elimination, in-vitro conservation and exchange; cryopreservation, transgenics-exchange, and biosafety issues
• Biochemical and molecular approaches to assessing plant diversity

Economic botany and plant genetic resources: Unit 09

• Principles, objectives, and relevance of plant quarantine; regulations and plant quarantine set up in India; economic significance of seed borne pests, pathogens and weeds; detection and post entry quarantine operations
• Salvaging of infested infected germplasm, domestic quarantine

Economic botany and plant genetic resources: Unit 10

• Principles and strategies of PGR evaluation, approaches in germplasm characterization and diversity analysis, concept of core collection, descriptors, and descriptor states for data scoring
• Maintenance of working and active collections of self-cross-pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops, perennials and wild relatives; principles and practices of regeneration in relation to mode of reproduction, concept of genetic integrity
• Genetic shift, genetic drift and optimum environment; post-harvest handling of germplasm; PGR data base management

Genetics and plant breeding: Unit 01

• Mendelian inheritance
• Cell structure and division, linkage, its detection, and estimation
• Epistasis
• Gene concept, allelism, and fine structure of gene
• Extra chromosomal inheritance
• DNA-structure, function, replication, and repair
• Genetic code
• Gene-enzyme relationship
• Replication, transcription, and translation
• Gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Nuclear and cytoplasmic genome organization
• Spontaneous and induced mutations and their molecular mechanisms
• Crop domestication, evolution of crops, and centers of diversity
• Emergence of scientific plant breeding
• Objectives and accomplishments in plant breeding and the role of national and international institutes
• Gametogenesis and fertilization
• Modes of sexual and asexual reproduction and its relation to plant breeding methodology
• Apomixis, incompatibility and male sterility systems and their use in plant breeding

Genetics and plant breeding: Unit 02

• Origin, distribution, classification, description, and botany of cereals (wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, minor millets)
• Pulses (pigeonpea, chickpea, black gram, green gram, cowpea, soyabean, pea, lentil, horse gram, lab-lab, rice bean, winged bean, lathyrus, lima bean); oilseeds (groundnuts, sesamum, castor, rapeseed mustard, sunflower, niger, linseed)
• Fibers and sugar crops, fodder and green manures; breeding methods for self-pollinated, cross-pollinated and clonally propagated crops
• Component, recombinational and transgressive breeding
• Single seed descent
• Populations, their improvement methods and maintenance, hybrid breeding, and genetic basis of heterosis
• Ideotype breeding
• Mutation breeding

Genetics and plant breeding: Unit 03

• Chromosome structure, function, and replication
• Recombination and crossing over
• Karyotype analysis
• Banding techniques
• In-situ hybridization
• Special types of chromosomes
• Chromosomal interchanges, inversions, duplications, and deletions
• Polyploids, haploids, aneuploids, and their utility
• Wide hybridization and chromosomal manipulations for alien gene transfer
• Pre-and post-fertilization barriers in wide hybridization
• Genome organization and cytogenetics of important crop species-wheat, maize, rice, brassica, cotton, vigna, potato, and sugarcane
• Principles and procedures of genome analysis
• Cytogenetic techniques for gene location and gene transfer, construction and use of molecular marker based chromosome maps
• Comparative mapping and genome analysis

Genetics and plant breeding: Unit 04

• Quantitative characters
• Multiple factors inheritance
• Genetic control of polygenic characters
• Genetic advance and types of selection and correlated response
• Hardy weinberg law
• Linkage disequilibrium
• Genetic load
• Polymorphism
• Breeding value, heritability
• Response to selection, correlated response
• Estimates of variance components and covariance among relatives
• Mating designs with random and inbred parents
• Estimation of gene effects and combining ability
• Effects of linkage and epistasis on estimation of genetic parameters
• Maternal effects
• Genotype-environment interactions and stability of performance
• Heterosis and its basis
• Mating system and mating design-diallel, line X tester, NC-1, NC-II and NC-III designs, approaches to estimate and exploit component of self and cross pollinated crops
• Genotype X environment interaction and stability analysis

Genetics and plant breeding: Unit 05

• Somatic hybridization, micropropagation, somaclonal variation in vitro mutagenesis
• Artificial synthesis of gene
• Genetic and molecular markers, generations of molecular markers and their application in genetic analyses and breeding
• Molecular markers in genetic diversity analysis and breeding for complex characters
• Gene tagging, QTL mapping and marker aided selection
• Genome projects and utilization of sequence formation
• Vectors
• DNA libraries, DNA fingerprinting, DNA sequencing
• Nucleic acid hybridization and immunochemical detection
• Chromosome walking, recombinant DNA technology, gene cloning strategies
• Genetic transformation and transgenics
• Antisense RNA, RNAi, and micro RNA techniques in crop improvement

Genetics and plant breeding: Unit 06

• Genetic basis and breeding for resistance to diseases and insect-pests
• Breeding for vertical and horizontal resistance to diseases
• Genetic and physiological basis of abiotic stress tolerance
• Breeding for resistance to heat, frost, flood, drought, and soil stresses
• Important quality parameters in various crops, their genetic basis and breeding for these traits
• Role of molecular markers in stress resistance breeding: MAS, MARS, and MABB

Genetics and plant breeding: Unit 07

• Plant exploration, germplasm introduction, exchange, conservation, evaluation, and utilization of plant genetic resources
• Convention on biological diversity and international treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
• Intellectual property rights
• Biodiversity act
• Plant variety protection and farmers’ rights act
• System of variety release and notification
• Types of seeds and seed chain
• Seed production and certification

Genetics and plant breeding: Unit 08

• Frequency distribution
• Measures of central tendency, probability theory and its applications in genetics
• Probability distribution and tests of significance
• Correlation, linear, partial, and multiple regression
• Genetic divergence
• Multivariate analysis
• Design of experiments-basic principles, completely randomized design, randomized block design and split plot design
• Complete and incomplete block designs
• Augmented design, grid, and honeycomb design
• Hill plots, unreplicated evaluation
• Data collection and interpretation

Nematology: Unit 01

• History and economic importance of nematology; diseases caused by plant-parasitic nematodes-symptomatology, biology
• Distribution, and management of plant parasitic nematodes of economic importance: Pratylenchus, radopholus, hirschmanniella, meloidogyne, heterodera, globodera, rotylenchulus, tylenchulus, ditylenchus, anguina, aphelenchoides, tylenchorhynchus
• Distribution, and management of plant parasitic nematodes of economic importance: Helicotylenchus, hoplolaimus, scutellonema, paratylenchus
• Entomopathogenic nematodes

Nematology: Unit 02

• Principles and concepts of taxonomy
• Rules of nomenclature
• Nematode phylogeny and systematics
• Classification of soil and plant-parasitic nematodes, and their relationships with other related phyla
• Detailed classification of plant-parasitic nematodes up to generic level with emphasis on genera of economic importance
• General morphology and anatomy of nematodes
• Various systems: Digestive, excretory, nervous, reproductive, etc, developmental biology of nematodes

Nematology: Unit 03

• Methods of extraction of nematodes from soil and plant material
• Microscopy-principles and types including electron microscopes
• Methods of killing, fixing, preserving, staining, mounting, and measuring of nematodes
• Techniques for histopathology and culturing of nematodes-plant parasitic, entomophilic and saprophytic including axenic methods
• Experimental techniques for proving pathogenicity, estimation of crop losses, nematicide screening, screening, and evaluation for nematode resistance in crops
• Molecular technique for nematode diagnostics
• Techniques for mass culturing of nematode antagonistic bioagents

Nematology: Unit 04

• Ecological classification and distribution of nematodes
• Mode of nematode dispersal
• Adaptations to parasitic mode of life
• Soil as environment for nematodes
• Effect of biotic and abiotic factors on nematode survival, activity, and reproduction
• Nematode population dynamics
• Nematode-induced plant damage and modeling
• Community analysis

Nematology: Unit 05

• Types of parasitism in nematodes
• Nature of damage caused by various groups of plant parasitic nematodes and mechanisms involved
• Pathotypes in nematodes
• Mechanism of nematode resistance and tolerance in plants and its assessment
• Physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in plants due to nematode infections

Nematology: Unit 06

• Chemical composition of nematodes
• Principles of nematode physiology
• Physiological functions of cell; organelles
• Physiology of respiration, digestion, excretion, reproduction, growth, and development
• Physiology of muscular, nervous, and sensory responses
• Physiology of moulting, hatching, and nematode survival
• Chemoreception in nematodes
• Nematode as biological models-caenorhabditis elegans
• Cytological changes in plants due to infection including syncytia, giant cell formation and their modification, etc

Nematology: Unit 07

• Principles and methods of nematode management-physical, cultural biological, chemical, and legislative, nematicides (including those of biological origin)-history, classification, formulations, application and mode of action
• Host resistance for nematode management
• Integrated nematode management
• Role of biotechnology in nematode management

Nematology: Unit 08

• Importance of interactions (interrelationships) of nematodes with soil organisms
• Interactions of nematodes with bacteria, fungi, viruses, mycorrhizae, and other nematodes
• Nematodes as vectors of viruses and other microorganisms

Nematology: Unit 09

• Frequency distribution
• Measures of central tendency and dispersion: Mean, median, mode, standard deviation etc
• Population distributions: Normal, binomial, and Poisson
• Correlations: Partial and multiple
• Tests of significance: T, F, and chi square and randomized block, Latin square and split plot designs, their analysis and interpretation

Plant biochemistry: Unit 01

• Scope and importance of biochemistry and molecular biology in plants
• Structural and functional organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, viruses and bacteriophages, cell organelles function and their fractionation
• Chemical bonding in biological systems, pH, and buffers
• Thermodynamics and bioenergetics-concept of entropy, and free energy changes in biological reactions, redox reactions, role of high energy phosphates
• Biomembranes
• Classification structure, chemistry, properties and function of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
• Components of immune system, prostaglandins

Plant biochemistry: Unit 02

• Anabolism, catabolism, and their regulation
• Metabolism of carbohydrates-glycolytic pathway, HMP pathway, TCA cycle, glyoxylate pathway and gluconeogenesis
• Biological oxidation-electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation
• Lipid metabolism, degradation, and biosynthesis of fatty acids, ketogenesis, and causes of ketosis
• Biosynthesis of sterols and phospholipids
• Amino acid metabolism-catabolism of amino acids, transamination and deamination, urea cycle, biosynthesis of amino acids
• Conversion of amino acids into bioactive compounds
• Metabolism of nucleic acids-degradation and biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and nucleotides
• Integration of carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism
• Signal transduction mechanisms
• Role of G-proteins, cyclic nucleotides and calcium in transduction
• Disorders of lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, amino acid metabolism
• Inborn errors of metabolism
• Secondary metabolites, biotransformation, and over expression

Plant biochemistry: Unit 03

• Major classes of enzymes, general properties, kinetics, active site and its mapping, activation energy and transition state
• Mechanisms of enzyme action, inhibition, and activation
• Coenzymes and cofactors
• Isoenzymes and immobilized enzymes
• Regulation of enzyme activity, allosteric regulation
• Multi substrate reactions, kinetic experiments to determine the mechanism of multi substrate reactions
• Isolation, purification, and measurement of enzyme activity
• Enzyme units
• Enzyme engineering
• Role of enzymes in agriculture, industry, and medicine
• Structure, mode of action and metabolic functions of vitamins
• Deficiency diseases associated with vitamins
• General description of nature hormones and disorders associated with endocrine glands, viz. Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads
• Peptide and steroid hormones
• Phyto hormones-auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid and new plant bioregulators like SA, brassino of

Plant biochemistry: Unit 04

• Structure of DNA and RNA replication, transcription and translation
• Post-transcriptional and translational modifications
• Transcriptional and translation control of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Features of genetic code in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Gene expression-operon model, induction and repression, control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Chloroplant and mitochondrial genomes
• Replication of viruses
• Mutagens, oncogenes, and carcinogenesis
• General principles of recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes
• Methods of gene transfer-plasmid and viruses as vectors, DNA and protein sequence analysis, oligonucleotide synthesis, genomic and cDNA library construction, site-directed ‘mutagenesis, transposon tagging, chromosome walking
• Basics of genome organization and mapping, functional genomics
• Gene silencing
• Methods for the development of transgenic organisms
• Computer application in molecular biology, primer designing, sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis
• Benefits of gene manipulation in agriculture, nanobiotechnology, biochips

Plant biochemistry: Unit 05

• Principles of optical, phase contrast, muorescence and electron microscopy, spectrophotometry, UV and VIS, fluorimetry, turbidometry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry
• Radioisotopic techniques scintillation: Counters and autoradiography, and their application in biological sciences
• Electrophoresis-general principles and application, gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis
• Chromatographic techniques-paper, thin layer, column chromatography, GC and HPLC
• Centrifugation-principles of sedimentation in various rotors, differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation and ultracentrifugation
• Cell tissue and organ culture
• Cryopreservation, PCR and application of RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, microsatellite and mitochondrial, and ribotyping techniques
• Southern, northern, and western blotting, ELISA
• Microarray and DNA chips
• Preliminary methods of statistical analysis as applied to agricultural data-standard deviation, standard error, ANOVA, correlation, and regression

Plant biochemistry: Unit 06

• Fundamentals of nutrition, concept of balanced diet
• Nutritional quality of protein and its evaluation
• Dietary fiber
• Vitamins-biochemical functions and deficiency diseases
• Fats and lipids-types of fatty acids and their significance in health
• Biochemical composition and food value of various food grains (including cereals, pulses, oil seeds), fruits, and vegetables
• Biochemistry of fruit ripening, biochemical aspects of post harvest technology, storage, and preservation
• Biochemical basis of quality improvement of food grains, vegetables, and fruits
• Antioxidants, nutraceuticals
• Food toxins and anti-metabolites, food additives, storage proteins

Plant biochemistry: Unit 07

• Photosynthesis-photosynthetic pigments, light reactions, photosystems
• Photophosphorylation, dark reactions: C3, C4, and CAM pathways
• Regulation of rubisco
• Chemiosmotic coupling
• Carbon cycle and its regulation, ton fluxes and conformational changes during photosynthesis
• Photorespiration
• Relationship between photosynthesis, photorespiration, and crop productivity
• Chloroplasm morphology, structure, and biochemical anatomy
• Cytosolic and organelle interactions
• Nature and exchange of metabolites through translocators
• Seed reserve biosynthesis

Plant biochemistry: Unit 08

• Uptake and metabolism of mineral nutrients in plants
• Sulphur metabolism
• Nitrogen, cycle, nitrate, and nitrite reduction, denitrification, symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation
• Biochemical and physiological role of hydrogenase
• Chemoautotrophy in rhizobia and nitrifying bacteria
• Cell cycle
• Growth regulation in plants
• Signal transduction and phytohormones
• Molecular mechanisms of plant growth, hormone action
• Role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides in cellular metabolism
• Metabolism of cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolates

Plant biochemistry: Unit 09

• General organization of nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast genomes
• Genomics and functional genomics
• Tissue specific expression of genes
• Molecular biology of various stresses-drought, salinity, and temperature
• Signal transduction and its molecular basis: Molecular mechanism of plant hormone action
• Structure, organization and regulation of nuclear genes
• Genes involved in photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation
• Regulation of chloroplast gene expression
• Mitochondrial control of fertility
• Molecular markers in plants and their uses

Plant biochemistry: Unit 10

• Totipotency, application of tissue culture for plant improvement, cryopreservation
• Protoplasm fusion
• General principles of gene cloning
• Isolation and characterization of plant genes and promoters
• Different methods of gene transfer-direct and vector mediated
• Gene silencing
• Site directed mutagenesis
• Molecular analysis of transformants
• Potential applications of plant genetic engineering for crop improvement-insect-pest resistance (insect, viral, fungal, and bacterial diseases)
• Abiotic stress tolerance, herbicide resistance, storage protein quality improvement, increasing shelf-life, oil quality
• Biosafety and IPR issues

Plant pathology: Unit 01

• Milestones in phytopathology with particular reference to India
• Major epidemics and their social impacts
• Historical developments of chemicals, legislative, cultural, and biological protection measures including classification of plant diseases
• Physiologic specialization, Koch’s postulates
• Growth, reproduction, survival, and dispersal of plant pathogens
• Factors influencing infection, colonization, and development of symptoms

Plant pathology: Unit 02

• Preparation and sterilization of common media
• Methods of isolation of pathogens and their identification
• Preservation of microorganisms in pure culture
• Methods of inoculation
• Measurement of plant disease
• Molecular detection of pathogens in seeds and other planting materials: Nucleic acid probes, southern, northern, and western hybridization, ELISA, ISEM, and PCR
• Laboratory equipment and their use: Autoclave, hot air oven, laminar flow, spectrophotometer, electrophoresis, light and electron microscopy, incubator, ultracentrifuge, ELISA reader

Plant pathology: Unit 03

• Altered metabolism of plants under biotic and abiotic stresses
• Molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis: Recognition phenomenon, penetration, invasion, primary disease determinant
• Enzymes and toxins in relation to plant disease
• Mechanisms of resistance
• Phytoalexins
• PR proteins
• Antiviral proteins
• SAR, HR, and active oxygen radicals
• Tissue culture
• Somaclonal variation and somatic hybridization
• Elementary genetic engineering
• Management of pathogens through satellite, antisense-RNA
• Ribozymes, coat protein, hypovirulence cross protection/ useful yenes and promoter technology biosafety and bioethics

Plant pathology: Unit 04

• Classification of fungi
• Economic mycology, edible fungi and entomogenous fungi
• Mycorrhizal associations
• Cell organelles, their morphology, functions, and chemical composition

Plant pathology: Unit 05

• Identification and classification of bacteria
• Morphology, ultra structure, and chemical composition of prokaryotic cell in relation to function
• Growth curve, nutrition, and auxotrophic mutants
• Resting cells in prokaryotic, elementary bacterial genetics, and variability: Transformation, conjugation, transduction
• Biology of extrachromosomal elements: Plasmid borne genes and their expression-avr, her, vie, and pat genes
• Bacteriophages: Lytic and lysogenic cycles
• Prokaryotic inhibitors and their mode of action
• Economic uses of prokaryotes
• Morphology, biochemical characteristics, reproduction and life cycle of phytoplasma and other fastidious prokaryotes

Plant pathology: Unit 06

• Nature, composition, and architecture of viruses and viroids
• Properties of viruses
• Variability in viruses
• Satellite viruses and satellite RNA
• Assay of plant viruses including biological, physical, chemical, serological and molecular methods
• Conventional and biotechnological techniques used in detection and diagnosis
• Behaviour of viruses in plants including infection, replication, and movement
• Histopathological changes induced by viruses in plants, inclusion bodies
• Transmission of viruses: Virus-vector relationships
• Nomenclature and classification of viruses

Plant pathology: Unit 07

• Concepts in epidemiology
• Development of disease in plant population
• Monocyclic and polycyclic pathogens
• Role of environment and meteorological factors in the development of plant disease epidemics
• Survey, surveillance (including through remote sensing), and prediction and forecasting of diseases
• Epidemic analysis and prediction models
• Crop loss assessment: Critical and multiple point models

Plant pathology: Unit 08

• Diseases caused by phanerogamic parasites and their management
• Diseases due to unfavourable soil environment, drought and flooding stress, etc
• Nutritional deficiencies
• Primary/ secondary air pollutants and acid rain

Plant pathology: Unit 09

• Fungal diseases of cereals, millets, oilseeds, pulses, fruits, vegetables, plantation, fiber, spices, and ornamental crops with special reference to etiology, disease cycle, perpetuation, epidemiology, and management
• Post harvest diseases in transit and storage; aflatoxins and their integrated management

Plant pathology: Unit 10

• Crop diseases of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, plantation and fiber crops caused by bacteria, viruses, viroids, phytoplasmas, and other fastidious prokaryotes
• Mode of transmission and pathogen vector relationships
• Epidemiology and management

Plant pathology: Unit 11

• General principles of plant quarantine
• Exotic pathogens and pathogens introduced into India
• Sanitary and phytosanitary issues under WTO, TRIPS, and PRA
• Genetic basis of disease resistance and pathogenicity: Gene for gene hypothesis; parasite mediated frequency-dependent selection concept of QTL mapping; breeding for disease resistance
• Production of disease free seeds and planting materials
• Seed certification
• Chemical nature and classification of fungicides and antibiotics: Their bioassay and compatibility with other agricultural chemicals; resistance to fungicides/ antibiotics; effect on environment
• Spraying and dusting equipments, their care, and maintenances
• Important cultural practices and their role in disease management, solarization, integrated disease management
• Microorganisms antagonistic to plant pathogens in soil, rhizosphere and phyllosphere, and their use in the control of plant diseases; soil fungistasis
• Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

Plant physiology: Unit 01

• Cell organelles and their physiological functions, structure and physiological functions of cell wall, cell inclusions
• Cell membrane structure and functions
• Water and its role in plants, properties and functions of water in the cell, water relations, water potential of plant cells
• Mechanism of water uptake by roots transport in roots, movement of water in plants, water loss from plants, energy balance, solar energy, input energy dissipation at crop canopy level
• Evapotranspiration, plant factors influencing transpiration rate
• Stomata, structure function-mechanism of stomatal movement, antitranspirants
• Physiology of water high temperature and salinity stress in plants
• Influence of water stresses at cell, organ, plant, and canopy levels
• Indices for assessment of drought resistance

Plant physiology: Unit 02

• Energy and work, free energy, and chemical potential, redox reactions and electrochemical potential
• Enzyme classification and mechanism of action, factors affecting enzyme action
• Gene expression and protein turnover
• Photosynthesis, translocation and respiration as key processes regulating carbon metabolism and plant growth
• Photosynthesis and bioproductivity
• Photochemical process-chloroplast, its structure, CAM plants, and their significance
• Rubisco structure and regulations, photorespiration and its significance, CO: fixation as a diffusive process, effect of environmental factors on photosynthetic rates
• Synthesis of sucrose, starch, oligo, and polysaccharides
• Translocations of photosynthates and its importance in, sink growth
• Mitochondrial respiration, growth and maintenance respiration, cyanide resistant respiration, and its significance
• Nitrogen metabolism
• Inorganic nitrogen species (N, NO, NH) and their reduction, protein synthesis, nucleic acids
• Sulphate uptake and reduction
• Lipid metabolism-storage, protective, and structural lipids
• Secondary metabolites and their significance in plant defence mechanism
• Growth and differentiation, hormonal concept of growth and differentiation, plant growth hormones (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene, ctc), biosynthesis of growth hormones and their metabolism, synthetic growth regulators
• Growth retardant, apical dominance, senescence, fruit growth, abscission, photo-morphogenesis, photoreceptors, phytochrome, physiology of flowering, photoperiodism, and vernalisation

Plant physiology: Unit 03

• Role of crop physiology in agriculture, crop growth, and productivity, crop growth models describing yield (Duncan/ passioura), phenology-crop productivity
• Growth factors related to biomass-concept of growth rates-canopy photosynthesis (leaf area) and net assimilation rates as determining factors
• Light interception as a major function of leaf area-index, LAD canopy architecture-light extinction coefficient relative growth rate
• Net assimilation rate
• Biomass and yield relations
• Assimilate partitioning, yield and yield structure analysis
• Concept of source and sink, factors influencing source, and sink size and productivity
• Environmental factors determining crop growth
• Light, temperature, and VPD, effect of photoperiod and thermoperiod on duration of growth stages
• Ideotype concept-selection-indices for improving crop productivity

Plant physiology: Unit 04

• Abiotic stresses affecting plant productivity
• Basic principles of a crop improvement programme under stress, interactions between biotic and abiotic stresses
• Drought 21 characteristic features, water potential in the soil-plant-air continuum
• Development of water deficits, energy balance concept, transpiration and its regulation-stomatal functions/ VPD
• Physiological process affected by drought
• Drought resistance mechanisms: Escape, dehydration postponement (drought avoidance), dehydration tolerance, and characteristics of resurrection plants
• Osmotic adjustment, osmoprotectants, stress proteins
• Water use efficiency as a drought resistance trait
• Molecular responses to water deficit stress perception, expression of regulatory and function genes and significance of gene products
• Stress and hormones-ABA as a signaling molecule-cytokinin as negative signal
• Oxidative stress: Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-role of scavenging systems (SOD, catalase etc)
• High temperature stress: Tolerance mechanisms-role of membrane lipids in high temperance tolerance
• Functions of HSPs chilling stress; effects on physiological processes
• Crucial role of membrane lipids
• Salinity: Species variation in salt tolerance
• Salinity effects at cellular and whole plant level, tolerance mechanisms
• Breeding for salt resistance
• Heavy metal stress: Aluminum and cadmium toxicity in acid soils
• Role of phytochelatins (heavy, metal binding proteins)

Plant physiology: Unit 05

• Plant growth regulators-hormones, endogenous growth substances and synthetic chemicals
• Endogenous growth regulating substances other than hormones
• Brassinosteroids, triacontanol, phenols polyamines, jasmonates, concept of death hormone
• Classification, site of synthesis, biosynthetic pathways and metabolism, and influence on plant growth and development by auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid and ethylene
• Concept of hormone action-hormone receptors and signal transduction hormone mutants
• Hormonal regulation of gene expressions at various developmental stages of plant-flowering, seed maturity, seed dormancy
• Action of hormones on cellular functions: Auxins-cell elongation, retardation of abscission of plant parts, gibberellins-stem elongation, germination of dormant seeds, cytokinins-cell division, retardation of senescence
• Abscisic acid-stomatal closure and induction of drought resistance, ethylene-fruit ripening, acceleration of senescence of leaves
• Interaction of hormones in regulation of plant growth and development processes
• Synthetic growth regulators, growth retardants, apical dominance, senescence, fruit growth, abscission
• Growth and differentiation, hormonal concept of growth and differentiations
• Rooting of cuttings-flowering-physiological and molecular aspects of control of reproductive growth
• Apical dominance, senescence, and abscission
• Fruit growth and development, physiological, and molecular aspects of ripening processes and improving post harvest life of fruits
• Induction and breaking dormancy in seeds and buds
• Synthetic growth regulators
• Practical utility in agriculture and horticulture
• Herbicides, classification, and their mode of action

Plant physiology: Unit 06

• Importance of mineral nutrition in plant growth
• Classification and essentiality criteria
• General mechanisms-concept of apparent free space and nature of biomembranes
• Dual mechanism and other concepts of ion uptake
• Short distance transport-pathway from external solution (apoplasm) to sieve across the root cortical cells-factors contributing to xylem loading
• Long distance transport in xylem and phloem, xylem unloading in leaf cells
• Uptake and release of mineral nutrients by foliage
• Rhizosphere and root biology, root growth, influence 0° micro-organism in nutrient acquisition, release and uptake by plant roots
• Yield and mineral nutrition-concept of nutrient use efficiency, mineral nutrition under adverse soil situations-drought, salinity, acidity etc
• Heavy metal toxicity and concept of phytoremediation
• Interaction of phytohormones and nutrients
• Molecular aspects-uptake and transport, role of transporter genes, genetics of nutrient uptake, identification and transfer of genes for tolerance to nutrient deficiencies, etc

Plant physiology: Unit 07

• Climate-analytical methods to determine long term changes in environment-tree ring, cellulose, stable carbon isotope discrimination, stable ₁₈O discrimination for hydrological changes
• Likely changes in climate in future and its impact on crop and ecosystems
• The greenhouse gases and global warming
• CO₂ as an important greenhouses gas, global carbon deposits, fluxes in the sinks and sources
• Approaches, to contain atmospheric CO₂ level
• Effect of elevated CO₂ on plant growth and development
• Methane as a greenhouse gas
• Prediction on global warming, GCA models, effects on climate and biota
• High temperature and CO: interaction on plant growth’ and productivity, ionizing radiation UV-B chlorofluorocarbon (CRC)-their impact on ozone layer-ozone hole and alteration in UV-B radiation
• Effects of UV-B radiation on plant ecosystem, repair and acclimation to UV-B damage
• Carotenoids and their role in membrane stabilization
• Air pollution, SO₂, NO, methane, ozone, peroxyacetyl nitrate and their effect on ecosystem
• Industrial and domestic effluent their effect, on aquatic ecosystem, plant growth, and development

Plant physiology: Unit 08

• Structure of seeds and their storage
• Seed development patterns and source of assimilates for seed development
• Pathway of movement of assimilates in developing grains of monocots and dicots
• Chemical composition of seeds
• Storage of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in seeds
• Hydration of seeds
• Physiological processes
• Seed respiration, mitochondrial activity mobilization of stored resource in seeds
• Chemistry of oxidation of starch, proteins and fats
• Utilization of breakdown products by embryonic axis
• Control processes in mobilization of stored reserves
• Role of embryonic axes
• Gibberellin and a-amylase and other hydrolytic activity
• Seed maturation phase and desiccation damage, role of LEA proteins
• Seed viability
• Seed dormancy
• Means to overcome seed dormancy

Plant physiology: Unit 09

• Evolutionary history of flowering plants (angiosperms)
• Semelparous and iteroparous reproduction, monocarpic and perennial life, etc
• Flowering phenomenon, effect of plant age, juvenility-transition to flowering
• Flowering nature and classification of plants
• Photoperiodic responses and the mechanisms in short and long day plants
• Theories related to flowering
• Endogenous substances and flowering
• Gene expression in flowering
• Control of flowering
• Thermoperiodism-photo and thermo-period interactions
• Vernalization-mechanism
• Photomorphogenesis, photoreceptors, phytochrome, cryptochrome, physiology of flowering, photoperiodism, and vernalization
• Optimization in flowering response-to environmental features (light, temperature, stress) etc
• Plant reproductive physiology
• Mating strategy in plants, molecular techniques to understand mating patterns, self-incompatibility responses, physiological processes mediating fertilization (pollen-stigma interactions), seed and fruit development
• Seed and fruit abortion and means to overcome it
• Molecular biology of seed development, physiological basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration
• Physiology of heterosis

Plant physiology: Unit 10

• Growth and development of horticultural and plantation crop species
• Juvenility, shoot growth, types of shoots, patterns of shoot growth, cambial growth, and its regulation
• Physiological aspects of pruning and dwarfing
• Growth measurements
• Water relations of tree species
• Water uptake and transport
• Concepts of transpiration rate and water use efficiency
• Sexual and asexual propagation
• Rootstock and scion interactions
• Physiology of flowering in perennial species, photoperiodism, and thermoperiodism
• Physiological aspects of fruit crops: Mango, banana, grapes, citrus, papaya, and pineapple etc
• Physiological aspects of plantation crops: Tea, coffee, cardamom, coconut, and black pepper

Plant physiology: Unit 11

• Senescence and ageing in plants
• Ethylene-the senescence hormone, leaf senescence
• Monocarpic plant senescence
• Biochemistry and molecular biology of flower senescence
• Gene expression during senescence
• Concept of physiological maturity of seeds-post harvest changes in biochemical constituents in field crops-loss of viability, loss of nutritive value, environmental factors influencing post-harvest deterioration of seeds
• Physiological and biochemical changes during fruit ripening and storage
• Senescence and post harvest life of cut flowers
• Physical, physiological, and chemical control of post-harvest deterioration of fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers and its significance during storage and transport
• Molecular approach in regulation of fruit ripening
• Transgenic technology for improvement of shelf-life, edible vaccine

Plant physiology: Unit 12

• Morphogenesis; the cellular basis of growth and morphogenesis; polarity in tip growing cells and diffusive growing cells
• Control of cell division and differentiation, phytochromes, different forms, physiological effects and gene regulation, and cellular totipotency, physiology and biochemistry of differentiation, in organ cell, tissue and cultures
• Micropropagation strategies, application of tissue culture in agriculture, horticulture, forestry and industry: Plant transformation; transformation vectors, concept of selectable, and scorable markers
• Agrobacterium mediated transformation, binary vectors, biolistics
• Electroporation, selection of putative transgenic plants, genetic analysis
• PCR, southern analysis evaluation of transgenic plants

Seed science and technology: Unit 01

• Floral biology, mode of reproduction, sporogenesis, pollination, fertilization, embryogenesis, fruit, and seed development
• Apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony and somatic embryoids, and synthetic seeds
• Seed structure of monocot and dicot
• Seed maturation and longevity in orthodox and recalcitrant seed
• Chemical composition of seed
• Seed dormancy-types, causes and mechanisms of induction and release, factors affecting, methods to overcome dormancy and its significance in agriculture
• Seed germination-requirements, imbibition pattern, physiological, and biochemical changes, and role of hormones

Seed science and technology: Unit 02

• Introduction to crop breeding methods
• Variety testing, release, and notification
• Genetic purity concept and factors responsible for deterioration of varieties
• Maintenance breeding
• General system of seed multiplication
• Seed production agencies
• Identification of seed production areas and factors affecting it
• Compact area approach in seed production
• Seed production planning, equipment, input, and manpower requirement
• Factors affecting pollination and seed act viz., temperature, humidity, wind velocity, insect pollinators, and supplementary pollination
• Male sterility, self-incompatibility and their role in hybrid seed production
• Principles and methods of seed production of varieties and hybrids of cereals like wheat, paddy, sorghum, pearl millet and maize; pulses like chickpea, pigeon pea, green gram, black gram, soybean and cowpea; oilseeds like groundnut, brassica, sesame
• Principles and methods of seed production of varieties and hybrids of oilseeds like sunflower and castor; fiber crops like cotton and jute; vegetables crops like tomato, brinjal, okra, chilli, important cole and cucurbitaceous crops
• Principles and methods of seed production of varieties and hybrids of important forage legumes and grasses and seed crop management, time of harvesting and threshing/ extraction methods
• Seed production technology of plantation crops like coffee, tea, rubber, cocoa, cardamom and pepper
• Disease free clonal propagation of crops like potato, sugarcane sweet potato, tapioca, colocasia, betel vine, fruit crops like mango, citrus, banana, guava, sapota, pineapple, grape, apple, pear, plum, peach
• Disease free clonal propagation of crops like apricot and seed production and clonal propagation of annual and perennial flowers like rose, gladiolus, chrysanthemum, marigold, dahlia, phlox and petunia, clonal standards and degenerations
• Micro propagation

Seed science and technology: Unit 03

• Principles of seed processing
• Seed drying principles and methods
• Precleaning, grading, treatment, pelleting, and packaging
• Seed invigoration and enhancement treatment, and their applications
• Seed processing machines like cleaner cum grader, specific gravity separator, indented cylinder, seed treater, weighing, and bagging machines, their operation, and maintenance
• Seed quality maintenance during processing

Seed science and technology: Unit 04

• Seed legislation-seeds act 1966, seed rules 1969 and new seed bill 2004, seed law enforcement
• Seed certification-history, concept, organization, phases, and minimum certification standards
• Field inspection principles and methods
• Inspection at harvesting, threshing and processing
• Pre-and post quality testing or genetic purity
• Seed certification schemes, concepts, and procedures
• Seed testing concepts and objectives, its role in seed quality control, seed sampling, seed moisture testing, purity analysis, germination testing, tolerance tests, and equipment
• Seed testing procedures for principal agri horticultural crops
• Quick viability tests
• Seed vigour, its significance, and testing methods
• Testing for genuineness of varieties-principles and methods based on seed, seedling, and plant characters, biochemical techniques namely electrophoresis of proteins and isoenzymes, and DNA fingerprinting
• International seed testing association (ISTA), its role in development of seed testing procedures, rules and seed quality assurance for international seed trade

Seed science and technology: Unit 05

• Requirements and types of seed storage
• Factors affecting seed storage and role of moisture, temperature, RH, and moisture equilibrium
• Viability nomographs
• Seed deterioration causes and methods of control
• Physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in seed ageing
• Seed drying and packaging needs
• Storage structures
• Methods of stacking and their impact
• Short and medium term storage
• Controlled storage
• Germplasm storage
• Cryopreservation
• Design features of short, medium, and long-term seed storage buildings
• Operation and management of seed stores

Seed science and technology: Unit 06

• Significance of seed health
• Mode and mechanism of transmission of microorganisms-fungi, bacteria, and viruses
• Procedures for seed health test and rules
• Externally and internally seed-borne pathogens, mode of infection, development and spread, methods of detection of seed borne diseases
• Important seed-borne diseases of cereals, oilseeds, pulses, fiber crops, vegetables and their control measures
• Quarantine and international procedures of phytosanitary certificates
• Important storage pests, their identification, monitoring, and detection
• ET value, nature and extent of damage, natural enemies, and management
• Use of pesticides, botanicals, mycotoxins for seed treatments
• Carry over infestation, principles of fumigation and safe use of fumigants

Seed science and technology: Unit 07

• Trends in national and international seed industry development
• International seed trade federation (ISF) and Indian seed associations
• Economics of seed production
• Market survey, demand forecasting, pricing policies, marketing channels, planning, and sales promotion
• Buyer behaviour and role of government, semi government, cooperative and private sectors in seed trade
• Responsibilities of seed companies and dealers in seed act
• Seed import and export

Seed science and technology: Unit 08

• Plant variety protection (PVP) and its significance
• Protection of plant varieties and farmers right act, 2001, its essential features
• International union for the protection of new varieties of plants (UPOV) and its role in development of plant breeders rights and seed industry development
• Impact of PVP on seed supply system
• DUS testing principles and application
• Biodiversity act
• Criteria for protection of essentially derived varieties (EDVs) and genetically modified (GM) varieties

Floriculture and landscaping: Unit 01

• Principles-evolution of varieties, origin, distribution, genetic resources, genetic divergence- patents and plant variety protection in India; generic inheritance-of flower colour, doubleness, flower size, fragrance, post harvest life
• Breeding methods suitable for sexually and asexually propagated flower crops and ornamental plants-introduction, selection, domestication, polyploid and mutation breeding for varietal development, role of heterosis, production of hybrids, male sterility
• Incompatibility problems, seed production of flower crops; breeding constraints and achievements made in commercial flowers-rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold, tuberose, crossandra, carnation, dahlia, gerbera, gladioli, orchids, anthurium, aster
• Breeding constraints and achievements made in commercial flowers-heliconia, liliums, nerium; breeding constraints and achievements made in ornamental plants-petunia, hibiscus, bougainvillea
• Breeding constraints and achievements made in ornamental plants-flowering annuals (zinnia, cosmos, dianthus, snapdragon, pansy) and ornamental foliages-introduction and selection of plants for waterscaping and xeriscaping

Floriculture and landscaping: Unit 02

• Scope of cut flowers in global trade, global scenario of cut flower production, varietal wealth and diversity, area under cut flowers and production problems in India-patent rights, nursery management, media for nursery, special nursery practices
• Growing environment, open cultivation, protected cultivation, soil requirements, artificial growing media, soil decontamination techniques, planting methods, influence of environmental parameters, light, temperature, moisture
• Humidity and CO₂ on growth and flowering; flower production-water and nutrient management, fustigation, weed management, rationing, training and pruning, disbudding, special horticultural practices, use of growth regulators
• Physiological disorders and remedies, IPM and IDM, production for exhibition purposes; flower forcing and year round flowering through physiological interventions, chemical regulation, environmental manipulation; cut flower standards and grades
• Harvest indices, harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling, pre-cooling, pulsing, packing, storage and transportation, marketing, export potential, institutional support, agra export zones; crops: Cut rose, cut chrysanthemum, carnation, gerbera
• Crops: Gladioli, tuberose, orchids, anthodium, aster, lilies, bird of paradise, helicon, alstroemeria, alpinia, ornamental’ ginger, bromeliads, dahlia, gypsophila, limonium, statice, stock, cut foliages

Floriculture and landscaping: Unit 03

• Scope of loose flower trade, significance in the domestic market/ export, varietal wealth and diversity, propagation, sexual and asexual propagation methods, propagation in mist chambers, nursery management, pro-tray nursery under shade nets
• Transplanting techniques; soil and climate requirements, field preparation, systems of planting, precision farming techniques; water and nutrient management, weed management, rationing, training and pruning, pinching and disbudding
• Special horticultural practices, use of growth regulators, physiological disorders and remedies, IPM and IDM; flower forcing and year round flowering, production for special occasions through physiological interventions, chemical regulation
• Harvest indices, harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling and grading, packing and storage, value addition, concrete and essential oil extraction, transportation and marketing, export potential, institutional support, agri export zones: Crops-jasmine
• Agri export zones: Scented rose, chrysanthemum, marigold, tuberose, crossandra, nerium, hibiscus, barleria, celosia, gomphrena, non-traditional flowers (nyctanthes, tabernaemontana, ixora, lotus, lilies, tecoma, champaka, pandanus)

Floriculture and landscaping: Unit 04

• Landscape designs, styles of garden, formal, informal and free style gardens, types of gardens, English, Mughal, Japanese, Persian, Spanish, Italian, Vanams, Buddha garden; urban landscaping
• Landscaping for specific situations, institutions, industries, residents, hospitals, roadsides, traffic islands, damsites, IT parks, corporates; garden plant components, arboretum, shrubbery, fernery, palmatum, arches and pergolas, edges and hedges
• Climbers and creepers, cacti and succulents, flower borders and beds, ground covers, carpet beds, bamboo groves; production technology for selected ornamental plants; lawns, establishment and maintenance, special types of gardens, vertical garden
• Roof garden, bog garden, sunken garden, rock garden. herbs, annuals, clock garden, colour wheels, temple garden, sacred groves; bio aesthetic planning, ecotourism, theme parks, indoor gardening, therapeutic gardening, non-plant components, water scaping
• Xeriscaping, hardscaping

Floriculture and landscaping: Unit 05

• Prospects of protected floriculture in India; types of protected structures-greenhouses, polyhouses, shade houses, rain shelters, etc, designing and erection of protected structures; low cost/ medium cost/ high cost structures-economics of cultivation
• Location specific designs; structural components; suitable flower crops for protected cultivation; environment control-management and manipulation of temperature, light, humidity, air, and CO₂; heating and cooling systems, ventilation
• Naturally ventilated greenhouses, fan and pad cooled greenhouses, light regulation; containers and substrates, soil decontamination, layout of drip and fertigation system, water and nutrient management, weed management, physiological disorders
• IPM and IDM; crop regulation by chemical methods and special horticultural practices (pinching, disbudding, deshooting, deblossoming, etc); steking and netting, photoperiod regulation; harvest indices, harvesting techniques
• Post-harvest handling techniques, precooling, sorting, grading, packing, storage, quality standards

Floriculture and landscaping: Unit 06

• Prospects of value addition, national and global scenario, production and exports, women empowerment through value added products making, supply chain management; types of value added products, value addition in loose flowers, garlands, veni, floats
• Floral decorations, value addition in cut flowers, flower arrangement, styles, Ikebana, morebana, free style, bouquets, button-holes, flower baskets, corsages, floral wreaths, garlands, etc
• Selection of containers and accessories for floral products and decorations; dry flowers-identification and selection of flowers and plant parts; raw material procurement, preservation and storage
• Techniques in dry flower making-drying, bleaching, dyeing, embedding, pressing; accessories; designing and arrangement-dry flower baskets, bouquets, pot-pourri, wall hangings, button holes, greeting cards, wreaths; packing and storage
• Concrete and essential oils; selection of species and varieties (including non-conventional species), extraction methods, packing and storage, selection of species and varieties, types of pigments, carotenoids, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, betalains
• Significance of natural pigments, extraction methods; applications

Floriculture and landscaping: Unit 07

• Prospects of landscape industry; history of landscape gardening, site selection, basic requirements, site evaluation, concepts of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil pertaining to turf grass establishment
• Turf grasses-types, species, varieties, hybrids; selection of grasses for different locations; grouping according to climatic requirement-adaptation; turfing for roof gardens; preparatory operations
• Growing media used for turf grasses-turf establishment methods, seeding, sprigging/ dibbling, plugging, sodding/ turfing, turf plastering, hydro-seeding, astroturfing; turf management-irrigation, nutrition, special practices, aerating, rolling
• Turf management-soil top dressing, use of turf growth regulators (TGRs) and micronutrients, turf mowing-mowing equipments, techniques to minimize wear and compaction, weed control, biotic and abiotic stress management in turfs
• Establishment and maintenance of turfs for playgrounds, viz., golf, football, hockey, cricket, tennis, rugby, etc

Floriculture and landscaping: Unit 08

• Exposure to CAD (computer aided designing)-applications of CAD in landscape garden designing, 2D drawing by AUTOCAD, 3D drawing by ARCHICAD, 3D drawing by 3D MAX software, creating legends for plant and non-plant components
• Basics of photoshop software in garden designing; 2D drawing methods, AUTOCAD basics, coordinate systems in AUTOCAD LT 2007, point picking methods, toolbars and icons, file handling functions, modifying tools, modifying comments, isometric drawings

Floriculture and landscaping: Unit 09

• Drafting objects; using patterns in AUTOCAD drawing, dimension concepts, hyperlinking, script making, using productivity tools, etransmit file, making sample drawing for outdoor and indoor garden by AUTOCAD 2D drawing techniques, drawing web format design
• Making layout; 3D drawing methods, ARCHICAD file system, tools and infobox, modification tools, structural elements, GDL objects (grid dimensional linking), creation of garden components through ARCHICAD; ARCHICAD organization tools
• Dimensioning and detailing of designs, attribute settings of components, visualization tools for landscape preview, data management, plotting and accessories for designing, inserting picture using photoshop
• Making sample drawing for outdoor and indoor gardens

Fruit science: Unit 01

• Commercial varieties of regional, national and international importance, ecophysiological requirements, recent trends in propagation, rootstock influence, planting systems, cropping systems, root zone and canopy management, nutrient management
• Water management, fertigation, role of bioregulators, abiotic factors limiting fruit production, physiology of flowering, pollination fruit set and development, honeybees in cross pollination, physiological disorders-causes, and remedies
• Quality improvement by management practices; maturity indices, harvesting, grading, packing, storage and ripening techniques; industrial and export potential, agricultural export zones (AEZ), and industrial supports
• Crops: Mango and banana, citrus and papaya, guava, sapota and jackfruit, pineapple, anonas and avocado, aonla, pomegranate, and ber, minor fruits of tropics

Fruit science: Unit 02

• Commercial varieties of regional, national, and international importance, ecophysiological requirements, recent trends in propagation, rootstock influence planting systems, cropping systems, root zone and canopy management, nutrient management
• Water management, fertigation, bioregulation, abiotic factors limiting fruit production, physiology of flowering, fruit set and development, abiotic factors limiting production, physiological disorders-causes and remedies
• Quality improvement by management practices; maturity indices, harvesting, grading, packing, precooling, storage, transportation and ripening techniques; industrial and export potential, agricultural export zones (AEZ), and industrial support
• Crops: Apple, pear, quince, grapes, plums, peach, apricot, cherries, litchi, loquat, persimmon, kiwifruit, strawberry, nuts-walnut, almond, pistachio, pecan, hazelnut, minor fruits-mangosteen, carambola, bael, wood apple, fig, jamun, rambutan, pomegranate

Fruit science: Unit 03

• Biodiversity and conservation; issues and goals, centers of origin of cultivated fruits; primary and secondary centers of genetic diversity; present status of gene centers; exploration and collection of germplasm
• Conservation of genetic resources-conservation in situ and ex-situ
• Germplasm conservation-problem of recalcitrancy-cold storage of scions, tissue culture, cryopreservation, poller and seed storage: Inventory of germplasm, introduction of germplasm, plant quarantine; intellectual property rights, regulatory horticulture
• Detection of genetic const tuition of germplasm and maintenance of core group; GIS and documentation of local biodiversity geographical indication
• Crops: Mango, sapota, citrus, guava, banana, papaya, grapes, jackfruit, custard, apple, ber, aonla, malus, prunus sp, litchi, nuts, coffee, tea, rubber, cashew, coconut cocoa, palmyrah, arecanut, oil palm, and betelvine

Fruit science: Unit 04

• Canopy management-importance and advantages; factors affecting canopy development; canopy types and structures with special emphasis on geometry of planting, canopy manipulation for optimum utilization of light
• Light interception and distribution in different types of tree canopies; spacing and utilization of land area-canopy classification; canopy management through rootstock and scion; canopy management through plant growth inhibitors
• Training and pruning and management practices; canopy development and management in relation to growth, flowering, fruiting and fruit quality in temperate fruits guava, citrus and ber

Fruit science: Unit 05

• Origin and distribution, taxonomical status-species and cultivars, cytogenetic, genetic resources, blossom biology, breeding systems, breeding objectives, ideotypes, approaches for crop improvement-introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding
• Polyploid breeding, rootstock breeding, improvement of quality traits, resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stresses, biotechnological interventions, achievements, and future thrust in the following selected fruit crops
• Crops: Mango, banana, and pineapple, citrus, grapes, guava, and sapota, Jackfruit, papaya, custard apple, aonla, avocado and ber, mangosteen, litchi, jamun, phalsa, mulberry, raspberry, kokam and nuts, apple, peat, plums, peach, apricot
• Crops: Cherries and strawberry

Fruit science: Unit 06

• Maturity indices, harvesting practices for specific market requirements, influence of pre-harvest practices, enzymatic and textural changes, respiration, transpiration; physiology and biochemistry of fruit ripening
• Ethylene evolution and ethylene management, factors leading to post-harvest loss, pre-cooling; treatments prior to shipment, viz., chlorination, waxing, chemicals, biocontrol agents, and natural plant products
• Methods of storage-ventilated, refrigerated, MAS, CA storage, physical injuries and disorders; packing methods and transport, principles and methods of preservation, food processing, canning, fruit juices, beverages, pickles, jam, jellies, candies
• Dried and dehydrated products, nutritionally enriched products, fermented fruit beverages, packaging technology, processing waste management, food safety standards

Fruit science: Unit 07

• Growth and development-definition, parameters of growth and development, growth dynamics, morphogenesis; annual, semi-perennial and perennial horticultural crops, environmental impact on growth and development, effect of light
• Photosynthesis and photoperiodism vernalisation, effect of temperature, heat units, thermoperiodism; assimilate partitioning during growth and development, influence of water and mineral nutrition during growth and development, biosynthesis of auxins
• Gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, brassinosteroids, growth inhibitors, morphactins, role of plant growth promoters and inhibitors; developmental physiology and biochemistry during dormancy, bud break, juvenility
• Vegetative to reproductive interphase, flowering, pollination, fertilization and fruit set, fruit drop, fruit growth, tipening and seed development; growth and developmental process during stress-manipulation of growth and development
• Impact of pruning and training, chemical manipulations in horticultural crops, molecular and genetic approaches in plant growth development

Fruit science: Unit 08

• Harnessing biotechnology in horticultural crops, influence of plant materials, physical, chemical factors and growth regulators on growth and development of plant cell, tissue, and organ culture; callus culture-types, cell division, differentiation
• Callus culture-morphogenesis, organogenesis, embryogenesis; use of bioreactors and in vitro methods for production of secondary metabolites, suspension culture, nutrition of tissues and cells, regeneration of tissues, ex vitro
• Establishment of tissue cultured plants; physiology of hardening-hardening and field transfer, organ culture-meristem, embryo, anther, ovule culture, embryo rescue, somaclonal variation, protoplast culture and fusion
• Construction and identification of somatic hybrids and cybrids, wide hybridization, in vitro pollination and fertilization, haploids, in vitro mutation, artificial seeds, cryopreservation, rapid clonal propagation
• Genetic engineering and transformation in horticulture crops, use of molecular markers
• In-vitro selection for biotic and abiotic stress, achievements of biotechnology in horticultural crops

Fruit science: Unit 09

• Greenhouse-world scenario, Indian situation: Present and future, different agro-climatic zones in India, environmental factors and their effects on plant growth; basics of greenhouse design, different types of structures-glasshouse, shade net
• Poly tunnels-design and development of low cost greenhouse structures; interaction of light, temperature, humidity, CO₂, water on crop regulation-greenhouse heating, cooling, ventilation and shading
• Types of ventilation-forced cooling techniques-glazing materials-micro irrigation and fertigation; automated greenhouses, microcontrollers, waste water recycling, management of pest and diseases-IPM

Spices, plantation and medicinal, and aromatic plants: Unit 01

• Role of plantation crops in national economy, export potential, IPR issues, clean development mechanism, classification, and varietal wealth
• Plant multiplication including in vitro multiplication, system of cultivation, multitier cropping, photosynthetic efficiencies of crop at different tiers, rainfall, humidity, temperature, light and spoil pH on crop growth, and productivity
• High density planting, nutritional requirements, physiological disorders, role of growth regulators and macro and micro nutrients, water requirements, fertigation, moisture conservation, shade regulation, weed management, training and pruning
• Crop regulation, maturity indices, harvesting
• Cost benefit analysis, organic farming, mani farming
• Crops: Coffee and tea, cashew and cocoa, rubber, palmyrah and oil palm, coconut and areca nut, wattle and betel vine

Spices, plantation and medicinal, and aromatic plants: Unit 02

• Introduction, importance of spice crops-historical accent, present status-national and international, future prospects, botany and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial varieties/ hybrids, site selection, layout
• Sowing/ planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercropping, mixed cropping, intercultural operations, weed control, mulching, physiological disorders, harvesting, post harvest management
• Plant protection measures and seed planting material and micro-propagation, precision farming, organic resource management, organic certification, quality control, pharmaceutical significance and protected cultivation of: Black pepper, cardamom, clove
• Pharmaceutical significance and protected cultivation of: Cinnamon, and nutmeg, allspice, turmeric and garlic, coriander, fenugreek, cumin, fennel, ajwain, dill, celery, tamarind, garcinia, and vanilla

Spices, plantation and medicinal, and aromatic plants: Unit 03

• Importance of medicinal and aromatic plants in human health, national economy, and related industries, classification of medicinal and aromatic plants according to botanical characteristics and their uses
• Export potential and indigenous technical knowledge; climate and soil requirements; cultural practices
• Yield and important consequences of medicinal plants (mulethi, isabgol, rauwolfia, poppy, aloe vera, shatavari, stevia, safed musli, kalmegh, asafoetida, nux vomica, rosadle, etc); climate and soil requirements; cultural practices
• Yield and important constituents of aromatic plants (citronella, palmarosa, mentha, basil, lemon grass, rose, patchouli, geranium); climate and soil requirement cultural practices
• Yield of underutilized crops (fenugreek, grain amaranth, coffee, tea, and tobacco); post harvest handling-drawing, processing, grading, packing and storage, value addition and quality standards in herbal products

Spices, plantation and medicinal, and aromatic plants: Unit 04

• Species and cultivars, cytogenetics, survey, collection, conservation and evaluation, blossom biology, breeding objective, approaches for crop improvement, introduction, selection hybridization, mutation breeding, polyploid breeding
• Improvement of quality traits, resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stresses, molecular aided breeding and biotechnological approaches, marker-assisted selection, bioinformatics, IPR issues, achievements, and future thrusts
• Crops: Coffee, tea, cashew, cocoa, rubber, palmyrah palm, oil palm, coconut, arecanut, black pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, fenugreek, coriander, fennel, celery, carom (ajwain), nutmeg, cinnamon, clove, and allspice

Spices, plantation and medicinal, and aromatic plants: Unit 05

• Plant biodiversity, conservation of germplasm, IPR issues, major objectives of breeding of medicinal and aromatic crops, scope for introduction; cytogenetic background of important medicinal and aromatic crops
• Scope for improvement of medicinal and aromatic crops through selection, intra and Interspecific hybridization, induced autotetraploid, mutation breeding and biotechnological approaches; breeding for yield and quality improvement in medicinal plants
• Breeding for high herbage yield, essential oil and quality components, secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic crops; genetic of active principles and essay techniques useful in evaluation of breeder's material
• Breeding problem in seed and vegetatively propagated medicinal and aromatic crops; achievements and prospects in breeding of medicinal crops, viz. cassia angustifolia, catharanthus roseus, gloriosa superba, coleus forskohlii, stevia, withania somnifera
• Achievements and prospects in breeding of medicinal crops, viz. papaver somniferum, plantago ovata, dioscorea sp; prospectus in breeding of medicinal crops, viz. Chlorophytum sp, rauvolfia serpentina, aloe vera, ocimum sp, phyllanthus amarus, solanums
• Prospectus in breeding of aromatic crops viz., geranium, vetiver, lemon grass, palmarosa, citronella, rosemary, patchouli, eucalyptus, artemisia, and mint

Spices, plantation and medicinal, and aromatic plants: Unit 06

• Commercial uses of spices and plantation crops
• Processing of major spices-cardamom, black pepper, ginger, turmeric, chilli, and paprika, vanilla, cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, allspice, coriander, fenugreek, curry leaf
• Extraction of oleoresin and essential oils; processing of produce from plantation crops, viz. coconut, arecanut, cashewnut, oil palm, palmyrah palm, date palm, cocoa, tea, coffee, and rubber
• Processing of medicinal plants, viz. dioscorea, gloriosa, stevis, coleus, ashwagandha, tulsi, isabgol, safed musli, senna, aloe, and catharanthus
• Different methods of drying and storage
• Microbial contamination of stored product
• Influence of temperature and time combination on active principles; extraction and analysis of active principles using TLC/ HPLC/ GC
• Distillation, solvent extraction from aroma plant-davana, mint, rosemary, rose, citronella, lavender, jasmine, etc
• Study of aroma compounds and value addition
• Nano-processing technology in medicinal and aromatic plants

Spices, plantation and medicinal, and aromatic plants: Unit 07

• Importance, principles, perspective, concept, and component of organic production of spices and plantation crops; organic production of spice crops and plantation crops viz. pepper, cardamom, turmeric, ginger, cumin, vanilla, coconut, coffee, cocoa, tea
• Organic production of spice crops and plantation crops viz. arecanut, managing soil fertility, pest and diseases, and weed problems in organic farming system; crop rotation in organic horticulture; processing and quality control for organic foods
• Methods for enhancing soil fertility, mulching, raising green manure crops
• Indigenous methods of compost panchagavya, biodynamics, preparation, etc; pest and disease management in organic farming; ITKs in organic farming
• Role of botanicals and biocontrol agents; GAP and GMP-certification of organic products; organic production and export-opportunity and challenges

Vegetable science: Unit 01

• Introduction, botany, and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial varieties/ hybrids, sowing/ planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercultural operations, weed control, mulching
• Physiological disorders, harvesting, post-harvest management, plant protection measures and seed production of: Potato, cole crops: Cabbage, cauliflower, knoll kohl, sprouting broccoli, brussels sprout, root crops: Carrot, radish,
• Plant protection measures and seed production of: Root crops-turnip and beetroot, bulb crops: Onion and garlic, peas and broad bean, green leafy cool season vegetables

Vegetable science: Unit 02

• Introduction, botany, and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial varieties/ hybrids, sowing/ planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercultural operations, weed control, mulching
• Physiological disorders, harvesting, post harvest management, plant protection measures, economics of crop production and seed production of: Tomato, eggplant, hot and sweet peppers, okra, beans, cowpea and cluster bean, cucurbitaceous crops
• Economics of crop production and seed production of: Tapioca and sweet potato, green leafy warm season vegetables

Vegetable science: Unit 03

• Origin, botany, taxonomy, cytogenetics, genetics, breeding objectives, breeding methods (introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation), varieties and varietal characterization, resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stress, quality improvement
• Molecular marker, genomics, marker assisted breeding and QTLs, biotechnology and their use in breeding in vegetable crops-issue of patenting, PPVFR act
• Potato and tomato, eggplant, hot pepper, sweet pepper and okra, peas and beans, amaranth, chenopods and lettuce, gourds, melons, pumpkins, and squashes, cabbage, cauliflower, carrot, beetroot, radish, sweet potato, and tapioca

Vegetable science: Unit 04

• Cellular structures and their functions; definition of growth and development, growth analysis and its importance in vegetable production; physiology of dormancy and germination of vegetable seeds, tubers, and bulbs; role of auxins, gibberellins
• Cytokinins and abscisic acid: Application of synthetic hormones, plant growth retardants and inhibitors for various purposes in vegetable crops; role and mode of action of morphactins, antitranspirants, anti-auxin
• Ripening retardant and plant stimulants in vegetable crop production; role of light, temperature and photoperiod on growth, development of underground parts, flowering and sex expression in vegetable crops; apical dominance
• Physiology of fruit set, fruit development, fruit growth, flower and fruit drop; parthenocarpy in vegetable crops; phototropism, ethylene inhibitors, senescence and abscission; fruit ripening and physiological changes associated with ripening
• Plant growth regulators in relation to vegetable production; morphogenesis and tissue culture techniques in vegetable crops
• Sex expression in cucurbits and checking flower and fruit drops and improving fruit set in solanaceous vegetables
• Growth analysis techniques in vegetable crops

Vegetable science: Unit 05

• Introduction; modes of propagation in vegetables; seed morphology and development in vegetable seeds; floral biology of these plant species; classification of vegetable crops based on pollination and reproduction behavior; steps in quality seed production
• Identification of suitable areas/ locations for seed production of these crops; classification based on growth cycle and pollination behavior; methods of seed production
• Comparison between different methods example seed-to-seed vs. root-to-seed method in radish; seed multiplication ratios in vegetables; pollination mechanisms; sex types, ratios, and expression and modification of lowering pattern in cucurbits
• Nursery raising and transplanting stage; seed production technology of vegetables viz. solanaceous, cucurbitaceous, leguminous, malvaceous, cole crops, leafy vegetables, root, tuber and bulb crops, and spices
• Harvesting/ picking stage and seed extraction in fruit vegetables; clonal propagation and multiplication in tuber crops example, potato, sweet potato, colocasia, tapioca; seed-plot technique in potato tuber seed production
• Hybrid seed production technology of vegetable crops; TPS (true potato seed) and its production technique; hybrids in vegetables; maintenance of parental lines; use of male sterility and self incompatibility in hybrid seed production
• Environmental factors related to flowering/ bolting in vegetable crops, share of vegetable seeds in seed industry; importance and present status of vegetable industry; intellectual property rights and its implications
• Impact of PVP on growth of seed industry

Vegetable science: Unit 06

• Principles of classification; different methods of classification; salient features of international code of nomenclature of vegetable crops; origin, history, evolution, and distribution of vegetable crops, botanical description of families
• Genera and species covering various tropical, subtropical and temperate vegetables; cytological level of various vegetable crops; descriptive keys for important vegetables; importance of molecular markers in evolution of vegetable crops
• Molecular markers as an aid in characterization and taxonomy of vegetable crops

Vegetable science: Unit 07

• Introduction, botany, and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial varieties/ hybrids, owing/ planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment, nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercultural operations
• Weed control, mulching, physiological disorders, harvesting, post harvest management, plant protection measures and seed production of: Asparagus, artichoke, and leek; Brussels sprout, Chinese cabbage, broccoli, kale, and artichoke
• Plant protection measures and seed production of: Amaranth, celery, parsley, parsnip, lettuce, rhubarb, spinach, basella, bathu (chenopods) and chekurmanis; elephant foot yam, lima bean, winged bean, vegetable pigeon pea, jack bean and sword bean
• Plant protection measures and seed production of: Sweet gourd, spine gourd, pointed gourd; oriental pickling melon and little gourd (kundra)

Vegetable science: Unit 08

• Importance and scope of post harvest management of vegetables; maturity indices and standards for different vegetables; methods of maturity determinations; biochemistry of maturity and ripening, enzymatic and textural changes
• Ethylene evolution and ethylene management, respiration, transpiration, regulation methods; harvesting tools, harvesting practices for specific market requirements; post-harvest physiological and biochemical changes
• Disorders-chilling injury in vegetables, influence of pre-harvest practices and other factors affecting post harvest losses, packaging house operations, commodity pretreatments-chemicals, wax coating, prepackaging and irradiation; packaging of vegetables
• Post harvest, diseases, and prevention from infestation, principles of transport; methods and practices of storage-ventilated, refrigerated, MA, CA storage, hypobaric storage, pre-cooling and cold storage, zero energy cool chamber; storage disorders

Animal biochemistry: Unit 01

• Structural and functional organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, viruses, and bacteriophages
• Compartmentalization of metabolic processes within the cell and fractionation of subcellular components
• Structure and functions of biomembranes with special reference to active transport of ions and metabolites
• Extra and intracellular communication
• General description of cell culture, hybridoma, and animal cloning techniques

Animal biochemistry: Unit 02

• Important carbohydrates including storage and structural polysaccharides, mucopolysaccharides, blood group substances, peptidoglycans, and bacterial polysaccharides
• Structure and properties of fatty acids, acyl glycerol, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, sterols, bile acids, and prostaglandins
• Basic principles of isolation, estimation, and analysis of carbohydrates and lipids

Animal biochemistry: Unit 03

• Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins
• Glycoproteins, lipoproteins, nucleoproteins, fibrous, and globular proteins
• Structure and functions of immunoglobulins, myoglobin, and hemoglobin
• Physical and chemical properties of proteins
• Structure of different types of nucleic acids
• Acid base properties, sedimentation behaviour, hyperchromic effect, base sequencing and restriction analysis of dna
• Computer applications in molecular biology, primer designing, sequence analysis, and phylogenetic analysis

Animal biochemistry: Unit 04

• Activation energy and transition state, coenzymes, and cofactors

Animal biochemistry: Unit 05

• Regulation of enzyme activity and enzyme inhibition
• Isoenzymes and enzymes of clinical significance
• Applications and scope of enzymes in bioprocess technology and genetic engineering

Animal biochemistry: Unit 06

• Citric acid cycle and ATP generation
• Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and glycogenesis
• Biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids
• Volatile fatty acids as source of energy in ruminants
• Ketogenesis and cause of ketosis in ruminants
• Biosynthesis of sterols and phospholipids
• Catabolism of amino acids, transamination and determination, urea cycle
• Integration of carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism
• Conversion of amino acids into other bioactive compounds
• Biosynthesis of nutritionally non-essential amino acids
• Metabolism of purines and pyrimidines
• Disorders of lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, and amino acid metabolism
• Inborn errors of metabolism and scope of gene therapy in combating genetic disorders

Animal biochemistry: Unit 07

• DNA replication and control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Rna synthesis and factors regulating transcription
• Biosynthesis of proteins
• Features of genetic code in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Wobble hypothesis, post-translational modification, degeneracy, and regulation of translation
• Basic principles of recombinant dna technology and its scope in animal health and production
• Recombinant proteins and vaccines, safety, ethical issues, and IPRs in molecular biology

Animal biochemistry: Unit 08

• Trace elements and their role in biological processes
• Deficiencies and nutritional significance of vitamins and trace elements in domestic animals and poultry, nutraceuticals, and probiotics
• General description of nature of hormones, receptors, and mechanisms of their action
• Metabolic function of different hormones and associated disorders due to hypo or hyper secretions of major endocrine glands viz. pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and gonads

Animal biochemistry: Unit 09

• Important plasma proteins and their functions
• Haemoglobin in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
• Role of kidneys in acid base balance
• Composition and metabolism of muscle, connective, tissue, cartilage, bone, nervous, tissue, adipose tissue, and mammary tissue
• Clinical significance of iron, iodine calcium, and phosphorus metabolism in domestic animals and poultry
• Biochemical tests for hepatic and renal functions
• Urine composition and analysis

Animal biochemistry: Unit 10

• Methods of isolation, purification, and characterization of proteins, DNA, and RNA
• Basic principles of RIA, ELISA, PCR, RFLP, and DNA fingerprinting NA probes, vectors, microarray, imaging, applications of nanotechnology, proteomics
• Determination of enzymes, hormones, vitamins, and other biochemical constituents with special reference to disease diagnosis in domestic animals

Animal biochemistry: Unit 11

• Biotechnology in pollution control
• Biochemical basis of pollutant tolerance, host defence mechanisms including antigenic and non-antigenic interactions
• Free radicals, carcinogenesis, and role of liver and kidneys in detoxification
• Oncogenes and mechanism of immunosuppression in cancer therapy and organ transplantation

Animal biotechnology: Unit 01

• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell architecture
• Molecular organization and functions of cell membrane
• Organization and functions of the cytoplasm, cell organelles, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus, nucleolus, and subnuclear structures
• Protein secretion and targeting
• Intracellular digestion
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Cell division, cell cycle, cell growth, and differentiation
• Control of cell proliferation and self regulation
• Cell motility
• Cell trafficking and signaling
• Apoptosis and molecular pathways

Animal biotechnology: Unit 02

• Structure and chemical composition of nucleic acids
• DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Genome organization
• Structure and functions of DNA polymerases
• Molecular mechanisms of DNA repair
• Synthesis and processing of different types of RNA
• Rna polymerases
• Protein biosynthesis
• Genetics of mitochondria and plasmids
• Transposons and intervening sequences
• Minisatellites and microsatellites
• Molecular mechanism of spontaneous and induced mutations
• Recombination in bacteria, viruses, and fungi
• Molecular mechanism of genetic recombination, transduction, transformation, and conjugation

Animal biotechnology: Unit 03

• Organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome
• Repeated and non-repeated DNA sequences
• Structure and function of gene
• Expression of genetic information, transcription-mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, transcription unit, regulatory sequences and enhancers, transcription factors, post-transcriptional modifications
• DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions
• Genetic code
• Overlapping genes
• Mechanism of translation and its control, post-translational modifications
• Control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Gene mining

Animal biotechnology: Unit 04

• Isolation and purification of DNA and RNA from prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Reverse transcription and cDNA synthesis
• Restriction endonucleases, DNA and RNA modifying enzymes
• Generation of DNA fragments, cloning and expression vectors-plasmids, cosmids, phages, phagemid, shuttle vectors, BAC, YAC, MAC
• Eukaryotic vectors-viral vectors (vaccinia, retro, adeno, baculo) and yeast expression system
• Cloning and expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts
• DNA libraries (genomic and cDNA)
• Screening and characterization of DNA clones
• Transformation of bacterial cells
• Transfection in animal cells
• In-situ mutagenesis
• Site directed mutagenesis
• Antibody engineering
• Production of diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines using r-DNA technology
• Nano-delivery system
• Genetically modified animal/ fish
• Genetic manipulation of gut microbes
• Single cell Protein
• Reverse genetics
• RNA interference (RNAi, siRNA, peptide nucleic acid)
• Gene silencing
• Genetically modified microbes for environment improvement, bioremediation, fermentation
• Safety aspects and regulations associated with recombinant DNA technology
• Ethical issues related to use of biotechnology products
• Patenting and intellectual property rights

Animal biotechnology: Unit 05

• Development and applications of cell and organ culture techniques
• Nutrient requirements for cells of animal and fish origin
• Media for culturing cells
• Growth supplements
• Primary cultures and established cell lines
• Stationary, roller, and suspension culture techniques
• Large-scale production of cells using bioreactors, microcarriers, and perfusion techniques
• Characterization and maintenance of cells, karyotyping, cryopreservation, and revival
• Detection of contaminants in cell cultures
• Cell viability and cytotoxicity assays
• Isolation and culture of lymphocytes
• Micro-manipulation of cells
• Cell fusion, somatic cell hybrids, sub-cloning of cells
• Principles and methods of hybridoma technology
• Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies and their applications

Animal biotechnology: Unit 06

• Superovulation
• Embryo collection and evaluation
• Embryo splitting, sexing, transfer, and their applications
• Semen sexing
• Cryopreservation of gamete and embryos
• Synthetic hormones for induced breeding in fishes
• Androgenesis, gynogenesis, triploidy, and polyploidy in fishes
• In-vitro artificial fertilization
• Embryo cloning
• Nuclear transplantation
• Transgenic technology
• Production of transgenic animals/ fish and gene farming
• Gene knockout techniques
• Identification and transfer of genes influencing production and disease resistance
• Stem cells and their applications in animal and fish health and production

Animal biotechnology: Unit 07

• Quantization of protein and nucleic acids
• Gel electrophoretic techniques
• Isolation of plasmids
• Molecular cloning
• Nucleic acid probes
• GFP from jellyfish and its applications
• Nucleic acid hybridization including in-situ hybridization and FISH techniques
• Autoradiography
• Blotting techniques
• Nucleic acid sequencing methods including next generation sequencing (NGS)
• Protein purification methods
• RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP
• DNA fingerprinting
• Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR
• Microarray techniques
• Biosensors
• Bioinformatics in biotechnology (protein and nucleic acid data banks, sequence alignment, sequence editing, phylogenetic tree analysis using in silico tools)

Animal genetics and breeding: Unit 01

• History and development of genetics
• Classic researches and pioneer scientists in genetics
• Mendelism and its deviations
• Chromosomes and heredity
• Sex in relation to chromosomes and genes
• Linkage and crossing over
• Artificial transmutation of genes
• Penetrance and expressivity
• Multiple factor inheritance
• Gene modifiers
• Non-chromosomal genes and their inheritance, chromosomal aberrations
• Mosaicism and chimerism

Animal genetics and breeding: Unit 02

• Fine structure of chromosomes and chromosomal banding
• Gene and mechanism of gene action
• DNA replication
• Central dogma
• Protein synthesis
• Genetic code and DNA cloning
• Recombinant DNA Technology
• Pcr
• Gene banks
• Split gene
• Genetic control of hormone coordination, metabolism, and metabolic diseases
• Use of biotechnological tools in improving animal productivity
• Application of immunogenetics
• Biochemical polymorphism
• Chromosomal studies in livestock improvement programmes
• Development of clones in relation to animal productivity and maintaining biodiversity
• Production of transgenic animals
• Gene mixing for useful functions

Animal genetics and breeding: Unit 03

• Brief history of domestication of livestock
• Important breeds of livestock and poultry with special reference to economic characters
• Evolution of genetic systems
• Isolating mechanisms and origin of species/ subspecies, their adaptation
• Mating systems for different livestock and poultry
• Genetic and phenotypic consequences and applications of inbreeding and outbreeding
• Genetic basis of heterosis and its use
• Diallel and polyallele crossing
• Reciprocal and reciprocal-recurrent-selection
• Combining ability
• Developments in population and production of livestock and poultry in India
• Status of animal genetic resources in India

Animal genetics and breeding: Unit 04

• Population vs. individual
• Inheritance and continuity of population
• Effective population size
• Biodiversity
• Description of animal population
• Value and means; average effect of gene and gene substitution
• Components of total phenotypic variance of a population
• Resemblances between relatives
• Concept of heritability, repeatability; and phenotypic, genetic and environmental correlations
• Methods of estimation, uses, possible biases, and precision of estimates

Animal genetics and breeding: Unit 05

• Gene and genotypic frequencies and factors affecting them
• Hardy Weinberg law and consequences of it
• Prediction of selection response by different methods
• Selection for threshold characters
• Indirect selection and correlated response
• Theoretical basis of change of population mean and variance on inbreeding and cross breeding
• Genotype-environment interaction
• Metric characters under natural selection
• Quantitative trait loci and their applications
• Marker-assisted selection

Animal genetics and breeding: Unit 06

• Purpose-wise breeding strategies for livestock and poultry under different agro-climatic zones of India
• Evaluation of past genetic improvement programmes for livestock and poultry in India
• Bottlenecks in implementation of livestock breeding programmes in India
• Evaluation and characterization of various indigenous breeds of livestock and poultry
• Ex-situ and in-situ conservation of animal and poultry genetic resources
• Development of new breeds/ strains for better productivity in animals
• Open nucleus breeding system in livestock improvement in India
• Biotechnology and its role in improving animals and poultry production
• Role of artificial insemination/ frozen semen/ embryo transfer/ ONBS/ MOET technology in animal breeding
• Formulation of breeding programmes: Purpose-wise, breed-wise, region-wise for different species of livestock and poultry
• Programmes for genetic improvement of non-descript livestock population of different species
• Evaluation and current recommendations of cross breeding programmes of cattle, sheep, and goat in India

Animal genetics and breeding: Unit 07

• Basis and methods of selection
• Construction of selection indices
• Different methods of sire evaluation
• Selection differential and intensity of selection
• Prediction of response
• Improvement of response
• Effect of selection on variance
• Realize heritability
• Long- term and short-term objectives of selections
• Selection experiments in livestock and poultry
• Role of control population in selection experiments
• Selection for disease resistance and development of general and specific disease resistant strains/ breeds
• Purpose based selection and breeding of domestic animals and poultry
• Genetic-slippage
• Estimation of genetic divergence and its implications in livestock improvement programmes
• Selection for better feed conversion efficiency in meat animals and poultry

Animal genetics and breeding: Unit 08

• Culturing drosophila stock
• Study of drosophila with markers
• Gene sequencing
• Blood group typing
• Karyotyping and chromosomal mapping
• Concept of recombinant DNA techniques cloning and gene mapping
• Nucleic acid hybridization
• Development of breed descriptors at molecular level for different livestock and poultry breeds
• Biochemical polymorphism analyses-blood groups, transferrins, milk proteins
• Collection and storage of samples for DNA fingerprinting; isolation and quantification of DNA from blood and semen; restriction enzyme digestion of genome DNA, analysis and transfer of DNA from agarose electrophoresis; nucleic acid hybridization
• Analysis of DNA fingerprinting, PCR-RFLP assay
• Cryogenic preservation of animal germplasm

Animal genetics and breeding: Unit 09

• Use of computers in handling animal breeding data
• Estimation of variances and covariances
• Development of statistical models for analyses of breed data and to quantify environmental variance
• Estimation of inbreeding and relationship
• Estimation of inbreeding rate in a closed herd/ flock
• Estimation and interpretation of genetic and phenotypic parameters
• Development of efficient selection programmes and procedures
• Estimation of genetic gains
• Designing and evaluation of breeding strategies like reciprocal recurrent selection, diallel, and polyallele crossing
• Designing field based progeny testing programmes
• Development of efficient methods and traits for genetic evaluation of males under indigenous conditions
• Data bank concept

Animal genetics and breeding: Unit 10

• Laboratory animal species viz. mice, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog and monkey-their chromosome numbers-genome size-major genes
• Physiological, nutritional, reproduction parameters, maintenance protocol-pedigree recording, planned mating
• Selection and mating methods/ systems-monogamous, polygamous, and others
• Genetic control and monitoring-record keeping-ethics and legislation for management and use of laboratory animals
• Nomenclature for different strains, inbred lines (SPF line, knockout mice, etc)-animal model for human disease
• Specific utility of different laboratory species for different requirements

Animal nutrition: Unit 01

• Nutritional significance of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
• Cell-wall fractionation
• Available energy from organic nutrients
• Partitioning of dietary energy
• Basal metabolic rate
• Energy retention
• Factors affecting energy utilization
• Direct and indirect calorimetry
• Dietary lipids-their digestion, absorption, and metabolism
• Essential fatty acids
• Effect of dietary fat on milk and body composition
• Proteins-digestion, absorption, and utilization
• Comparative efficiency of amino acids as energy source
• Essential and critical amino acids
• Protein evaluation
• Metabolizable protein concept
• Protein energy interrelationship
• Energetic of protein utilization for maintenance and different productive functions

Animal nutrition: Unit 02

• Minerals: Classification of minerals, physiological functions, deficiency symptoms and toxicity-inter-relationships, synergism and antagonism, requirements, different sources and bioavailability, role of chelated minerals
• Vitamins: Physiological functions and coenzyme role-deficiency symptoms, hypervitaminosis
• Requirements, sources, and vitamin analogues, antivitamins, feed additives: Nutritional role
• Prebiotics-probiotics, phytochemicals other metabolic modifiers
• Role of phytochemicals as growth promoters

Animal nutrition: Unit 03

• Rumen and its environment
• Development of functional rumen
• Digestion kinetics in reticulorumen
• Role of rumen microbes, significance of ramen fungi-defaunation, and transfaunation
• Microbial fermentation in rumen
• VFA production, inter-conversion, and utilization
• Dietary protein breakdown
• Microbial protein synthesis
• NPN compounds and their utilization
• Ammonia toxicity-role of slow release urea compounds
• Manipulation of rumen fermentation
• Biohydrogenation and utilization of dietary lipids
• Methanogenesis and methane inhibitors

Animal nutrition: Unit 04

• Comparative gastrointestinal physiology of monogastrics-digestion and metabolism of organic nutrients in poultry and swine
• Significance of minerals and vitamins in monogastrics
• Inter relationship in nutrient sparing activity
• Feeding systems
• Role of feed additives-factors affecting nutritional quality and performance
• Special nutritional needs of rabbits, horses, and companion animals

Animal nutrition: Unit 05

• Energy protein requirements for maintenance and productivity in ruminants and non-ruminants
• Colostrum feeding of calf, mineral, and vitamin requirements
• Dry matter intake in relation to productivity
• DM: Water intake ratio
• Palatability
• Nutritional intake and energy density
• Feeding standards-NRC, ARC, Kearl, and Indian
• Nutrient requirements under temperate and tropical environment
• Feeding strategies during stress and natural calamities-ration formulation, least cost rations

Animal nutrition: Unit 06

• Natural and cultivated forges-their composition and nutritive values
• Nutritive value Index
• Forage quality evaluation in range animals-role of indicator methods, advances in silage and haymaking, factors affecting quality of conserved forages, quality criteria and grading of silage and hay under tropics, artificial drying of forages

Animal nutrition: Unit 07

• Methods of feed processing-physical, chemical, and biological effect of processing on nutritional quality and utilization
• Pelleted and extruded feeds
• Quality control of raw feedstuffs and finished feeds: Significance of BIS (standards)
• Handling and storage of raw and finished feeds
• Methods to improve shelf life of fat rich feeds, by-products newly introduced commercial crops including residues of genetically modified feeds
• Alternative feed resources
• Current approaches in enriching tropical feed resources-concept of total mixed ration and advances in complete diet formulation

Animal nutrition: Unit 08

• Naturally occurring anti-nutritional factors and common toxins in feeds and forages
• Methods of detoxification
• Health hazards due to residual pesticides in feeds and forages-environmental pollutants

Animal nutrition: Unit 09

• Principles of animal experimentation-experimental designs in nutritional research
• Modern methods of feed evaluation-in vitro, gas production and nylon bag techniques, rumen simulation techniques-rustee tracer techniques in nutrition research, role of NIR spectroscopy, feed microscopy in quality evaluation of feedstuffs

Animal nutrition: Unit 10

• Role of nutrition to control digestive and metabolic disorders (milk fever, ketosis, ruminal acidosis-laminitis, bloat), metabolic profile tests
• Role of nutrition in immunity, nutrition, and reproduction, nutrients as antioxidants
• Role of nutrition in management of GI parasites

Animal physiology: Unit 01

• Animal cell ultrastructure, composition, and functions
• Physicochemical laws and membrane phenomena
• Body fluid and its dynamics
• Transport of through biological membrane

Animal physiology: Unit 02

• Composition of blood, structure, and functioning of its constitutes
• Blood coagulation and anticoagulants
• Hemoglobin and its polymorphism
• Anaemias
• Reticuloendothelial system
• Body defense mechanism and immunogenesis
• Electrophysiology of heart
• Electrocardiography-principles and interpretation
• Hemodynamics and concerned biophysical principles
• Capillary fluid exchange and lymphatic circulation
• Neural and humoral control of heart and blood vessels
• Cardiac output and vascular reflexes
• Autoregulation mechanism in the heart regional circulation-coronary, pulmonary, cerebral, muscle, kidney and skin, blood brain barrier
• Circulatory shock and hypertension and cardiac failure

Animal physiology: Unit 03

• Mechanics of respiration
• Neural and chemical control of respiration
• Gaseous transport and exchange
• Hypoxia
• Physiology of hypo-barrism and high altitude
• Work and exercise physiology
• Respiration in birds

Animal physiology: Unit 04

• Modern concepts of urine formation
• Control of renal circulation
• Secretion and absorption in renal tubules
• Regulation of acid-base balance by blood buffers, lungs, and kidneys
• Hormonal and renal regulation of body fluids and electrolyte balance
• Physiology of micturition
• Uremia and other renal disorders
• Renal functions in birds

Animal physiology: Unit 05

• Control of motility and secretion of alimentary canal
• Gastric hormones and reflexes in the control of digestive functions
• Control of rumen motility
• Digestion in ruminant and monogastric animals
• Absorption from rumen and the digestive tract
• Manipulation of rumen microflora to enhance fibre digestion and microbial protein synthesis
• Nitrogen recycling and rumen bypass mechanisms
• Post-ruminal digestion
• Physiology of rumen disorders
• Avian digestion (different features)

Animal physiology: Unit 06

• Muscle types and their intra-cellular contractile mechanisms
• Electrophysiology of muscles
• Neuromuscular junction
• Excitation contraction coupling, its biochemical, and ionic mechanisms
• Molecular basis of muscle contraction
• Rigor mortis

Animal physiology: Unit 07

• General organization of nervous system
• Neuron structure and function
• Excitability and transmission of impulse in neuron and muscle
• Junctional transmission
• Neurotransmitters
• Reflex action
• Initiation of impulses from sense organ/ receptors
• Functions of spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum
• Limbic system and cerebral cortex
• Hypothalamus and its autonomic functions in endocrine, and visceral regulation
• Ascending and descending tracts
• Cerebral cortex, its role in motor, and sensory functions
• Physiology of learning and memory
• Physiology of pain
• Special senses (hearing, vision, taste, smell, etc)

Animal physiology: Unit 08

• Hormones
• Hormone receptors
• Mechanism of hormone action at cellular and subcellular levels
• Feedback control of hormone secretion
• Hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis
• It should include-(i) hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis controlling secretions from thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and gonals, (ii) endocrine control of general metabolism
• Releasing and inhibiting factors
• Pineal gland and its hormones
• Hormones of hypophysis and all other endocrine glands
• Mechanisms of different hormone actions
• Endocrine disorders

Animal physiology: Unit 09

• Gonadal hormones and their functions in male and female
• Neuroendocrine-gonadal axis and feedback regulation
• Male spermatogenesis
• Accessory sex glands
• Sexual behaviour erection, ejaculation etc
• Semen evaluation
• Factors affecting reproduction
• Artificial insemination-collection, preservation and transport, and semen diluents
• Freezing of semen
• Oogenesis
• Follicular development
• Ovulation
• Corpus lutetium
• Reproductive cycles in animals
• Factors affecting reproductive cycles
• Female reproductive hormones
• Oestrous synchronization, superovulation
• Sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction
• Sperm and ovum transport in female genital tract
• Fertilization, implantation
• Maternal recognition of pregnancy, maintenance of pregnancy, and its hormonal control
• Physiology of placenta
• Physiology of parturition and its hormonal control
• Embryo transfer-collection, preservation, transport, and transfer of embryos
• Oocytculture
• In-vitro fertilization
• Mammary gland growth before puberty, during pregnancy and after parturition, and its hormonal control
• Lactation-hormonal control of lactation and milk let-down
• Maintenance and cessation of lactation
• Mammary gland involution
• Milk precursors and synthesis of milk constituents
• Methods of studying mammary uptake of nutrients, ultra structure of lactating mammary gland
• Milk composition in different animals
• Avian reproduction-ovulation, egg formation, oviposition, and their hormonal control
• Spermatogenesis and semen composition

Animal physiology: Unit 10

• Concept and definition
• Growth regulation and factors affecting prenatal and postnatal growth
• Role of growth in production
• Growth curve and growth measurement, body conformation, and evaluation of carcass quality

Animal physiology: Unit 11

• Physiology of climate stress
• Effects of stress on production and reproduction
• Neural and hormonal regulation of body temperature in homeotherms
• Mechanism of adaptation
• Photoperiodicity and biological rhythms
• Design of shelters/ animal houses for different class of livestock for different climate conditions

Animal physiology: Unit 12

• Different types of behaviour in animals like feeding, grazing, drinking, and thermoregulatory behaviour, neuroendocrine control of behaviour in livestock

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 01

• Biology of sex
• Development of female genitalia
• Functional anatomy of female reproductive system of farm animals
• Growth, puberty, and sexual maturity
• Reproductive cycles (estrous cycle) in female farm animals
• Oogenesis and folliculogenesis
• Follicular dynamics and ovulation
• Transport and survival of gametes, fertilization, cleavage, implantation, and maternal recognition of pregnancy
• Development of foetus and foetal membranes
• Placenta-classification and functions
• Gestation and pregnancy diagnosis in farm animals

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 02

• Reproductive hormones, classification, synthesis, chemical composition, and mechanism of action
• Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, gonadotropic, gonadal, placental, and pineal gland hormones
• Prostaglandins, pheromones, growth factors, and hormone antagonists, and their significance in animal reproduction
• Hormonal assays
• Hormonal regulation of male and female reproduction
• Clinical uses of hormones

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 03

• Pregnancy, pseudocyesis, ectopic pregnancy, abnormalities of fertilization and foetal development, superfecundation, and superfetation
• Abortion-bacterial, viral, mycotic, protozoal, physical, toxic and miscellaneous causes, diagnosis and prevention, dropsy of foetal membrane and foetus, maceration, mummification, pyometra, antepartum vagino-cervical prolapse
• Uterine torsion, and displacement of uterus

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 04

• Pelvis and pelvimetry
• Parturition-signs approaching parturition, initiation and stages of parturition, induction of parturition, and postpartum period
• Presentation, position, and posture
• Causes and forms of dystocia and its treatment
• Epidural anesthesia
• Obstetrical maneuvers including fetotomy and caesarean section
• Postpartum complications in domestic animals, retention of placenta, uterine prolapse, endometritis, metritis, septic metritis
• Post parturient metabolic disorders

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 05

• Comparative anatomy of male reproductive system
• Thermoregulation of testis and blood testis barrier, growth, puberty, and sexual maturity
• Spermatogenesis including cycle of somniferous epithelium and spermatogenic wave
• Sperm morphology and ultra-structure of spermatozoa, sperm transport, maturation and storage in male genital tract, secretions of male reproductive tract including accessory glands and their role in reproduction, sexual/ mating behaviour
• Semen and its composition, biochemistry of semen and sperm metabolism, sperm abnormalities and its classification, sperm separation, and spermatozoa karyotyping

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 06

• Fertility, infertility, and sterility in male domestic animals
• Causes and forms of male infertility
• Testicular hypoplasia, cryptorchid, testicular degeneration, orchitis, affections of epididymis, vas deferens, penis, prepuce and accessory glands, and their management, tumors of the male reproductive tract, nutritional infertility, vices in the males
• Evaluation of male for breeding soundness, reproductive health status
• Effect of parental drugs and vaccines on semen quality

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 07

• History and development of artificial insemination
• Advantages and disadvantages of artificial insemination and frozen semen, selection of bulls for artificial insemination purpose
• Management of breeding bulls, methods of semen collection in different domestic animals, semen evaluation including latest techniques for evaluation of motility and fertilization
• Ideal extenders, extenders for liquid semen
• Preservation of semen at various temperatures
• Processing and preservation of liquid semen
• Extenders for frozen semen, principles and techniques of semen freezing
• Cold shock and ultra-low temperature shock
• Cryoprotectants
• Semen additives
• Evaluation of frozen semen
• Transport and storage semen
• Handling of frozen semen, liquid nitrogen, and its containers
• Insemination techniques
• Planning and organization of semen bank

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 08

• Synchronization of estrous cycle in domestic animals, control of ovulation
• Embryo transfer technology-history, advantages, and disadvantages, superovulation, collection, evaluation, preservation, and transfer of oocytes/ embryos
• History of in vitro maturation and fertilization
• Recovery of oocytes in-vitro and in-vivo, maturation, fertilization, culture, evaluation, preservation and transfer of oocytes/ embryos
• Micromanipulation of embryos
• Embryo splitting and cloning
• Stem cells and production of transgenic animals
• Sex determination and gene insertion
• Establishment of laboratory for ETT, IVM, IVF, and IVC
• Use of ultrasonography, laparoscopy, and ovum-pick technology in farm animals

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 09

• Fertility, infertility, and sterility
• Evaluation of herd fertility
• Incidence and economic role of infertility, forms of infertility, congenital and hereditary defects, infectious diseases
• Pathological conditions of ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, and vulva
• Management causes of infertility
• Hormonal causes of infertility, anestrus, repeat breeding, cystic ovarian degeneration, sexual health control, and reproductive health programmes
• Breeding soundness examination of cows and buffaloes

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 10

• Puberty, sexual maturity, breeding season, oestrous cycle, breeding and conception, gestation, parturition, periparturient, and obstetrical complications
• Synchronization of estrous cycle
• Embryo transfer
• Causes of infertility and their management

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 11

• Estrous cycle, synchronization of oestrous cycle, hormonal control of reproduction
• Various forms of infertility in swine and their management
• Various obstetrical problems and their management

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 12

• Physiology and pathology of equine reproduction
• Research techniques and methodology for the study of equine reproduction
• Equine andrology
• Reproductive behaviour and management of stallion
• Semen collection, examination, and artificial insemination
• Pregnant mare behaviour
• Application of modern reproductive techniques in equine reproduction
• Equine infertility

Animal reproduction and gynaecology: Unit 13

• Functional anatomy of dog and cat reproductive system, estrous cycle and endocrinology of estrous cycle and detection of optimum breeding time
• Exfoliative vaginal cytology
• Methods of pregnancy diagnosis, contraception
• Medical termination of pregnancy
• Infertility in bitches, disorders of estrous cycle, pseudopregnancy, pyometra, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, tumors of reproductive tract
• Difficult whelping-types and methods of handling dystocia
• Caesarean section
• Ovarian hysterectomy
• Periparturient complications
• Semen collection, evaluation, techniques of artificial insemination, infertility in male including testicular tumors-cryptorchid, affections of prostate

Dairy chemistry: Unit 01

• Specific compositional differences among milk from various species; variations in milk composition due to breed, feed, season, stage of lactation and mastitis; colostrum and abnormal milks, physical properties of milk; acid base equilibrium
• Oxidation-reduction potential, density, viscosity, interfacial tension, freezing point, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, refractive index, milk buffer capacity, physical equilibrium among milk salts
• Effect of various treatments on salt equilibrium; salt balance and its importance in processing of milk; water activity, and its effect on shelf life; colloids, properties and colloidal stability of milk
• Emulsions, foams, and gels formation, their stability and importance in dairy processing
• Lactose-structure, isomers, physical, chemical, and biochemical properties
• Browning mechanisms
• Estimation and biosynthesis
• Lactose intolerance
• Significance of carbohydrates in milk and milk products
• Distribution of trace elements in milk and their technological and nutritional importance; water soluble vitamins-molecular structure and their levels in milk and milk products, biological significance, and factors affecting their levels

Dairy chemistry: Unit 02

• Casein micelles-structure, size distribution, stability and physico-chemical properties; casein models
• Amino acid composition and physico-chemical properties of different fractions of caseins; whey process, denaturation of milk proteins as influenced by temperature, pH, and additives
• Biosynthesis, structure, function, and physico-chemical properties of α-lactalbumin and ß-lactoglobulin, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, lactoferrins, lipoproteins, and fat-globule membrane proteins and their importance; milk protein allergenicity
• Role in immune response, chemistry of milk enzymes and their significance with reference to milk processing and milk products
• Kinetics of chemical reactions and enzyme kinetics; casein hydrolysate, coprecipitates, and whey protein concentrates; bioactive peptides

Dairy chemistry: Unit 03

• Classification, composition, structure, and general physical and chemical properties
• Auto-oxidation-definition, theories, factors affecting, prevention, and measurement
• Antioxidants-mechanism of reaction and estimation
• Lipolysis
• Fatty acids-profile, properties, and affecting factors
• Unsaponifiable matter
• Cholesterol-structure, forms, importance, and level in milk
• Chemistry of phospholipids and their role in milk and milk products
• Fat-soluble vitamins-chemistry, physiological functions, levels in milk, cream, butter, and ghee
• Biosynthesis of milk fat
• Cla biosynthesis and its nutritional and health benefits

Dairy chemistry: Unit 04

• Estimation methods for antibiotics, pesticides, heavy metals, lactose, lactate, protein, total solid, lat, salt, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorous, iron, citric acid in milk, and milk products
• Estimation of vitamin A, total phospholipids and free fatty acids in ghee
• Estimation of starch in food
• Measurement of bod and cod in dairy waste

Dairy chemistry: Unit 05

• Size distribution of fat globules, creaming phenomenon, composition, and properties of cream and dry cream
• Chemistry of neutralization and ripening
• Butter mechanism of churning during butter preparation
• Desi and creamery butter composition, properties, microstructure, grading, standards, and defects
• Ghee-compositional differences in ghee prepared by different methods and variations in ghee and butter oil, analytical constants, and factors affecting them
• Differences in cow and buffalo ghee
• Hydrolytic and oxidative deterioration of ghee, their causes, and prevention
• Adulteration of ghee and methods of detection
• Ghee grading, antioxidants: Natural and synthetic
• Physico-chemical characteristics of buttermilk and ghee residue

Dairy chemistry: Unit 06

• Role of protein-protein interaction and age gelation of uht milk
• Physical and chemical changes during preparation of concentrated milk and subsequent storage
• Compositional differences between condensed and evaporated milk
• Dried milk; structure and physico-chemical properties
• Physical properties of instat powder, infant food
• Spoilage of milk powder and its control
• Khoa: Composition and changes during manufacture
• Composition and changes during preparation of chhana and paneer

Dairy chemistry: Unit 07

• Composition and varietal differences
• Chemistry of rennin action
• Influence of acidity, renneting, and heat on the process of cheese manufacture
• Changes during manufacture and ripening
• Role and mechanism of action of stabilizers and emulsifiers, rheological properties and defects of cheese
• Milk clotting enzymes from different sources-microbial, animal, and plant
• Theories and metabolic pathways of fermentation
• Dahi, yoghurt, and acidophilus milk: Composition and specific differences, chemical changes during fermentation, flavour development
• Composition of lassi and buttermilk
• Nutritional and therapeutic significance of fermented milk products

Dairy chemistry: Unit 08

• Composition and physical structure, changes during ageing, freezing, hardening, and defects
• Role and mechanism of stabilizers and emulsifiers
• Kulfi: Composition and differences with ice-cream

Dairy chemistry: Unit 09

• Standards, statutory, and voluntary organization
• PFA act, sampling, labelling, PFA and AGMARK, BIS, 1809000 standards for milk products
• Total quality management, sensory evaluation of milk and milk products
• Calibration of glasswares (lactometer, butyrometer, milk pipette, thermometer) used in quality control laboratory, legal requirements of packaging material and product information, nutrition labelling

Dairy chemistry: Unit 10

• UV-vis spectrophotometry, IR
• Separation techniques: TLC, GLC, HPLC, Ion exchange, size exclusion, affinity chromatography, analytical sedimentation, sedimentation equilibrium, isopycnic ultracentrifugation
• Ultrafiltration
• Precipitation by salting out agents
• Electrophoresis-PAGE, SDS-PAGE, radio-tracers technique
• Flame photometry and potentiometry (principle, various electrodes, electrometric measurements of pH, buffers)

Dairy microbiology: Unit 01

• Morphological, natural, physiological, spoilage, and pathogenic characteristics of commonly occurring microbes in milk and milk products; newer approaches for classification of microorganisms
• Types of microbes in normal and mastitic milk and importance of somatic cell counts; food poisoning, food infections, toxi-infections and other milk borne diseases; emerging food borne pathogens associated with milk and milk products
• Epidemiological studies using dna fingerprinting techniques like rapd, rflp, dgge, tgge, rep-pcr, etc
• Sources of microbial contamination of raw milk and their relative importance in influencing quality of milk during production, collection, transportation, and storage
• Microbial and chemical changes in raw milk during chilling and refrigeration

Dairy microbiology: Unit 02

• Bactofugation, thermisation, pasteurization, sterilization, boiling
• UHT, pulsed field treatment and membrane filtration of milk
• Types of spoilages in heat-treated milks
• Enumeration of heat resistant microbes
• Germination and sporulation of bacterial spores; prevention of post-processing contamination in heated milk
• Identification of sources of contamination in heat treated milks
• D, F, and Z values for various microbes
• Heat induced damage and repair in bacterial cells
• Role of resuscitation in recovery of heat injured microbial cells; bacteriological grading of raw and heat-treated milk
• Microbiological spoilage aspects of thermally processed milks; role of psychrotrophic, thermoduric, thermophilic bacteria and their metabolites in milk spoilage, biofilms

Dairy microbiology: Unit 03

• LP system, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, lactoferrin, etc
• Preservation of milk and milk products by physical (irradiation) and chemical agents; food grade biopreservatives (GRAS), bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria; nisin and other antimicrobials produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
• Application of bacteriocins as food grade biopreservatives in enhancing shelf life of foods; enhancing antimicrobial potentials of LAB by recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering
• Residues of antibiotics, detergents, sanitizers, pesticides, and aflatoxins in milk, mode of action on microbes and biological consequences-as well as their detection by newer approaches like charm test, HPLC, ELISA, and biosensor based techniques

Dairy microbiology: Unit 04

• Frozen dairy products (ice-cream); concentrated dairy products (evaporated and sweetened condensed milk) and dried milks (roller and spray dried milks and infant foods)
• Factors influencing the microbiological quality of above products during their production, processing, handling, storage and distribution; microbial defects associated with these products and their control
• Microbiological safety in relation to potential pathogens and their public health significance; national and international microbiological standards for dairy products (BIS, ICMSF, codex alimentarius standards)

Dairy microbiology: Unit 05

• Types of starter cultures and their classification; identification of LAB based on conventional and molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA sequencing
• Ribotyping, PCR, and DNA fingerprinting; microbiology of starter cultures; single and multiple strain cultures, and custom cultures; associative growth of starter cultures; concepts of starter growth and metabolism of lactose and citrate
• Production of taste and aroma compounds by starters in fermented milks and milk products; changes caused by starters in milk during growth; modem trends in propagation, production, and preservation of starter cultures; production of starter concentrates
• DVS starters: Judging of starter quality and activity; starter defects; starter failure; intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with starter failure; bacteriophages of dairy starters and their impact on dairy industry
• Prevention and control of starter failures
• Genetics and molecular biology of acid, flavour, and therapeutic properties of LAB
• Role of plasmids in their metabolism; genetic manipulation of LAB for ameliorated performance; food grade cloning and expression vectors; LAB as hosts for expression for heterologous proteins and development of food grade oral vaccines
• Lab genome projects

Dairy microbiology: Unit 06

• LAB as probiotics in development of health foods; selection criteria, colonization, and functional properties; antibacterial and therapeutic properties of probiotic cultures; survival and stability of probiotics in health foods, gut, and their tracking
• Concept of probiotics and synbiotics; genetic markers of probiotic functions and their application for mass screening; genomics of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria; cloning and sequencing of probiotic gene; sequence analysis
• Blast, clustal w and clustal x
• Pairwise and multiple alignment; homology and phylogenetic tree/ dendrograms; LAB as nutraceutical ingredients-a source of vitamin synthesis and exopolysaccharide production; bioactive peptides and their role as nutraceuticals in dairy foods

Dairy microbiology: Unit 07

• Role of starters in the preparation of yoghurt, koumiss, kefir, cultured buttermilk, and whey based beverages and other fermented products
• Therapeutic properties of fermented foods; microbial defects in these products, safety and their prevention and control; microbiology of hard, semi-hard and soft varieties of cheese
• Role of starter culture and non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) during preparation and ripening of cheese; accelerated ripening of cheese; production and use of microbial rennet substitutes; recombinant chymosin and its application
• Defects in cheese, microbiological safety and their prevention and control

Dairy microbiology: Unit 08

• Khoa and chhana based sweets, burfi, peda, rasogulla, gulab jamun, kheer, kulfi, shrikhand, paneer, dahi, lassi, ghee, etc
• Sources of microbial contamination, their role in spoilage of these products and their microbiological safety, prevention and control: Role of personnel and environmental hygiene at the level of production and processing
• Need for microbiological standards for assessing the quality and safety of indigenous products; concept of TQM and HACCP implementation in improvement of quality and safety of indigenous products
• Current role of modified packaging for extending the shelf stability of indigenous dairy products, antimicrobial packaging, controlled and modified atmosphere (CAP/ MAP) based technologies

Dairy microbiology: Unit 09

• Cleaning and sanitization of equipments, machineries and other contact surfaces used in production and processing of milk and milk products; types of detergents and their mechanisms of soil removal from the surfaces
• Efficacy of sanitizers including gaseous disinfectants and evaluation of sanitizing disinfectant properties; factors affecting activity of detergents and sanitizers; built detergents, commercial detergents and combined detergent-sanitizers
• Biological consequences of dairy waste disposal; disposal of dairy effluents after microbial treatment; BOD and COD analysis in dairy effluents; microbiological quality of air and water used in dairy plants

Dairy microbiology: Unit 10

• Good manufacturing practices (GMP) and the relevance and sanitary standard operating procedures (SSOP); importance of total quality management (TQM) in dairy industry; application of HACCP programme in dairy industry
• Safety concerns of biofilm formation on equipment surfaces and their control measures; risk assessment approaches and role of productive microbiology in dairy foods
• Conventional and current methods like impedance, ATP luminescence, pyruvate, etc in detection of food pathogens; application of immunological, PCR, real time PCR, DNA probes, microarrays (biochips) and biosensors, etc for detection of food pathogens
• Biosafety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)/ foods

Dairy technology: Unit 01

• Status of dairy industry in India
• Recent policy changes related to dairy sector (MMPO and WTO)
• Principles and practices for production of high quality milk
• Methods of milk procurement, payment, quality assessment, detection of adulterants, handling, and transportation of milk
• Methods of raw milk preservation
• Physical properties and chemical composition of milk of cow, buffalo, and other species of milch animals; their importance in milk processing
• Centrifugal separation, clarification, and bactofugation and factors affecting their efficiency
• Homogenization process and its implications in dairy processing; efficiency of homogenization and factors affecting it
• Thermal processing of milk
• Principles and methods of pasteurization and sterilization
• UHT processing and aseptic packaging
• Special milks
• Principles of production, processing and marketing of toned, double toned, reconstituted, recombined, flavoured, and filled milks

Dairy technology: Unit 02

• Basic principles and recent concepts in production and processing of different types of cream, butter, margarine, fat spreads, butter oil, and ghee
• Fractionation of fat and its application
• Health aspects of milk fat
• Cholesterol reduced and cholesterol-free dairy products

Dairy technology: Unit 03

• Trends in the frozen milk products industry in India
• Definition, classification, and composition of ice-cream and other frozen desserts
• Role of milk constituents and other ingredients, processing steps, packaging, and storage methods on quality of ice cream
• Technological aspects of manufacture of plain, fruit, soft-serve, low fat and diabetic ice-creams and novelties
• Indigenous frozen desserts, kulfi, malai-ka-baraf, etc; their production techniques and quality
• Distribution of frozen desserts
• Newer ingredients for use in the ice-cream industry

Dairy technology: Unit 04

• Status and scope of cheese industry
• Fermented milk products-their nutritional and therapeutic value
• Definition and classification of cheese and fermented milks
• Milk in relation to cheese making
• Manufacture of cheddar, gouda, mozzarella, and swiss cheeses
• Role of starter cultures in cheese quality
• Types of rennet for cheese manufacture
• Physical and chemical changes during cheese ripening
• Manufacture of processed cheese, cheese spread, and cheese foods
• Mechanization of cheese-making process
• Modern concepts in accelerated cheese ripening
• Storage and defects
• Production and storage of dahi, yoghurt, shrikhand, lassi, and mishti dohi
• Probiotic dairy products

Dairy technology: Unit 05

• Milk in relation to processing and manufacture of concentrated and dry milks
• Principles and methods of manufacture, storage, and defects in sweetened condensed milk
• Evaporated milk
• UHT sterilized concentrated milk
• Whole milk powder
• Skim milk powder, high-fat powders, and ice-cream powder
• Instantization of milk powder
• Newer technologies and formulations for infant foods and weaning foods, malted milk, and malted milk foods

Dairy technology: Unit 06

• Status and role of traditional dairy products in Indian dairy industry, and economy
• Characteristics of various traditional products, their prospects, and constraints
• Methods of production; physico-chemical changes during manufacture; quality attributes, shelf-life, preservation and packaging
• Process innovations relating to khoa, chhana, paneer, rabri, kheer, Khoa, and chhana-based sweets

Dairy technology: Unit 07

• Status, availability, and utilization of dairy by products
• Associated economic and pollution problems
• Manufacture of casein, sodium, and calcium-caseinates, edible casein, hydrolysates, coprecipitates, whey protein concentrates, whey beverages, whey syrups, and lactose
• Use of buttermilk
• Development/ formulation of new products based on dairy byproducts

Dairy technology: Unit 08

• Present status and scope
• Role of packaging and package design considerations
• Evaluation of packaging materials and package performance
• Packaging materials and systems for liquid, concentrated, dried, frozen, and fat-rich dairy products
• Special packaging methods such as vacuum, shrink, and aseptic packaging
• Modified atmosphere packaging
• Package standards, regulations, and quality control

Dairy technology: Unit 09

• Properties of important dairy detergents and sanitizers
• Choice of detergents and sanitizers guiding principles and limiting factors
• Basic principles in formulating the cleaning and sanitizing procedures for dairy equipments
• Automation in cleaning and sanitization processes including CIP
• Quality of water in detergency

Dairy technology: Unit 10

• Radiation preservation of milk and milk products
• Theory and application of microwave heating, Ohmic heating, and high pressure processing
• Immobilization of enzymes and their use in dairy and food industry
• Theory of ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, and microfiltration techniques
• Selection and types of membranes
• Application of membrane technology in dairy and food industry
• Fouling, cleaning, and sanitization of membranes
• Emulsions, foams, and gels
• Electrodialysis and ion exchange in dairy applications
• Processing of cereals and legumes for incorporation in milk and milk products
• Use of milk solids in bakery and confectionery products
• Application of biotechnology in dairy industry

Dairy technology: Unit 11

• Safety aspects of milk with reference to mycotoxins, antibiotics, pesticides, weedicides, and heavy metals
• PFA, BIS, and agmark standards for milk and milk products
• Quality systems such as HACCP, ISO certification, etc

Livestock product technology: Unit 01

• Composition and physico-chemical properties of cow and buffalo milk
• Milk proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and other minor constituents of milk
• Nutritive value of milk
• Reception of milk-platform tests, filtration, and clarification, chilling, separation, standardization, pasteurization, and homogenization
• Cleaning and sanitation of dairy equipments
• Present status and future prospects of meat and poultry industry
• Structure, composition, physical biochemical and nutritive aspects, and functional properties of different kinds of meat, fish, poultry, and eggs
• Sensory evaluation and organoleptic properties of livestock products
• Postmortem aspects of muscle as meat
• Ageing of meat and chemical changes
• Meat in human health
• Bacteria, yeasts, 1 molds, parasites important in food microbiology
• General principles of spoilage
• Chemical and deteriorative changes caused by microorganisms
• Contamination and spoilage of meat, fish, poultry, and eggs
• Food poisoning and foodborne infections
• Assessment of microbial condition and wholesomeness of different livestock products
• National and international microbial standards

Livestock product technology: Unit 02

• Origin and source of animal foods
• Lay out, construction, design, organization, operation, and maintenance of abattoirs and poultry processing plants
• Pre-slaughter care and slaughtering techniques for different animals and birds
• Ante-mortem and postmortem inspection
• Judging and grading of animals and birds on foot and on rail
• Condemnation and disposal of unfit material
• Disposal of slaughterhouse effluents
• Sanitation, plant operation, and maintenance
• Sanitary standards for meat packing plants, meat cutting, and deboning
• Adulteration and misrepresentation of meat
• State, municipal, and other regulations pertaining to meat trade
• Meat food products order
• Processing and utilization of various animal and poultry by-products, slaughterhouse and poultry plant offals
• Methods of utilization of blood, fat, hides, and skin, horns, hooves, wool, hair, feather, glands, and other by-products
• Importance and utilization of by-products in industry, application of computer science in abattoir operation
• Robot technology and its application in meat and poultry industry

Livestock product technology: Unit 03

• Principles of processing of dairy products
• Special milk: Sterilized milk, flavoured milk, homogenized milk, soft curd milk, vitaminized/ irradiated milk, fermented milk, standardized milk, reconstituted/ dehydrated milk, recombined milk, toned, double toned milk, skimmed milk, humanized milk
• Processing of dairy products: Butter, butter oil, ice-cream, cheese, cream, condensed milk, dried milk, dried milk products, etc
• Indigenous dairy products: Ghee, khoa, dahi, makkhan, chhana, paneer, khurchan, lassi, organic milk
• Principles of preservation of livestock products
• Equipment and technology of processing and preservation
• Industrial food preservation, chilling, freezing, freeze drying, dehydration, canning irradiation, pasteurization, curing, smoking, use of chemical additives and antibiotics
• Cooking methods including microwave cooking
• Tenderization and use of enzymes for processed foods
• Production of value added products, process methods, process optimization, and quality control
• Development and preservation self stable (camed and dehydrated) intermediate moisture, textured, cured, fermented fabricated meat and poultry products
• Sanitation, regulation, and inspection of processed meat foods
• Effect of processing on nutritional, chemical, microbiological, and organoleptic qualities of livestock products
• Economics of pre costing and product development
• Application of biotechnology in processing and preservation of meat, poultry, and fish products
• Bioactive products and biogenic amines

Livestock product technology: Unit 04

• Basic aspects of wool science
• Shearing, physical, and chemical characteristics, processing, grading, standardization, storage, and marketing of wool, mohair, and fur (national and international)

Livestock product technology: Unit 05

• Principles of packaging
• Types of packaging materials
• Characterization, methods, and systems of packaging
• Gas packing, vacuum packing, modified atmosphere packaging, shrink and stretch packing, industrial packaging
• Aseptic and retort pouches
• Standardization and quality control of packaging material
• Product attributes and packaging requirements for different livestock products
• Latest trends in packaging of meat, poultry, eggs, wool, and fish products

Livestock product technology: Unit 06

• Grades and grading of livestock products
• Stress factors affecting meat quality-PSE, DFD, hot boning, cold shortening, and electrical stimulation
• Regulatory and inspection methods-municipal and state laws
• Bureau of Indian standards and international standards of fresh meat and poultry including their products and by-products
• Detection of antibiotics, chemical residues, heavy metals, and toxins in meat
• Techniques for detection of adulteration of meat
• HACCP concept of quality control of meat, fish, poultry, and eggs

Livestock product technology: Unit 07

• Livestock production and supply characteristics
• Meat consumption and related demands
• Types of market and trends in marketing livestock products and by-products, wholesale, retail, and future trends
• Consumer aptitude, education and awareness, and popularization of new products
• Corporate bodies in regulation of markets, marketing boards, cooperative agencies, internal trade and development of international market for livestock products
• Organization, operation, and sanitation of meat, poultry, fish, and egg retailing units
• Fast food chains and super markets
• Situation and outlook and methods for promotion and marketing of livestock products

Livestock production management: Unit 01

• Present status and future prospects of livestock and poultry development in India
• Animal production systems in different agro-climatic zones of the country
• Sustainability issue in relation to environment
• Effect of industrialization and mechanization of agriculture on livestock sector
• Breeds of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pigs, equine, camels, rabbits, and poultry
• Various livestock and poultry development programmes operative in the country
• Animal behaviour vis-a-vis adaptation and production
• Principles of domestication and behavioral factors favouring domestication
• Mating behaviour in various species of livestock and poultry
• Agonistic behaviour-causes and control
• Social order in farm animals
• Adaptation of livestock and poultry in tropics, deserts cold, and high altitudes
• Mixed farming, arable farming, integrated, and specialized farming systems
• Biotechnology in animal improvement

Livestock production management: Unit 02

• Basic principles of inheritance
• Concept of heritability, repeatability, and selection
• Important methods of selection and systems of breeding in farm animals and birds
• Importance of maintaining breeding records and their scientific interpretation

Livestock production management: Unit 03

• Nutrients and their functions
• Nutritional requirements and feeding managements of different categories of livestock and poultry
• Feed additives including antibiotic and probiotic feeding in farm animals and birds
• Formulation and compounding of rations for various categories of livestock and poultry
• Least cost ration formulation
• Systems of feeding livestock and birds
• Feeding standards for livestock and poultry
• Feed conversion efficiency of various categories of livestock and poultry
• Processing and storage of conventional and non-conventional feed ingredients
• Agro-industrial by-products in animal feeds

Livestock production management: Unit 04

• Reproductive systems of farm animals and birds
• Climate and nutrition affecting reproductive performance in farm animals
• Importance of early pregnancy diagnosis
• Methods of heat detection
• Artificial insemination
• Estrous prediction and synchronization
• Causes of disturbed fertility and its prevention in farm animals
• Management factors affecting reproductive efficiency
• Summer and winter management problems and their solutions

Livestock production management: Unit 05

• Housing systems, selection of site and layout of animal and poultry houses
• Space requirement for livestock and poultry, housing designs in different agro-climatic regions
• Macro and micro-climatic changes affecting designs of animal and poultry houses
• BIS (standards) for livestock and poultry housing
• Construction of cheap animal and poultry housing utilizing local resources
• Automation in livestock farming
• Disposal of animal wastes under urban and rural conditions
• Disposal of carcasses

Livestock production management: Unit 06

• General approach to livestock health programmes
• Prevention of diseases
• Hygiene and sanitation on animal farm
• Symptoms of ill health, important infectious diseases of livestock and poultry and their control
• Vaccination schedules in animals and poultry
• Internal and external parasites and their control
• Accidental health disorders and their control
• Common disinfectants used on animal farms
• Concept of first aid at farms
• Segregation and quarantine management for large animals and birds quarantine act, zoonotic diseases, labour health programme

Livestock production management: Unit 07

• Cattle and buffalo production trends and factors affecting them
• Prenatal and postnatal care and management of cattle and buffalo
• Care of neonates and young calves
• Management strategies for reducing mortality in calves, age at first calving, and calving intervals
• Management to improve reproductive efficiency in cattle and buffalo
• Feed conversion efficiency for growth and milk production
• Water requirement of dairy animals
• Herd registration

Livestock production management: Unit 08

• Draft animals: Population dynamics of various categories of draft and work animals in India. Characteristics of draft animals. Estimating draft capacity of different species. Harness for various types of draft animals. Training of work animals
• Draft animals: Feeding, care, and management of draft animals. Management of camel with special reference to rearing, feeding, and watering. Behavioural studies of various draft animals. Economics of draft animals vis-a-vis machine power
• Sheep and goat: Selection of breeds and breeding systems for improving wool, mohair, meat, and milk. Feeding practices for economic rearing. Scope of intensive milk and meat production from goat. Mutton and wool production from sheep
• Sheep and goat: Low cost shelter management. Sheep and goat reproduction. Health management
• Poultry: Brooding of chicks. Management of growing, laying, and breeding flocks. Shelter management. Biosecurity and environmental considerations. Cage layer management and well being of birds. Light management. Hatchery business management
• Poultry: Management during stress. Chick sexing. Maintenance of farm records health and sanitation problems. Prevention and disease control. Poultry shows. Handling care of table eggs and processing of birds for meat
• Equine: Care and management of horses, feeding and breeding systems, shelter management, shoeing, preparation and management of race horses
• Swine: Importance of pig as a meat animal. Selection of breeds and breeding systems for improving pig production. Feeding strategies for pigs. Care and management of pregnant sows and unweaned pigtlets. Reproduction problems in pigs and remedial measures
• Rabbit: Economic importance. Important fur and meat type breeds. Housing, handling, feeding, watering, breeding, management, sanitation, and health care of rabbits

Livestock production management: Unit 09

• Status of wildlife in India and its conservation
• Biological and ecological basis of management of wildlife
• Breeding and feeding of wildlife in captivity
• Health management

Livestock production management: Unit 10

• Classification of feeds and forages
• Feed and fodder resources used for feeding of livestock and poultry
• Nutritive value of feeds and fodders
• Conservation and preservation of feeds and fodders
• Annual and perennial fodder crops
• Strategies for round the year fodder production
• Pasture development and management
• Enrichment of poor quality roughages

Livestock production management: Unit 11

• Economic principles as applied to livestock production
• Production functions
• Farm size, resources, and product combinations
• Cost concepts
• Effect criteria in use of resources in livestock production, maintenance of evaluation of different production records
• Insurance and financing of livestock enterprises
• Project formulation for setting up livestock farms
• Different approaches to marketing of livestock and its products
• Present status of cattle fairs and methods of selling livestock
• Market news and information
• Determination of prices of livestock products
• Vertical integration in livestock products industries

Poultry science: Unit 01

• Phylogeny of poultry species, class, breed, variety, and strains of chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and other species of poultry
• Mendelian traits in poultry
• Inheritance of qualitative traits in poultry and their usefulness
• Inheritance of comb, plumage, and other qualitative traits
• Sex-linked and sex influenced traits, their inheritance, and usefulness
• Economically important traits and their modes of inheritance
• Gene action influencing the traits
• Lethal and semi-lethal traits in poultry and their mode of inheritance
• Quantitative traits
• Inheritance of egg number, egg weight, growth rate, livability, fertility, hatchability, egg quality, and other economic traits
• Heritability and their estimates
• Genetic correlations, their computation, and application
• Selection methods for genetic improvement-natural, artificial, directional, disruptive, and stabilizing
• Individual selection and family selection
• Mass selection, combined selection, and indirect selection
• Construction of selection indices
• Exploitation of additive and non-additive gene effects
• Selection for specific characters
• Recurrent and reciprocal recurrent selection
• Part record versus complete record selection
• Genotype and environment interaction
• Relative merits and demerits of different methods of selection
• Different mating systems-diallel mating, pair mating, pen mating, and block mating
• Artificial insemination-collection and insemination techniques, dilution, diluents, and cryopreservation of semen
• Inbreeding and outbreeding
• Pure-line breeding
• Cross-breeding
• Hybridization and hybrid vigour in improving economic traits, 3-way and 4-way crossing, and development of hybrids
• Modern trends in commercial poultry breeding
• Major genes and their usefulness in poultry breeding in tropics
• Dwarf gene and its usefulness in broiler breeding
• Practical breeding programmes for developing broilers and layers
• Selection for disease resistance
• Immunogenetics
• Blood group systems
• Biochemical polymorphism and usefulness in poultry breeding
• Development of transgenic chicken
• Different molecular techniques for estimation of genetic diversity and similarity among breeds and lines of poultry
• Scope of integrating quantitative and molecular approaches for genetic selection in poultry

Poultry science: Unit 02

• Various nutrients and their role in poultry
• Nutrient requirements of different species of poultry as per bureau of Indian standards and national research council of the USA
• Partition of energy
• Estimation of ME and TME essential and critical amino acids and their inter-relationships
• Evaluation of protein quality
• Essential fatty acids
• Essential vitamins and minerals and their functions
• Nutrients deficiency, toxicity, synergism, and antagonism
• Naturally occurring toxicants, their adverse effects on poultry, and methods to overcome them
• Fungal exotoxins of feed origin, their adverse effects on poultry, and methods to overcome them
• Different systems of feeding wet mash, dry mash, crumble and pellet feeding
• Restricted and phase feeding programme
• Male separate feeding
• Factors influencing the feed intake
• Feed ingredients and sources of various nutrients
• Quality control and BIS specifications for feed ingredients
• Unconventional feedstuffs and their utilization for economic feed formulation
• Feed formulation for different species and groups
• Least cost feed formulation and linear programming
• Non-nutrient feed additives
• Antibiotics, probiotics-direct feed microbials, antimicrobials, anticoccidials, performance-promoters, antioxidants, flavouring agents, colouring agents and other non-nutrient feed additives

Poultry science: Unit 03

• Homeostasis and its regulation; characteristics features of endocrine glands; regulation of feed and water intake; feed passage rate in GI tract in relation to digestion and absorption efficiency
• Functional regulation of digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients; endocrine control and variable factors influencing growth process; mechanisms that determines the sex and allows the development of left ovary and oviduct only
• Physiological control of age at sexual maturity, ovarian follicular hierarchy, atresia, ovulation, oviposition, pause, clutch size, and secretion of egg components; photoperiodism and its role in optimization of reproductive functions
• Physiology of avian testes, spermatogenesis, semen ejaculation and its characteristics
• Fate of sperm in oviduct and fertilization; respiratory system-mechanisms of gaseous exchange; thermoregulatory and stress mechanisms; physio-biochemical stress responses and remedial approaches
• Factors influencing reproductive functioning

Poultry science: Unit 04

• Structure, chemical composition, and nutritive value of egg
• Various measures of egg quality
• Shell, albumen, and yolk quality assessment
• Factors influencing egg quality traits
• Mechanism of deterioration of egg quality
• Weight and quality grades of egg as per BIS, agmark, and USDA standards
• Egg processing and storage
• Different methods of preservation of table eggs and their relative merits and demerits
• Preparation of various egg products and their uses
• Processing, packing, preservation, and grading of poultry meat
• Further processing and fast food preparation
• Physical, chemicals, microbial, and organoleptic evaluation of meat quality
• Processing and utilization of egg and poultry processing waste

Poultry science: Unit 05

• Poultry industry in India-past, present, and future prospects
• Statistics of egg and meat production in India
• Major constraints facing the poultry industry
• Selection, care, and storage of hatching eggs
• Principles and methods of incubation
• Concept of modern hatcheries
• Factors essential for incubation of eggs
• Testing of eggs
• High altitudes and hatchability of eggs
• Embryonic communication
• Photo acceleration and embryonic growth
• Factors influencing hatchability and production of quality chicks
• Analyzing hatchability problems
• Hatchery hygiene
• Fumigation procedure
• Prevention of hatchery borne diseases
• Utilization and disposal of hatchery waste
• Prerequisite of good hatchery
• Lay out of a modern hatchery
• Equipments required in a modern hatchery
• Single and multi-stage incubators
• Hatchery business
• Sexing, handling, packaging, and transportation of chicks
• Principles and methods of brooding
• Space required for brooding, rearing, feeding, and watering
• Preparation of brooder house to receive young chicks
• Forced feeding of turkey poults
• Brooding of quails, ducklings, and turkey poults
• Managements during growing period
• Overcrowding, culling
• Management of replacement pullets for egg production and breeding stocks
• Management of layers and breeders
• Light management
• Debeaking, dubbing, and other farm routines
• Littre management
• Broodiness and forced moulting in layers
• Management of turkey, ducks, quails, and guinea fowl
• Summer and winter management
• Farm location and site selection
• Ideal layout of poultry houses for different systems of rearing
• Design of poultry houses like brooder, grower, broiler, layer, and cage house, poultry processing unit, feed mill, etc
• Environmentally controlled and open poultry houses
• Types of construction materials used
• Cross-ventilation and ridge ventilation
• Effect of pollution on production performance of birds
• Ammonia control in poultry houses
• Type of brooders, feeders, waters, laying nests, cages, etc
• Automation in poultry production

Poultry science: Unit 06

• Economic principles as applied to poultry production
• Production functions
• Farm size-resources and product combinations, efficiency criteria in use of resources in poultry production
• Cost concept
• Maintenance and evaluation of different production records
• Insurance and financing of poultry enterprises
• Project formulation for setting up of poultry farms and hatcheries
• Production and requirement of poultry products in India and for exports
• Various marketing channels
• Transportation of eggs and chicken
• Marketing approaches
• Horizontal and vertical integration in poultry industry and their importance
• Price spread in marketing of poultry and poultry products
• Role of cooperatives in poultry farming

Poultry science: Unit 07

• Common diseases of poultry-bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan, parasitic and other emerging diseases of poultry, their prevention, control, and treatment
• Metabolic and nutrient deficiency diseases and disorders
• Vaccination programmes
• Deworming programmes, control of coccidiosis, worms, ectoparasites, and flies
• Medication procedures
• Cleaning and disinfection of poultry houses
• Drinking water sanitation
• General farm sanitation and hygiene
• Safe disposal of dead brics and farm waste
• Stress control
• Heat stroke
• Cold shock
• Vices of poultry and their control
• Biosecurity measures in poultry farms

Veterinary medicine: Unit 01

• Epidemiology and its ingredients
• Definitions of diseases known as-infectious, contagious, sporadic, epizootic, enzootic, panzootic, exotic, zoonotic, etc
• Meaning and purpose of segregation, isolation, quarantine, etc, role of occurrence, prevalence, incidence, morbidity rate, mortality rate, case fatality rate, mode of transmission, vectors, spread, economics, etc in terms of epidemiology of diseases
• General systemic states like-bacteremia, septicemia, pyemia, toxemia, hyperthermia, hypoglycemia, allergy, anaphylaxis, shock, dehydration, stress, sudden death, anasarca, anaemia, pica, etc

Veterinary medicine: Unit 02

• History taking
• General clinical examination
• Special clinical examination-electrocardiography, paracentesis, rumen fluid examination, haematology, blood biochemistry, urinalysis, ophthalmoscopy, otoscopy, endoscopy, ultrasonography, biopsies, etc

Veterinary medicine: Unit 03

• Specific conditions of organs of gastrointestinal system with special emphasis to: Simple/ acid/ alkaline indigestion, GI ulcers, choke, tympany, colic, impaction, traumatic reticulitis/ peritonitis, abomasal displacement, ascites, jaundice, hepatitis
• Specific conditions of organs of gastrointestinal system with special emphasis to: Enteritis, gastritis, etc

Veterinary medicine: Unit 04

• Principles of circulatory failure, acute heart failure, congestive heart failure, peripheral circulatory failure
• Myocardial and valvular diseases
• Epistaxis
• Pulmonary congestion and oedema
• Emphysema
• Pneumonia
• Pleurisy, URI aspiration pneumonia

Veterinary medicine: Unit 05

• Nephrosis, nephritis
• Pyelonephritis
• Cystitis
• Urolithiasis
• Uremia
• Cerebral anoxia
• Encephalitis
• Encephalomalacia
• Meningitis
• Encephalomyelitis
• Paralysis
• Urticaria
• Dermatitis
• Photosensitisation
• Seborrhoea
• Conjunctivitis
• Otitis
• Kerato-conjunctivitis
• Corneal ulcers
• Eczema
• Impetigo
• Alopecia

Veterinary medicine: Unit 06

• Metabolic profile test, milk fever, Downers cow syndrome, ketosis, hypomagnesaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, hypomagnesaemia, post-parturient haemoglobinuria, azoturia
• Fat cow syndrome, rickets, osteomalacia, osteodystrophia fibrosa
• Trace mineral and vitamin deficiency

Veterinary medicine: Unit 07

• Sources, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, post-mortem findings, diagnosis and treatment of conditions occurring in the following classes of poisonings: Metal corrosives/ irritants. Plant poisonings. Water-borne toxicities. Pesticide poisonings
• Sources, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, post-mortem findings, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions occurring in the following classes of poisonings: Insect bites and stings. Snake bite. Environmental pollution hazards
• Sources, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, post-mortem findings, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions occurring in the following classes of poisonings: Radiation hazards and injuries

Veterinary medicine: Unit 08

• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Mastitis, strangles. Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats. Clostridial diseases
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Ulcerative lymphangitis in horses and cattle. Listeriosis, leptospirosis, erysipelas
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Colibacillosis, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, brucellosis, TB, JD, actinomycosis
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Actinobacillosis, glanders, and mycoplasmal diseases

Veterinary medicine: Unit 09

• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Hog cholera. African swine fever. Leucosis FMD, RP. PPR. BMC BSE. Bovine viral diarrhea
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Mucosal diseases. Bluetongue. Influenza. Maedi. Pulmonary adenomatosis. Rabies. Encephalomyelitis
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Pseudorabies, louping ill, caprine arthritis, encephalitis, scrapie, visna, contagious ecthyma
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Pox, papillomatosis, distemper. Infectious canine hepatitis. Parvovirus enteritis
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Feline panleukopenia. Anaplasmosis, heart water diseases, contagious ophthalmia., aspergillosis
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Ringworm, bursattee, lymphangitis, babesiosis, theileriosis, coccidiosis, trypanosomosis
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Toxoplasmosis

Veterinary medicine: Unit 10

• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Major conditions produced by nematode, cestode, and trematode infestations
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of livestock: Major conditions produced by arthropod parasites

Veterinary medicine: Unit 11

• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of poultry: Newcastle disease, IBD, ILT, mycoplasmosis, coccidiosis, salmonellosis, necrotic enteritis
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of poultry: Malabsorption. Leucosis. Marek’ disease, mycotoxicosis, avian encephalomyelitis
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of poultry: Hydropericardium syndrome. Avian influenza, psittacosis-ornithosis, TB, histomoniasis
• Etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, postmortem findings, diagnosis, treatment, and control of the following diseases of poultry: Spirochaetosis, trichomoniasis, etc., parasitic diseases of poultry

Veterinary medicine: Unit 12

• Judicial procedure
• Duties of veterinarian particularly as an expert evidence
• Vetro-legal aspects of wounds
• Vetro-legal aspect of death in general, due to diseases, drowning, near drowning, electrocution, lightening, etc
• Post-mortem examination of a vetro-legal, cases
• Collection and dispatch of materials for forensic science examination
• Common offense against animals
• Common frauds in dealing with livestock and livestock products
• Animal Insurance
• Identification of animal species for vetro-legal purposes
• Determination of time since death
• Examination of blood and semen stains
• Blood grouping in animals and its vetero-legal significance
• Veterinary ethics: Code of conduct, professional ethics, and etiquette for veterinarian
• Laws: Role of veterinarian. Legal enactment in IPC related to animals and veterinarians. Prevention of cruelty to animal act, Indian veterinary council act. Wild life (protection) act. Glanders and Farcy act, livestock importation act
• Laws: Dangerous drug act and prisoning act. Legal provisions related to animals, animal diseases, and drugs

Veterinary medicine: Unit 13

• Veterinary fluid therapy with fluid, electrolyte, plasma expanders, packed cell transfusions, etc
• Clinical assessment of their requirement and doses
• Blood transfusion with blood groups in animals-their therapeutic significance
• Blood matching methods
• Oxygen therapy

Veterinary medicine: Unit 14

• General principles of control of diseases
• Role of OIE in disease control
• Internationally recognized control methods of designated diseases
• Prevention and control methods for national, area and herd based control programmes of diseases like TB, JD, rabies, brucellosis, HS, anthrax, BQ, mastitis, FMD, bluetongue, etc

Veterinary medicine: Unit 15

• Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of wildlife and zoo animals: Shock, stress, diseases of cardiovascular system, capture myopathy, metabolic and nutritional diseases, toxicosis by chemicals and plants, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis
• Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of wildlife and zoo animals: Pasteurellosis, anthrax, rabies, FMD, RP, Kyasanur forest diseases (KFD), surra, helminthiasis
• Clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of laboratory animals: Tyzzer’s diseases, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, strepto and staphylococcosis, pseudomoniasis, corneybacteriosis, mycoplasmosis (MRM), herpesvirus infection, pox diseases
• Clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of laboratory animals: Coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, helminthic infection, dermatophytosis, scabies, dermatitis, metabolic, and nutritional deficiencies
• Clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of laboratory animals: Management related diseases of mice, rat, guinea pig, hamster, and rabbit

Veterinary microbiology: Unit 01

• Milestones in the development of microbiology, classification and nomenclature of bacteria
• Structure, function and chemistry of bacterial nuclear apparatus
• Cytoplasm, intracellular granules, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, mesosomes, capsule, flagella, fimbriae, endospore, protoplasts, spheroplasts, L-forms, involution forms
• Bacterial stains, staining, and microscopy
• Growth and nutritional requirements of bacteria
• Bacterial enzymes
• Respiration in bacteria
• Carbohydrate protein, fat, and nucleic acid metabolism in bacteria
• Reproduction and growth phase of bacteria
• Effects of chemical and physical agents and antibiotics
• Bacterial variations including transduction, transformation, and conjugation
• Bacterial vaccines and toxins
• The role of microbial toxins in the pathogenesis of diseases; biochemical and biological characteristics of toxins produced by various bacteria
• Toxin producing gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
• Properties and clinical conditions produced by different bacterial toxins

Veterinary microbiology: Unit 02

• Systematic study of bacteria belonging to genera borrelia, leptospira, campylobacter, pseudomonas, brucella, bordetella, escherichia, citrobacter, salmonella, shigella, klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus, vibrio, haemophilus, staphylococcus, streptococcus
• Systematic study of bacteria belonging to bacillus, clostridium, listeria, erysipelothrix, corynebacterium, nocardia, rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, acholeplasma, spiroplasma, anaeroplasma and thermoplasma, rhodococcus, mycobacterium and neisseria

Veterinary microbiology: Unit 03

• Historical development of virology
• Evolution, classification, and nomenclature of viruses
• Biophysical and biochemical characteristics of viruses
• Cultivation of viruses and their growth pattern in cell culture, embryonated eggs, and experimental animals
• Purification and concentration of viruses
• Qualitative and quantitative assay of viruses
• Viral replication
• Virus-host cell relationships
• Replication strategies of animal viruses and molecular pathogenesis for selected viral system
• Latent, persistent, and chronic viral infections
• Study of genetic variability of animal viruses through use of monoclonal antibodies, autoimmunity, immunosuppression, and viral mutation in persistence infections
• General principles of laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases
• Epidemiology and pathology of viral infections
• Immune mechanism in viral diseases
• Interference and interferon
• Viral vaccines, point of action of antiviral molecules during the replication cycle of a virus and search for new antiviral compounds, viruses, and gene therapy
• Chemotherapy of viral infections

Veterinary microbiology: Unit 04

• Systematic study of RNA and DNA viruses in livestock and poultry with reference to antigenicity, cultivation, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and immunity, RNA viruses: Retroviruses and lymphotropic viruses, visna and maedi, arboviruses, rotaviruses
• RNA viruses: Birnaviruses. Picornaviruses. Bunyaviruses. Coronaviruses. Togaviruses. Paramyxoviruses, orthomyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses. Picornaviruses. Bunyaviruses. Arenaviruses. Arterioviruses. Caliciviruses. Filoviruses
• DNA viruses: Poxviruses. Hepadnaviruses. Iridoviruses, adenoviruses, papovaviruses. Parvoviruses. Hepadnaviruses. Circoviruses. Unclassified viruses. Slow viruses scrapie

Veterinary microbiology: Unit 05

• General characteristics of fungi
• Classification and study of pathogenic fungi-epidermophyton, microsporum, trichophyton, cryptococcus, aspergillus, blastomyces, coccidioides, histoplasma, candida, rhinosporidium, contaminating fungi, rhizopus, mucor, and penicillium
• Fungi causing mastitis, abortion, and mycotoxicosis

Veterinary microbiology: Unit 06

• Historical perspectives
• Host-parasite relationships
• Antigens
• Types of antigens
• Properties and specificity of antigens
• Factor determining antigenicity
• Haptens and carriers
• Heterophile antigens
• Adjuvants
• Mechanisms of action, classification, and their uses
• Immunoglobulins-their classes and sub-classes, structure, and function
• Allotypes
• Idiotypes
• Genes coding for IGS
• Generation of diversity
• Monoclonal antibodies
• Purification of antibodies
• Theories of antibody formation
• Lymphoid organs: Primary, secondary, and circulation of lymphocytes, cells involved in the immune response-B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, subsets, and nature of receptors
• Macrophages, dendritic reticular cells, langerhans cells
• Cellular interactions cell-mediated immune responses
• Mechanism of interaction of antigen and antibody
• The complement system
• Classical and alternate pathways
• Serological reactions: Agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, CFT, FAT, ELISA, DIE, RIA, etc, immunological methods as an aid to diagnosis, blotting techniques like northern, western blotting, major, histocompatibility complex: Organization
• Nature of antigens and MHC restriction
• Hypersensitivity-immediate and delayed types, and mechanism of hypersensitivity
• Mechanism of immunity, autoimmunity, and immunological tolerance

Veterinary microbiology: Unit 07

• Role of biotechnology in diagnostics and vaccines, RNA electropherotyping
• Probes-preparation of cDNA
• Use of DNA probe in animal diseases diagnosis
• Monoclonal antibodies
• Application on monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis of animal diseases
• Preparation of monoclonal antibodies
• Nucleic acid hybridization
• Modern trends in vaccines
• Recombinant DNA vaccines and their probable use in animal diseases
• Bioinformatic tools in microbial research, biosafety, biosecurity, GMP, and GLP

Veterinary parasitology: Unit 01

• Introduction to veterinary helminthology, general account of morphology, classification, life-cycle patterns, epizootiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis; treatment and control of parasites belonging to the various families

Veterinary parasitology: Unit 02

• Introduction to veterinary entomology, classification, distributions, morphology, life-cycle, seasonal patterns and economic significance of insects and acarines belonging to the various families
• Treatment, control, and integrated arthropod pest management
• Current advances in immunological interventions/ control of arthropods

Veterinary parasitology: Unit 03

• Introduction to veterinary protozoology, classification, morphology, life-cycle, clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, chemotherapy, prophylaxis, and control of parasites belonging to the various families

Veterinary parasitology: Unit 04

• Clinical and parasitological signs of parasitic infections in domestic animals, parasitic diseases of skin, eyes, alimentary, respiratory, urinary, genital, nervous, cardiovascular, and haematopoietic systems
• Keys to identification and different diagnosis of helminthic eggs, nematode larvae, gravid proglottids of major tapeworms, blood protozoans, and apicomplexan group of parasites

Veterinary parasitology: Unit 05

• Introduction and importance of parasitic zoonoses, classification of parasitic zoonoses, geo-veterinary and epidemiological aspects including factors influencing prevalence, distribution, and transmission of diseases
• Role of reservoir hosts, natural habitat, wildlife and their public health significance, clinical features, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, control and prophylaxis of zoonotic parasitic infections

Veterinary parasitology: Unit 06

• Factors affecting epidemiology, host environment, development and survival of infective stages, microhabitat, seasonal development (hypobiosis/ diapause), dietary and host factors altering susceptibility, concurrent infections
• Influence of genetic factors, general approaches to control of parasitic diseases-stock management practices, stock rates, rotational grazing, clean grazing
• Parasite worm burden (EPG)
• Strategic and tactical control strategies involved in chemical control of helminth, protozoan, and arthropod infestations
• Broad and narrow-spectrum anthelmintics, antiprotozoal drugs, insecticides, and acaricides
• Newer drug delivery systems-slow and pulse release methods
• Anthelmintic failure-drug resistance monitoring and management
• Prospects of alternative methods of control, breeding for host resistance against parasites
• Control of vectors and intermediate hosts and sustainable management
• Estimation of economical losses due to parasitic diseases

Veterinary parasitology: Unit 07

• General principles of parasitic immunity and immune responses to helminths, protozoa, arthropods-the adaptive immune responses, evasion of immunity, classical anti parasite responses-concomitant immunity, premunition, spring-rise, self-cure, VLM, CLM
• Parasitic granuloma, nodule formation, parasitic antigens relevant to immunity and diagnosis, their identification and purification-general protocols, immunomodulators and their use in immunopotentiation
• Demonstration and characterization
• Development of live, attenuated, killed, and new generation vaccines

Veterinary parasitology: Unit 08

• Laboratory diagnostic procedures for parasite identification and detection, copro detection techniques, floatation/ concentration, methods, direct microscopy, parasitic staining and special techniques used in parasite identification
• Culture and identification of nematode larvae, cercaria, identification of metacestodes and animal infestation, methods for parasite isolation
• Diagnostic procedures for manage and bot infestations
• General immunodiagnostic assays (ELISA, IFAT, Dot-ELISA, EITB)
• Principles of validation of diagnostic assays, and OIE recommendations for diagnosis and knowledge of referral laboratory of OIE and molecular techniques used in parasite epidemiology and diagnosis

Veterinary pathology: Unit 01

• Introduction, history, and scope of pathology
• Definitions
• Etiology of the disease
• Predisposing factors, intrinsic, and extrinsic factors responsible for the disease
• Physical agents, mechanical injuries
• Heat, cold, and decreased atmospheric pressure, light (photosensitization) UV light, microwaves, electricity, chemical agents-exogenous chemicals (toxin, poisons, drugs, and food substances)
• Endogenous chemicals (metabolites, cytolytic or inhibitory immune complexes, free radicals, oxidants)

Veterinary pathology: Unit 02

• Disturbances of circulation/ haemodynamic derangements hyperaemia, ischaemia, haemorrhage, sludged blood, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, oedema, and shock
• Disturbances of cell metabolism-protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, pigment metabolism, pathological calcification/ ossification
• Apoptosis, necrosis, gangrene
• Ultrastructural changes in cell organelles in haemodynamic derangements and cell metabolic disturbances

Veterinary pathology: Unit 03

• Inflammation-definitions associated with inflammatory phenomenon, etiology of inflammation, cardinal signs, pathogenesis of inflammation, chemical mediators released from injured tissues and inflammatory cells
• Cellular response in inflammation, structure and functions of cells associated with inflammation
• Role of humoral and cell mediated defenses
• Various classifications of inflammation
• Healing, cellular regeneration capability of different body cells
• Role of cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells), extracellular matrix components and growth factors in healing

Veterinary pathology: Unit 04

• Immunopathology-antibody and cells, immunocompetence of foetus and newborn
• Immune mediated tissue injury, hypersensitivity reactions-anaphylaxis, Arthur's reaction, cytotoxic antibody reaction, immune complex disease, delayed hypersensitivity to chemicals, immunodeficiency diseases, defective immuno-competence
• Autoimmune diseases

Veterinary pathology: Unit 05

• Genetic abnormalities, aberrations of chromosomes, mosaicisi, chimerism, anomalies in sex chromosomes, and it autosomal chromosomes
• Pathological states determined by one or more genes, lethal genes

Veterinary pathology: Unit 06

• Disturbance in cell growth-aplasia, hypoplasia, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia
• Neoplasms-growth, etiology, classification, morphology, and behaviour of the neoplasms, structure and biology of the tumor cell, tumor immunology, tissue response to tumors, spread of humors, pathological features of various neoplasms

Veterinary pathology: Unit 07

• Postmortem examination as a diagnostic tool
• Postmortem techniques for different species including poultry, postmortem changes, lesions in various organs in different diseases, identification and interpretation of lesions, preparation of necropsy reports
• Handling of necropsy in veterolegal cases, collection, preservation and dispatch of materials for diagnosis
• Fixation and processing of tissues for histopathology and histochemistry
• Different staining techniques
• Histochemistry and histo enzymology as diagnostic tools
• Principles of electron microscopy, processing of tissue for scanning, and transmission electron microscopy

Veterinary pathology: Unit 08

• Clinical laboratory examination of various biomaterials from different livestock species, complete blood counts, serum enzymology, bone marrow examination, erythrocytes, leucocytes, and platelet disorders and their interpretations
• Electrolyte and acid base analysis, altered electrolyte concentrations and their interpretations, fluid accumulation disorders, examination of effusions (chemistry and exfoliative cytology)
• Complete examination of urine, skin scrapings stools, CSF and milk for pathological constituents and interpretation of results

Veterinary pathology: Unit 09

• Pathology of cardiovascular, haemopoietic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, genital, nervous and musculoskeletal systems, endocrine glands, organ of special senses ie, eye, ear, skin, appendages

Veterinary pathology: Unit 10

• Pathology of bacterial, mycotic, viral, mycoplasmal, rickettsial, chlamydial, and parasitic diseases
• Diseases caused by prions

Veterinary pathology: Unit 11

• Farm placements and building in relation to disease, management and nutrition in relation to disease
• Biosecurity in the control of diseases
• Stress and its effects
• Omphalitis and yolk sac infection, newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, viral arthritis, infectious bursal disease, egg drop syndrome, inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome
• Infectious stunting syndrome, swollen head syndrome, Marek’s disease, avian leukosis/ sarcoma complex, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, mycoplasmosis, chlamydiosis, colibacillosis, spirochaetosis, aspergillosis, thrush, mycotoxicosis
• Parasitic diseases-nematodes, cestodes and protozoa, nephrosis/ nephritis syndrome, multi-etiology syndromes
• Immunosuppression and conditions/ diseases associated with it
• Vaccinations against various diseases, their failures, and remedies

Veterinary pathology: Unit 12

• Pathology of nutritional deficiency disease-protein, carbohydrate, mineral, and vitamins
• Concept of production diseases-pathology of milk fever, ketosis, magnesium tetany, rumen indigestion, nutritional haemoglobinuria

Veterinary pathology: Unit 13

• Clinicopathological features of toxicosis due to heavy meals, mycotoxins, insecticides, pesticides, toxic plants, chemicals, and drugs

Veterinary pathology: Unit 14

• Etiopathology of common diseases of laboratory and wild animals

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 01

• Development and scope, branches of pharmacology, terminology, sources and nature of drugs
• Pharmacopoeia and drug compendia
• Drug schedules
• Factor modifying drug activity
• Definition of pharmacogenomics, polymorphism and its use in drug development
• Pharmacodynamics: Drug structure activity relationship. Drug receptor interaction. Role of secondary messengers. Drug modulation via different types of channels. Characterisation of agonist, antagonists
• Pharmacokinetics : Principles, drug metabolism, and biotransformation. Factors modifying drug kinetics. Kinetic constants. Different models, determination of kinetic parameters and application in rational dosage regimen
• Pharmacometrics: Organisation and screening programmes and drug development. Multidimensional screening methods, bioassays. Determination of median doses-LDS50, EDSO, therapeutic indices. Types of dose response relationship

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 02

• Role of neurotransmitters in CNS
• Sedatives, hypnotics, general anesthetics, hypotheses, and clinical stages of anesthesia
• Pre-and post-anesthetics, molecular mechanism of action of inhalant and and parenteral anesthetics
• Anticonvulsants
• Tranquilizers
• Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics and antipyretics
• Drugs affecting behaviour
• Drug dependence and addiction and abuses
• CNS stimulants
• Muscle relaxants
• Local anesthetics

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 03

• Neurohumoral transmission
• Adrenergic and antiadrenergic drugs including adrenergic neuron blockers
• Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs
• Purinergic and adenosine receptors
• Dopaminergic and antidopaminergic agents
• Nitric oxide mediators
• Neuromuscular and ganglion stimulants and ganglion blockers

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 04

• Drugs acting on heart and blood vessels
• Antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic agents
• Blood coagulants and anticoagulants
• Haematinics
• Haemorrhagic shock and its treatment
• Expectorants, antitussives
• Cough sedatives
• Bronchodilators
• Mucolytic agents
• Analeptics

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 05

• Stomachics
• Antacids
• Carminatives and antizymotics
• Emetics and antiemetics
• Cathartics
• Antidiarrheal agents
• Antispasmodics
• Pharmacology of rumen and rumenotoric drugs
• Drugs acting on hepatobiliary system

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 06

• Drugs altering fluid balance
• Diuretics and antidiuretics
• General principles of electrolyte and therapy
• Drugs acting on uterus (oxytocics and tocolytics)
• Therapy of infertility and improving conception and synchronization of estrus

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 07

• Mode of action and synthesis of pituitary hormones
• Therapeutics of non-pituitary gonadotropin, adrenocorticoids, sex hormones, insulin, thyroid hormones, antithyroid agents, calcitonin, parathormone

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 08

• Pharmacological effects and therapeutics of histamine, antihistaminic agents, 5-HT its antagonists, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, peptides and kinins, rennin, and angiotensins
• Platelet activators
• Anti-inflammatory drugs

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 09

• General principles
• Drug allergy, hypersensitivity, mechanism of resistance
• Antiseptics and disinfectants
• Chemistry, mechanism of action, therapeutics of sulphonamides (gut active, systemic), trimethoprim, and congener
• Antibiotics: Penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolide, surface active, tetracyclines, polypeptide. Antifungal and other emerging antibiotics. Quinolones, nitrofurans, antitubercular, antiviral, and antineoplastic drugs
• Anthelmintic: Antinematodal, anticestodal, antitrematodal drugs. Antiprotonzoons, Anticoccidials. Drugs used for ectoparasite control. Concept of gene based therapy, prospects of disease target therapy, overview of indigenous medicinal drugs
• Anthelmintic: Its components for therapeutic use

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 10

• Terminology
• Classification of poisons
• Toxicity rating
• Principles of selective toxicity
• Toxicodynamics
• Toxicokinetics
• Diagnosis and treatment of poisoning (antidotal and non antidotal)
• Mechanism of detoxification
• Poisons causing respiratory insufficiency
• Toxicology of common inorganic compounds
• Toxicity of metals, non-metals, and metalloids
• Poisonous plant-cyanogenic, nitrate, and oxalate producers
• Mycotoxins: Aflatoxin, rubratoxin, ergot
• Toxic ferns
• Venoms from snakes, scorpions, toads, etc and treatment

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 11

• Types and identification of industrial contamination and pollution residual toxicity
• Impact of pesticides, fungicides, weedicides, fertilizers on biosphere
• Chemical warfare agents and radiation hazards
• Toxicity from food additives, preservatives
• Statutory regulation on agrochemical formulation and their uses
• Newer parameters, immunotoxicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, embryotoxicity for toxicological evaluation

Veterinary pharmacology: Unit 12

• Drugs promoting growth and production
• Agents used for doping and restraining of wild animals
• Euthanizing agents
• Drug control and regulation

Veterinary public health: Unit 01

• Definitions, concept of public health, intersectoral approach to human health, veterinary medicine, veterinary public health, human health goals, veterinarians participation in public health and justifications
• Veterinary public health unit-its dimensions and functions, national and international organizations related with public and veterinary public health, rural health, role of public health veterinarians in public health, health delivery system

Veterinary public health: Unit 02

• Definitions, dairy industry, and milk hygiene in India and other countries, microbiology, of milk and milk products, microbial spoilage of milk and its products, bacteriophage, contamination of milk and its products
• Public health aspects of residues: Agricultural chemicals, antibiotics and drugs, toxic metals, plant toxins, mycotoxins and adulterants, milk borne diseases, milk hygiene
• Public health aspects of residues: Hygienic aspects of production of milk and processing and manufacture of milk products, clean milk production, prevention of contamination by sanitation at dairy farm, collection centers
• Public health aspects of residues: Milk processing and manufacturing plants
• Pasteurization, sterilization, standards
• Quality control tests applied to milk and milk products

Veterinary public health: Unit 03

• Definitions, meat industry, and meat hygiene in India and other countries
• Raising meat food animals and birds, their trade, and transport
• Hygienic aspects of slaughter, bleeding, dressing and processing and manufacture of carcass meat and meat products
• Rigor mortis, emergency and casualty slaughter
• Abattoir/ meat plant sanitation, microbiology of meat and their products
• Sources of contamination, disposal and reclamation of slaughterhouse wastes and byproducts and associated public health problems
• Spoilage of meat and meat products, preservation of meat
• Meat food safety, ante mortem, and post mortem examination, inspection of poultry meat, eggs, fish, and meat from game animals, judgment, Indices of sanitary quality, national and international standards, bacteriological
• Serological and biochemical tests for quality control, substitution, and adulteration

Veterinary public health: Unit 04

• Definitions, classifications of food borne diseases, meat-borne diseases, milk-borne diseases, infections and intoxications traced to consumption of fish/ eggs, fast/ street/ convenience foods
• Epidemiological characteristics of food-borne infections and intoxications, sources of pathogens and factors favouring for poisoning, bacterial, viral, protozoan, helminthic, mycotic and chemical food poisoning
• Epidemiological investigation of food-borne infections and intoxications, food specific attack rate
• Odd ratio, detection of food borne pathogens and their toxins
• Management of food poisoning

Veterinary public health: Unit 05

• Definitions, concept, and classification of zoonoses, ecological aspects of zoonoses, wild animals, cold blooded animals, domestic animals, and aquatic life, associated zoonoses, vectors, milk, meat, egg, fish, and water-spread zoonoses
• Occupational zoonoses, nosocomial zoonoses, xenozoonosis, nationally and internationally emerging and re-emerging zoonoses, epidemiology of bacterial, rickettsial, viral, parasitic and mycotic zoonoses
• Principles of zoonoses management: Methods of prevention, control and eradication of zoonoses

Veterinary public health: Unit 06

• Natural sources of water, water hygiene, pure and wholesome water; microbial contamination and chemical pollution of water, impurities in water, plankton, purification and sanitization of water, waterborne diseases, microbiological examination of water
• Potable water, standards for drinking water
• The atmosphere
• Air pollutants, air-borne pathogens and diseases, ventilation, methods of air purification
• Agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, domestic and farm effluents polluting environment-and associated hazards and preventive measures
• Antibiotic and pesticide residues and their effect on health
• Waste-recycling, methods of disposal of dead animals
• Rodents and vector control measures

Veterinary public health: Unit 07

• Definitions, epidemiology, epizootiology, casual association, concept of infection, theory of natural nidality, ecological basis of diseases, disease transmission, epidemic process, distribution of diseases in space and time
• Epidemiological hypothesis, types of epidemiological studies, epidemiological survey, surveillance, monitoring of diseases, experimental epidemiology, epidemiological measurements, predictive epidemiology, epidemiological models, sero-epidemiology
• Use of information technology and computer applications in disease monitoring, epidemiological investigation and evaluation of intervention measures

Veterinary public health: Unit 08

• Occupational health and safety in the care and use of research animals
• Breeding, care and management of experimental animals, production of gnotobiotic, germfree, specific pathogen free, transgenic, syngeneic animals, and tailor-made animals in relation to public health
• Provisions of animal welfare and society for prevention of cruelty to animals act

Veterinary public health: Unit 09

• Health education, communication techniques, participatory programmes for awareness creation among agricultural workers, butchers, laboratory staff and those engaged in zoological gardens, laboratory animals rearing
• Processing of animal produce about occupational hazards and hazards to consumers

Veterinary public health: Unit 10

• Definitions, standards/ guidelines of products and product ingredients
• Hazards analysis critical control points (HACCP), good manufacturing practices (GMP), good laboratory practices (GLP), milk and milk product order (MMPO), meat food products order (MFPO), total quality management (TQM)
• Quality assurance and food safety management systems, bureau of Indian standards, international organization for standards, codese alimentarius, world trade order, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, technical barriers to trade (TBT)
• National and international standards related to milk, meat, fish and their products and hygienic standards to ensure safety to domestic and foreign consumers of products of animal origin

Veterinary public health: Unit 11

• Food microbiology, characters of food bacteria, moulds, yeast and virus, classifications of food microbes according to their requirements for growth-temperature, acidity, moisture, oxygen and salt concentration, resistance to microenvironment
• Food processing and preservation methods
• Pathogen-virulence factors, microbial enzymes, toxic metabolites and other molecules associated with pathogenic mechanisms
• Resistance mechanism of survival in environment in and outside the host, antigens eliciting protective and diagnostic antibodies, microbiological, serological, biological, and nucleotide based diagnostic methods
• Issues on bioterrorism

Veterinary surgery: Unit 01

• Current concepts of inflammation and its management
• Asepsis and antisepsis in surgery
• Disinfection and sterilization
• Surgical bacteriology
• Pre, peri, and post-operative considerations
• Physiopathology of burns, tauma, surgical stress and shock
• Haemorrhage, haemostasis and administration of whole blood, blood extracts, and plasma substitute
• Acid-base and electrolytes imbalance
• Rehydration and fluid therapy
• Tissue repair including its biochemical aspects
• Principles of tissue and organ transplantation
• Tissue transplantation immunity
• Sutures and suture materials
• Operation theatre management
• General surgical affections viz.. abscess, cyst, haematoma, tumour, gangrene, sinus, fistula, and hernia
• Neurological examination, paralysis, and its treatment
• Surgical instrumentations
• Care of critically ill patients
• Cosmetic surgery
• Skin grafting techniques in animals

Veterinary surgery: Unit 02

• History and instrumentation
• Pre-anesthetic considerations of patient
• Selection of various anesthetic and pre-anesthetic agents and their effects on different body organs
• Inhalant and non-inhalant anesthetic agents including dissociative, neurolept and balanced anaesthesia, and their administration in small and large animals
• Monitoring of patient during anesthesia
• Anesthetic emergencies and their management
• Muscle relaxants
• Local anesthetic agents
• Local and regional anesthetic procedures
• Anesthesia for special surgical procedures and special disease conditions
• Electronarcosis
• Hypothermia
• Acupuncture analgesia
• Anesthesia and methods of capture of zoo animals
• Therapeutic usage of local anesthetic agents and techniques
• Methods of artificial ventilation

Veterinary surgery: Unit 03

• Production and quality of X-rays; exposure factors and formulation of technique chart
• Basics of radiation physics
• Interaction of particulate and non-particulate radiations with matter
• Radiographic artifacts and their prevention
• Radiographic quality and factors affecting it
• Radiographic features of diseases of musculoskeletal, digestive, urogenital, cardiovascular, respiratory, and lymphatic system of small and large animals
• Radiation hazards
• Radiation biology including its mechanism of action and effects on various organ systems
• Radiation protection
• Radiological contrast agents and common contrast radiographic procedures
• Principles of radiotherapy and physiotherapy
• Invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities viz. echocardiography, computed tomography, scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and subtraction angiography

Veterinary surgery: Unit 04

• Physiological and biochemical considerations of bone
• Osteogenesis and mineralization of bone
• Bone research techniques
• Circulation of long bones
• Biomechanics of fractures
• Etiology, classification, and healing of fracture; factors affecting fracture healing
• Complications of fractures and their management
• Methods of internal and external fixations of fracture and factors governing selection of fixation methods
• Effect of various internal fixation methods on physiology and blood circulation of bone
• Bone grafts
• Metallic and non-metallic materials in bone surgery and their biological behaviour
• Surgical affection of vertebral column
• Etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of affections of bones and joints
• Technique of arthroscopy
• Lameness and allied surgical conditions of fore and hind limbs
• Various foot diseases
• Affections of tendons, ligaments, and their management
• Relationship between conformation of the limbs, foot and its axis to soundness
• Soundness and examination of horse for soundness

Veterinary surgery: Unit 05

• Etiology, diagnosis, and surgical management of the affections of sinuses, horn, nasal, and buccal cavity, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, larynx, pharynx, trachea, and oesophagus
• Surgical affections of eye lids, lacrimal apparatus, nictitating membrane, conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, chloroids, iris, retina, lens, optic nerve, aqueous, and vitreous humours and other parts of eye and their management
• Surgical affections and management of ear and guttural pouch

Veterinary surgery: Unit 06

• Various approaches for thoracic surgery in large and small animals
• Physiological alterations following thoracotomy
• Heart lung machine and its use in thoracic surgery
• Different congenital and acquired surgical affections of thoracic wall and thoracic organs viz. lung, mediastinum, oesophagus, heart, and diaphragm in large and small animals
• Surgical diseases of the vascular and lymphatic systems

Veterinary surgery: Unit 07

• Different surgical approaches for abdomen
• Hemia: Etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment
• Various acquired and congenital surgical affections of abdominal organs viz. traumatic reticulitis, abomasal displacement, impaction of omasum, pyloric stenosis, gastric torsion, caecal dilation, intestinal obstruction
• Rectal and anal prolapse, and peritonitis
• Colic in horse: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment
• Affection of liver, spleen, kidney and urinary bladder their complications and surgical management
• Urolithiasis, uraemia, and their management
• Surgery of male and female genital organs
• Etiology, diagnosis and surgical management of the affections of udder, teat, and tail

Aquaculture: Unit 01

• History and scope of aquaculture; aquaculture practices in different parts of the world; global aquaculture production, consumption scenario and emerging trends; different systems of aquaculture-traditional, extensive, intensive, semi-intensive
• Flow through and re-circulatory
• Farming methods-ponds, lens, cages, raceway, raft, rope, monoculture, polyculture, mixed culture; capture based aquaculture and culture based aquaculture, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA)
• Recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS)
• Integration of aquaculture with agriculture and animal husbandry; sewage-fed farming, organic aquaculture

Aquaculture: Unit 02

• Criteria for candidate species selection, criteria for site selection for various culture practices; aquaculture practices for freshwater fish (carps, catfishes, snake heads, feather backs, tilapia, murrells, mahsee; trouts, etc) freshwater prawn
• Brackish water and marine shrimp and fish (sea bass, milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, cobia, pompano, grouper, snappers, breams, other perches) lobsters, freshwater and marine ornamentals, exotics

Aquaculture: Unit 03

• Broodstock management and seed production technology-natural seed collection, holding, packaging, transportation; environmental, nutritional, and endocrine control of reproduction, improvement of seed quality through stock upgradation induced breeding
• Synthetic hormones and its analogues, and their application, layout and design of hatcheries, PIT tagging, cannulation, hormonal and volitional spawning, incubation of eggs, cryopreservation of gametes, larval rearing, live feeds, microalgae, rotifers
• Artemia, copepods, seed production of: Carps, snakeheads, mahseer, trout, tilapia, pearlspot, ornamentals, cobia, grouper, pompano, tilapia, mullets, milkfish, snappers, breams, shrimps (penaeus monodon, P. indicus, P. semisulcatus, litopenaeus vannamei)
• Seed production of: Sand lobster, spiny lobster, mud crab (scylla serrata) blue swimmer crab (portunus pelagicus), giant freshwater prawn (macrobrachium rosenbergii) mussel, edible oyster, pearl oyster
• Larval transportation, biosecurity principles, specific pathogen free (SPF) broodstock development, seed certification, quarantine and hatchery protocols, nursery rearing, pre-stocking, stocking and post stocking management
• Feeding and nutrition management, health management, biofilm and its uses, probiotics, bioremediation, bioflok based nutrition